This research examined the role of two system-legitimising ideologies, social Darwinism and meritocracy, in predicting tolerance of inequality in economic resources, and economic inequality in health resources. Specifically, we expected that social Darwinism would be more predictive than meritocracy of tolerance economic inequality in health resources. Furthermore, we expected both ideologies to predict tolerance inequality in economic resources. We conducted a correlational study with a Spanish sample ( N = 262) and another experiment with a North American sample ( N = 500). Social Darwinism emerged as a stronger predictor of tolerance towards economic inequality in health resources than meritocracy, while both ideologies were associated with tolerance towards inequality in economic resources. These results suggest that although both ideologies serve to justify the system, they are not equally associated with the acceptance of inequality when it is framed in specific domains. Identifying the beliefs that sustain the justification of inequality can inform interventions aimed at challenging them and reducing their acceptance.
This study compares levels of intergroup threat and tolerance towards Venezuelan immigrants in Chile among university students and members of the general population, examining whether distinct latent profiles emerged in the full pooled sample. A total of 490 Chilean adults participated in the study, including 289 university students (M = 21.69, SD = 3.08) and 201 members of the general population (M = 41.88, SD = 15.77). Participants completed validated Chilean versions of the Intergroup Threat Scale and the Tolerance Scale. Descriptive analyses and independent-samples t-tests were conducted using JASP. To identify latent attitudinal profiles, latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted in the combined sample including both groups, and sample type (university students vs. general population) was subsequently included as a covariate to examine whether it predicted class membership. Results showed that university students reported significantly lower levels of perceived symbolic, realistic and security/safety threat than the general population, with large effect sizes. They also scored higher on appreciation of diversity, although no significant differences were observed in terms of acceptance or respect. The LCA conducted on the full sample supported a two-class solution. The first profile, labelled Committed-Tolerant (63%), was characterised by high levels of acceptance, respect and appreciation, together with low perceived threat. The second profile, labelled Ambivalent-Tolerant (37%), combined relatively high acceptance and respect with higher levels of perceived symbolic, realistic and security/safety threat. Additional analyses indicated that belonging to the general population significantly increased the likelihood of membership in the ambivalent, higher perceived threat profile. Overall, the findings suggest that attitudes towards Venezuelan immigrants in Chile are heterogeneous and cannot be reduced to a simple opposition between tolerance and rejection. Este estudio compar & oacute; los niveles de amenaza intergrupal y tolerancia hacia los inmigrantes venezolanos en Chile entre estudiantes universitarios y miembros de la poblaci & oacute;n general, y examin & oacute; si emerg & iacute;an perfiles latentes diferenciados en la muestra total combinada. Participaron 490 adultos chilenos, incluidos 289 estudiantes universitarios (M = 21.69, DE = 3.08) y 201 miembros de la poblaci & oacute;n general (M = 41.88, DE = 15.77). Los participantes respondieron versiones chilenas validadas de la Escala de Amenaza Intergrupal y de la Escala de Tolerancia. Se realizaron an & aacute;lisis descriptivos y pruebas t para muestras independientes en JASP. Para identificar perfiles actitudinales latentes, se llev & oacute; a cabo un an & aacute;lisis de clases latentes (ACL) en la muestra combinada que inclu & iacute;a ambos grupos, y posteriormente se incorpor & oacute; el tipo de muestra (estudiantes universitarios vs. poblaci & oacute;n general) como covariable para examinar si predec & iacute;a la pertenencia a clase. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes universitarios reportaron niveles significativamente menores de amenaza simb & oacute;lica, realista y de seguridad que la poblaci & oacute;n general, con tama & ntilde;os del efecto grandes. Tambi & eacute;n obtuvieron puntajes m & aacute;s altos en valoraci & oacute;n de la diversidad, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en aceptaci & oacute;n ni respeto. El ACL realizado sobre la muestra total apoy & oacute; una soluci & oacute;n de dos clases. El primer perfil, denominado Tolerantes comprometidos (63%), se caracteriz & oacute; por altos niveles de aceptaci & oacute;n, respeto y valoraci & oacute;n, junto con baja amenaza percibida. El segundo perfil, denominado Tolerantes ambivalentes (37%), combin & oacute; niveles relativamente altos de aceptaci & oacute;n y respeto con niveles m & aacute;s elevados de amenaza simb & oacute;lica, realista y de seguridad. An & aacute;lisis adicionales indicaron que pertenecer a la poblaci & oacute;n general increment & oacute; significativamente la probabilidad de pertenecer al perfil ambivalente, caracterizado por mayor amenaza. En conjunto, los hallazgos sugieren que las actitudes hacia los inmigrantes venezolanos en Chile son heterog & eacute;neas y no pueden reducirse a una simple oposici & oacute;n entre tolerancia y rechazo.
This article examines informal street vending in Sanhattan, the financial district of Santiago de Chile, to explore how urban regulation shapes experiences of exclusion and how, in turn, practices of resistance emerge. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2024 and 2025, the study draws on participant observation and interviews with informal workers to highlight the contrasts between daytime and night-time dynamics. Results show that during the day, the strong presence of surveillance and municipal ordinances generates the displacement, stigmatisation and precarisation of street vending, reinforcing the figure of the informal worker as ‘out of place’. By contrast, at night, lower institutional control enables public space to be reappropriated, giving rise to a ‘nocturnal rift’ where solidarity, cooperation and adaptive strategies are deployed. These findings engage with debates on the social production of space, nocturnality and urban exclusion and offer new insights into how inequality shapes subjectivities and collective practices. The study concludes that nocturnality constitutes a key dimension for understanding urban resistance and contributes to advancing a more global social psychology grounded in Latin American contexts.
Social psychological research on migration has largely prioritized Global South–to–Global North flows, leaving South–South dynamics underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study investigated how racialized gender microaggressions and impostor feelings jointly shape perceived barriers and coping among Black migrant women from Latin America and Africa working in Brasil’s information technology (IT) sector. We conducted a sequential mixed-methods study with an intra-categorical intersectional design. In Phase 1, data from Black migrant women ( N = 72) indicated that impostor feelings were positively associated with microaggressions, which, in turn, were positively associated with racial and gendered barriers. In Phase 2, results from interviews ( n = 10) about the same variables from Phase 1 were analyzed to triangulate results. Findings showed that participants’ experiences were shaped by racism, sexism, and xenophobia, contributing to an exhaustion we termed Gendered Racial Migratory Battle Fatigue (GRMBF). Participants’ coping strategies included community-building and rights-claiming. The study advances an intersectional, Global South perspective that reframes microaggressions and impostorism as socially produced outcomes rather than exclusionary perceptions that require individual adaptation.
From a persuasion approach, the present research examined whether self-efficacy (SE) beliefs changed via a high-elaboration process were durable in an academic setting (Study 1) and influential on behaviour (i.e., physical performance) in a sport setting (Study 2). Specifically, these effects on the strength of SE beliefs were examined through the most recently proposed high-elaboration process (i.e., self-validation). In both studies, the SE thought was manipulated (i.e., high vs. low) and the perceived validity of thought was measured (as a continuous predictor). Next, participants completed a measure of SE beliefs. Moreover, in Study 1, participants were asked to come to a second session (exactly seven days later), and SE beliefs were again measured. In Study 2, physical performance was assessed in a pull-up test. We hypothesized and found that the effects of the SE thought (i.e., high vs. low) on SE beliefs were larger the greater the perceived validity of thought. Most importantly, these effects were durable, and predictive of physical performance, with SE beliefs serving as the mediator of the effects of the SE thought on physical performance (Study 2). Desde la perspectiva del estudio de la persuasi & oacute;n, esta investigaci & oacute;n analiz & oacute; si las creencias de autoeficacia (AE) modificadas mediante un proceso de alta elaboraci & oacute;n son duraderas en un contexto acad & eacute;mico (Estudio 1) y si influyen en el comportamiento (i.e., rendimiento f & iacute;sico) en un contexto deportivo (Estudio 2). En concreto, se analizaron estos efectos en la fuerza de las creencias de AE a trav & eacute;s de un proceso de alta elaboraci & oacute;n propuesto recientemente (i.e., autovalidaci & oacute;n). En ambos estudios, se manipularon los pensamientos de AE (alta/baja) y se midi & oacute; la validez percibida de esos pensamientos (como variable predictora continua). A continuaci & oacute;n, los participantes completaron una medida de las creencias de AE. Adem & aacute;s, en el Estudio 1, los participantes asistieron a una segunda sesi & oacute;n (exactamente siete d & iacute;as despu & eacute;s) en la que se midieron de nuevo sus creencias de AE. En el Estudio 2, se evalu & oacute; el rendimiento f & iacute;sico de los participantes mediante una prueba de dominadas. Hipotetizamos y comprobamos que los efectos de los pensamientos de AE (alta/baja) en las creencias de AE fueron superiores cuanto mayor era la validez percibida de los pensamientos. Y aun m & aacute;s importante, estos efectos eran duraderos y predictivos del rendimiento f & iacute;sico, con las creencias de AE actuando como mediadoras de los efectos de los pensamientos de AE en el rendimiento f & iacute;sico (Estudio 2).
Higher education (HE) staff experience some of the poorest mental health and well-being across occupational groups, with particularly low levels reported among staff from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Combining Needs Theory and Ecological Systems Theory, we investigate how perceptions of policymakers may have contributed to mental health inequalities among HE workers in the United Kingdom (UK) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey of UK HE staff (n = 1,116) from 92 universities during a 'stay at home' order found that lower subjective SES was linked to poorer mental health and well-being, and to the perception that policymakers were disconnected (perceived inclusion) and did not value (perceived worth) university staff. A structural equation model indicated that these perceptions of policymakers mediated the relationship between subjective SES and mental health and well-being. Greater perceived control by policymakers was also associated with poorer mental health and well-being, though unexpectedly, this effect was not linked to subjective SES. These findings suggest that perceptions of policymakers may worsen socioeconomic inequalities in mental health and well-being through unmet psychological needs. El personal de educaci & oacute;n superior (ES) experimenta algunos de los peores niveles de salud mental y bienestar entre los grupos ocupacionales, con niveles particularmente bajos reportados entre el personal de niveles socioecon & oacute;micos (NSE) m & aacute;s bajos. Combinando la teor & iacute;a de las necesidades y la teor & iacute;a de los sistemas ecol & oacute;gicos, investigamos c & oacute;mo las percepciones de los responsables pol & iacute;ticos pueden haber contribuido a las desigualdades en salud mental entre los trabajadores de educaci & oacute;n superior en el Reino Unido durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Una encuesta realizada al personal de educaci & oacute;n superior del Reino Unido (n = 1,116) de 92 universidades durante una orden de 'quedarse en casa' encontr & oacute; que un NSE subjetivo m & aacute;s bajo estaba vinculado con una peor salud mental y bienestar, y con la percepci & oacute;n de que los responsables pol & iacute;ticos estaban desconectados (inclusi & oacute;n percibida) y no valoraban (valoraci & oacute;n percibida) al personal universitario. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indic & oacute; que estas percepciones de los responsables pol & iacute;ticos mediaron la relaci & oacute;n entre el NSE subjetivo y la salud mental y el bienestar. Un mayor control percibido de los responsables pol & iacute;ticos tambi & eacute;n se asoci & oacute; con una peor salud mental y bienestar, aunque inesperadamente este efecto no estaba vinculado al NSE subjetivo. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las percepciones de los responsables pol & iacute;ticos pueden empeorar las desigualdades socioecon & oacute;micas en materia de salud mental y bienestar a trav & eacute;s de necesidades psicol & oacute;gicas no satisfechas.
The current research examines the relationship between conservative ideologies, personal belief in a just world (PBJW) and internalized misogyny. Two studies in Greece assessed whether right-wing authoritarianism (RWA; Study 1) and conservative values (Study 2) predict the three subdimensions of the Internalized Misogyny Scale (IMS) - devaluing women, distrusting women and valuing men - and whether PBJW moderates these associations.Study 1 (N = 251) found that RWA predicted all IMS dimensions, with the strongest link for distrust of women, and PBJW moderated this association. Study 2 (N = 197) showed that conservative values were most strongly associated with devaluing women (with PBJW again attenuating this relationship). These findings highlight PBJW's role as a protective cognitive framework that buffers the ideological reinforcement of misogyny, advancing our understanding of how personal and ideological factors intersect to shape internalized gender attitudes. La presente investigaci & oacute;n analiza la relaci & oacute;n entre ideolog & iacute;as conservadoras, creencias personales en un mundo justo (PBJW, por sus siglas inglesas) y misoginia internalizada. Mediante dos estudios realizados en Grecia exploramos si el autoritarismo de derechas (AD; Estudio 1) y los valores conservadores (Estudio 2) predicen las tres subdimensiones de la Escala de Misoginia Internalizada (EMI/IMS) - devaluaci & oacute;n de las mujeres, desconfianza en las mujeres y valoraci & oacute;n de los hombres - y si las PBJW moderan estas asociaciones. El Estudio 1 (N = 251) revela que el AD es predictor de todas las dimensiones de la EMI, con una relaci & oacute;n m & aacute;s fuerte scon la desconfianza en las mujeres y con las PBJW como moderadoras de esta relaci & oacute;n. El Estudio 2 (N = 197) revela que los valores conservadores est & aacute;n m & aacute;s estrechamente relacionados con la devaluaci & oacute;n de las mujeres (y de nuevo las PBJW amortiguan esta relaci & oacute;n). Estos resultados subrayan el papel de las PBJW como un marco de protecci & oacute;n cognitivo que amortigua el refuerzo ideol & oacute;gico de la misoginia, un resultado que contribuye al avance de nuestros conocimientos sobre los factores personales e ideol & oacute;gicos que se combinan para dar forma a las actitudes de g & eacute;nero internalizadas.
We examined whether presenting a counter-stereotypical individual with a disability triggers backlash, defined as a decrease in affirmative attitudes towards people with disabilities. We also investigated whether this effect is moderated by social dominance orientation (SDO) and symbolic ableism - a contemporary form of prejudice characterized by two components: (1) individualism; and (2) lack of recognition. Participants (N = 256) completed SDO and symbolic ableism scales prior to viewing either a stereotypical or counter-stereotypical portrayal of a person with a disability. Participants then completed items assessing affirmative attitudes towards people with disabilities, including supportive beliefs and evaluations of their abilities. Results indicated that presentation of a counter-stereotypical portrayal did not elicit backlash. Instead, participants showed significantly higher affirmative attitudes in the counter-stereotypical condition compared to the stereotypical condition. No moderating effects of SDO or lack of recognition were observed. However, participants high in individualism showed more affirmative attitudes when presented with a counter-stereotypical image. The implications of these findings were discussed in the context of increasing the social participation of people with disabilities. Analizamos si la presentaci & oacute;n de un individuo con discapacidad contra-estereotipado genera una reacci & oacute;n negativa, definida como una disminuci & oacute;n de las actitudes afirmativas hacia las personas con discapacidad. Tambi & eacute;n investigamos si este efecto est & aacute; moderado por la orientaci & oacute;n a la dominancia social (ODS) y el capacitismo simb & oacute;lico, una forma contempor & aacute;nea de prejuicio caracterizada por dos componentes: (1) individualismo; y (2) falta de reconocimiento. Los participantes (N = 256) completaron las escalas de ODS y de capacitismo simb & oacute;lico antes de ver una representaci & oacute;n estereotipada o contra-estereotipada de una persona con discapacidad. Luego, los participantes completaron & iacute;tems que evaluaban actitudes afirmativas hacia las personas con discapacidad, incluidas creencias de apoyo y evaluaci & oacute;n de sus competencias. Los resultados indicaron que la presentaci & oacute;n de una imagen contra-estereot & iacute;pica no provoc & oacute; ninguna reacci & oacute;n negativa. En cambio, los participantes mostraron actitudes afirmativas significativamente m & aacute;s altas en la condici & oacute;n contra-estereotipada en comparaci & oacute;n con la condici & oacute;n estereotipada. No se observaron efectos moderadores de la ODS ni de la falta de reconocimiento. Sin embargo, los participantes con un alto nivel de individualismo mostraron actitudes m & aacute;s afirmativas cuando se les present & oacute; una imagen contra-estereot & iacute;pica. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos se discutieron en el contexto del aumento de la participaci & oacute;n social de las personas con discapacidad.
This research investigates the impact of non-narrative social media messages using Collective Memory (CM) arguments on reducing anti-immigrant prejudice, along with the role of visual images. An experiment (N = 420) based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model and mediated intergroup contact with a 2 (CM cue: presence vs. absence) & times; 2 (visual imagery: text vs. text-image) factorial design was conducted within the context of Venezuelan migration to Colombia. Results showed inconsistent effects of CM cue and visual imagery on perception, attitudes and intentions. However, a serial mediation analysis revealed that CM cues triggers past-remembering, leading to stronger affective responses and ultimately influencing attitudes and intentions. Esta investigaci & oacute;n investiga el impacto de los mensajes no narrativos en las redes sociales que utilizan argumentos de Memoria Colectiva (MC) para reducir los prejuicios antiinmigrante, junto con el papel de las im & aacute;genes visuales. Un experimento (N = 420) basado en el Modelo de probabilidad de elaboraci & oacute;n y contacto intergrupal mediado con un dise & ntilde;o factorial 2 (se & ntilde;al MC: presencia frente a ausencia) & times; 2 (im & aacute;genes visuales: texto frente a texto-imagen) se realiz & oacute; en el contexto de la migraci & oacute;n venezolana a Colombia. Los resultados mostraron efectos inconsistentes de la se & ntilde;al MC y las im & aacute;genes visuales sobre la percepci & oacute;n, las actitudes y las intenciones. Sin embargo, un an & aacute;lisis de mediaci & oacute;n serial revel & oacute; que las se & ntilde;ales MC motivan el recuerdo del pasado, lo que genera respuestas afectivas m & aacute;s fuertes y, en & uacute;ltima instancia, influyen en las actitudes e intenciones.
Bereavement discourses about military casualties are often loaded with rhetorical messages focused on heroism, honour and sacrifice. This research aims to examine experimentally whether the politization of grief through those sacred values reinforces warmongering attitudes and reduces pacifist ones. To that end, we conducted an experimental study in which we presented a story of a soldier who dies on a mission, either in neutral or in politicized terms. Then, we measured pacifist and warmongering attitudes. Participants exposed to the politicized information about the death of the soldier showed stronger warmongering attitudes and weaker pacifist attitudes than those exposed to the neutral information about his death. These findings suggest that the rhetorical framework used to communicate the soldiers' death critically affects the attitudes of the population towards armed conflicts. Los discursos de duelo por las bajas militares suelen estar cargados de mensajes ret & oacute;ricos centrados en el hero & iacute;smo, el honor y el sacrificio. Esta investigaci & oacute;n trata de analizar emp & iacute;ricamente si la politizaci & oacute;n del duelo mediante estos valores sagrados incrementa las actitudes belicistas y reduce las pacifistas. Para ello, llevamos a cabo un estudio experimental en el que se presenta la historia de un soldado que pierde la vida en una misi & oacute;n, bien en t & eacute;rminos neutros o bien en t & eacute;rminos politizados. A continuaci & oacute;n, medimos las actitudes pacifistas y belicistas de los participantes. Aquellos expuestos a la informaci & oacute;n politizada sobre la muerte del soldado mostraron mayor nivel de actitudes belicistas y menor nivel de actitudes pacifistas que los expuestos a informaci & oacute;n neutral sobre esa muerte. Estos resultados sugieren que el marco ret & oacute;rico utilizado para comunicar la muerte de los soldados influye cr & iacute;ticamente en las actitudes de la poblaci & oacute;n frente los conflictos armados.
This study integrates the 3N model of radicalization - Need, Narrative and Network - with social identity processes involved in collective action to examine civic mobilization against criminality. The focus is on Centocelle, a neighbourhood in Rome targeted by arson attacks in 2019, allegedly linked to organized crime. These incidents were perceived as both physical threats and symbolic humiliations, triggering a collective threat to significance. It was hypothesized that the interaction between feelings of humiliation (Need) and identification with the neighbourhood would predict affiliation with anti-criminal groups (Network), which would in turn predict attitudes towards rebelling against criminality. A sample of 154 residents completed an online survey. Results suggest that community responses to crime are not solely pragmatic but also psychologically motivated by the restoration of dignity and identity. These findings extend the 3N model beyond violent extremism, highlighting its relevance to constructive civic mobilization in contexts of perceived collective degradation. Este estudio integra el modelo 3N de radicalizaci & oacute;n (Necesidad, Narrativa y Red; del ingl & eacute;s Need, Narrative, Network) con los procesos de identidad social involucrados en la acci & oacute;n colectiva para examinar la movilizaci & oacute;n c & iacute;vica contra la criminalidad. Centramos la atenci & oacute;n en Centocelle, un barrio de Roma que en 2019 fue blanco de ataques incendiarios, supuestamente vinculados al crimen organizado. Estos incidentes fueron percibidos como amenazas f & iacute;sicas y humillaciones simb & oacute;licas, desencadenando una amenaza colectiva al significado. Se plante & oacute; la hip & oacute;tesis de que la interacci & oacute;n entre los sentimientos de humillaci & oacute;n (Necesidad) y la identificaci & oacute;n con el barrio predecir & iacute;a la afiliaci & oacute;n a grupos anticriminales (Red), lo que a su vez predecir & iacute;a actitudes hacia la rebeli & oacute;n contra la criminalidad. Una muestra de 154 residentes complet & oacute; una encuesta en l & iacute;nea. Los resultados sugieren que las respuestas de la comunidad al delito no son meramente pragm & aacute;ticas, sino que tambi & eacute;n est & aacute;n motivadas psicol & oacute;gicamente por la restauraci & oacute;n de la dignidad y la identidad. Estos hallazgos ampl & iacute;an el modelo 3N m & aacute;s all & aacute; del extremismo violento, destacando su relevancia para la movilizaci & oacute;n c & iacute;vica constructiva en contextos de degradaci & oacute;n colectiva percibida.
We explored whether return migration intentions differ from emigration intentions motivated by national identity processes. Using the Model of Migration Changes and Social Identity Theory, we examined participants' subjective and emotional interpretations of return motivations, emphasizing the influence of normative and psychosocial contexts. We analysed data from 52 semi-structured interviews with a mixed-methods approach and found overlapping emigration motives among temporary and permanent migrants. However, temporary migrants viewed emigration as a necessity driven by political factors, while permanent migrants sought a new home abroad. Temporary migrants showed stronger social and economic motivations to return, whereas permanent migrants dismissed returning. Quantitative findings revealed temporary migrants' stronger attachment to their homeland, but both groups expressed nostalgia for their home country while maintaining professional ties to the host country. Therefore, understanding emigration and return migration motives requires a closer look at emigrants' social and national identity processes. Exploramos si las intenciones de retorno de los migrantes difieren de las intenciones migratorias motivadas por procesos de identidad nacional. Mediante el Modelo de cambios migratorios y la Teor & iacute;a de la identidad social analizamos las interpretaciones subjetivas y emocionales de las motivaciones de retorno de los migrantes, subrayando la influencia de los contextos normativos y psicol & oacute;gicos. Analizamos datos de 52 entrevistas semiestructuradas bajo un enfoque de m & eacute;todo mixto que nos permiti & oacute; identificar el solapamiento en las motivaciones de migraci & oacute;n de migrantes temporales y permanentes. Sin embargo, los migrantes temporales consideraban la emigraci & oacute;n como una necesidad motivada por factores pol & iacute;ticos, mientras que los migrantes permanentes buscaban un nuevo hogar fuera de su pa & iacute;s. Los migrantes temporales indicaron motivaciones sociales y econ & oacute;micas m & aacute;s fuertes para regresar, mientras que los migrantes permanentes desacartaban el regreso. Los resultados cuantitativos revelaron mayor apego de los migrantes temporales hacia su pa & iacute;s de origen, pero ambos grupos expresaron nostalgia por su pa & iacute;s, al tiempo que manten & iacute;an v & iacute;nculos profesionales con el pa & iacute;s de acogida. Por tanto, para comprender los motivos de la emigraci & oacute;n y del retorno de los migrantes, es necesario examinar en mayor profundidad los procesos identitarios de los migrantes, tanto sociales como nacionales.
There is limited insight into the social psychological underpinnings of life satisfaction in heterosexual and gay men. This study examines the roles of sexual orientation, identity resilience, attachment style and body image concerns. Cross-sectional correlational survey data from 427 men in the United Kingdom and Germany, analysed using structural equation modelling, showed that the trait variables of identity resilience and anxious attachment style had direct effects on life satisfaction and indirect effects through the mediation of body image concerns. Sexual orientation had only an indirect effect on life satisfaction through the mediation of body image concerns. Higher identity resilience may operate as a protective factor against, and anxious attachment style as a risk factor for, body image concerns which in turn are associated with life satisfaction. Gay men may be at higher risk of decreased life satisfaction through their higher likelihood of experiencing body image concerns. Psychotherapeutic interventions that support the development of identity resilience while addressing insecure attachment may prevent body image concerns, thereby enhancing life satisfaction. Hay una comprensi & oacute;n limitada de los fundamentos sociopsicol & oacute;gicos de la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida en hombres heterosexuales y homosexuales. Este estudio examina el papel de la orientaci & oacute;n sexual, la resiliencia identitaria, el estilo de apego y la preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal. Los datos de una encuesta transversal correlacional realizada a 427 hombres del Reino Unido y Alemania, analizados mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, mostraron que las variables de rasgo de resiliencia identitaria y estilo de apego ansioso ten & iacute;an efectos directos sobre la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida y efectos indirectos a trav & eacute;s de la mediaci & oacute;n de la preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal. La orientaci & oacute;n sexual solo tuvo un efecto indirecto en la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida a trav & eacute;s de la mediaci & oacute;n de la preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal. Una mayor resiliencia identitaria puede funcionar como un factor protector frente a la preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal, mientras que un estilo de apego ansioso puede funcionar como un factor de riesgo para dicha preocupaci & oacute;n, las cuales a su vez est & aacute;n asociadas con la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida. Los hombres homosexuales pueden tener un mayor riesgo de disminuci & oacute;n de la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida debido a su mayor probabilidad de experimentar preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal. Las intervenciones psicoterap & eacute;uticas que apoyan el desarrollo de la resiliencia identitaria a la vez que abordan el apego inseguro pueden prevenir la preocupaci & oacute;n por la imagen corporal, mejorando as & iacute; la satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida.
While previous theories have proposed that emotions are linked to action tendencies, there is limited research on the effects of hate and love on inhibition tendencies. The present study was aimed at investigating whether hate stimulates inhibition tendency more than love and whether social constraints mediate the effect. Study 1 revealed that hate (vs. love) increased the level of inhibition tendency. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 and extended the findings to social inhibition by including a social inhibition measure. In addition, it also revealed that social constraints mediated the effect. Study 3 manipulated hate (vs. love) and social constraints simultaneously, confirming the causal relationship between social constraints and inhibition tendency. The findings from the three studies provided convergent evidence that hate (vs. love) elicits inhibition tendencies, particularly in environments where individuals are aware of social constraints. Si bien las teor & iacute;as anteriores han propuesto que las emociones est & aacute;n vinculadas a las tendencias de acci & oacute;n, hay poca investigaci & oacute;n sobre c & oacute;mo el odio y el amor afectan las tendencias inhibitorias. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar si el odio estimula la tendencia inhibitoria m & aacute;s que el amor y si las restricciones sociales median este efecto. El Estudio 1 revel & oacute; que el odio (frente al amor) aument & oacute; el nivel de tendencia inhibitoria. El Estudio 2 replic & oacute; los hallazgos del Estudio 1 y los extendi & oacute; a la inhibici & oacute;n social mediante la inclusi & oacute;n de una medida de inhibici & oacute;n social. Adem & aacute;s, tambi & eacute;n revel & oacute; que las restricciones sociales mediaban el efecto. El Estudio 3 manipul & oacute; simult & aacute;neamente el odio (frente al amor) y las restricciones sociales, confirmando la relaci & oacute;n causal entre las restricciones sociales y la tendencia inhibitoria. Los resultados de los tres estudios proporcionaron evidencia convergente de que el odio (frente al amor) provoca tendencias inhibitorias, particularmente en entornos donde los individuos son conscientes de las restricciones sociales.
Comparative optimism is the self-advantageous tendency to think that positive events will happen to us more than to others and that negative events are more likely to happen to others than to oneself. This trend that values the self or values others less and requires a feeling of control is recurrent in Western societies. We assume that dominant neoliberal values in these societies facilitate the expression of comparative optimism. The main objective of the present study is to show that the priming of neoliberal values will promote the emergence of comparative optimism and internality. To achieve this goal, we primed neoliberal values using advertisements. In accordance with our main hypothesis, priming with neoliberal values had an indirect effect more on comparative optimism than neutral priming. Using manipulated variables, we confirmed the causal link between neoliberal values and the evaluation of one normative dimension of individualism (internality). The valorization of internality would appear to partially explain the link between neoliberal values and comparative optimism, confirming the support of our main hypothesis. The implications of these results are discussed from an ideological and socio-constructivist perspective. El optimismo comparativo es la tendencia autobeneficiosa a pensar que los acontecimientos positivos nos ocurrir & aacute;n con m & aacute;s frecuencia que a los dem & aacute;s, y que es m & aacute;s probable que los acontecimientos negativos les ocurran a los dem & aacute;s que a uno mismo. Es recurrente en las sociedades occidentales esta tendencia que valora a uno mismo m & aacute;s y menos a los dem & aacute;s y exige una sensaci & oacute;n de control. Partimos de la base de que los valores neoliberales prevalentes en estas sociedades facilitan la expresi & oacute;n de un optimismo comparativo. El objetivo principal del presente estudio es demostrar que el priming de valores neoliberales promover & aacute; el surgimiento del optimismo comparativo y de la internalidad. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se activaron dichos valores mediante el uso de anuncios publicitarios. De acuerdo con nuestra hip & oacute;tesis principal, el priming con valores neoliberales tuvo un efecto indirecto mayor sobre el optimismo comparativo que el priming neutral. Utilizando variables manipuladas, confirmamos el v & iacute;nculo causal entre los valores neoliberales y la evaluaci & oacute;n de una dimensi & oacute;n normativa del individualismo (internalidad). La valoraci & oacute;n de la internalidad parecer & iacute;a explicar parcialmente el v & iacute;nculo entre los valores neoliberales y el optimismo comparativo, lo que confirma el respaldo de nuestra hip & oacute;tesis principal. Las implicaciones de estos resultados se discuten desde una perspectiva ideol & oacute;gica y socioconstructivista.
Our research examines which factors enable women to relate to and aspire for stereotype-inconsistent roles, like leadership. Across two studies, we tested the effects of supervisor gender and supervisor characteristics on women's social comparisons and their leadership aspiration. Our first survey study (N = 303) found that women had higher social comparisons with communal supervisors irrespective of supervisor gender. Our second experiment (N = 465) found that women had higher social comparisons with female supervisors and with communal supervisors. Overall, we found that social comparisons serve as a mediator that enhances women's leadership aspiration. By focusing on social comparisons as a psychological mechanism, we address the value of stereotype-inconsistent supervisors as presenting women with the opportunity to relate to such exemplars and envision occupying roles that dismantle existing gender-leader stereotypes through increased leadership aspiration. Nuestra investigaci & oacute;n analiza los factores que permiten a las mujeres interactuar y aspirar a roles estereot & iacute;picos incoherentes como el liderazgo. En dos estudios distintos, probamos los efectos del g & eacute;nero y otras caracter & iacute;sticas del superior en las comparaciones sociales de las mujeres y sus aspiraciones de liderazgo. El primer estudio, basado en un cuestionario (N = 303), revel & oacute; que las mujeres establecen un mayor nivel de comparaci & oacute;n social con superiores o supervisores comunales con independencia del g & eacute;nero de estos. El segundo experimento (N = 465) revel & oacute; que las mujeres establecen un mayor nivel de comparaci & oacute;n social con superiores o supervisoras mujeres y con superiores comunales. En general, observamos que la comparaci & oacute;n social act & uacute;a como factor mediador que incrementa la aspiraci & oacute;n de liderazgo de las mujeres. Centr & aacute;ndonos en las comparaciones sociales como mecanismo psicol & oacute;gico, abordamos el valor de los superiores incoherentes con el estereotipo como factor que brinda a las mujeres la oportunidad de identificarse con esos modelos de comportamiento y considerar el acceso a puestos que rompen con los estereotipos de g & eacute;nero existentes sobre el liderazgo, a trav & eacute;s de un mayor nivel de aspiraci & oacute;n de liderazgo.
This project examined the categorizations of individuals based on their voices. Specifically, we recorded the voices of 24 men belonging to the intersecting social categories of nationality (i.e., Portuguese and Brazilian) and sexual orientation (i.e., straight or gay). In Study 1, Portuguese and Brazilian listeners (n = 75) evaluated speakers on the strength of their perceived nationality and sexual orientation. Results indicated participants were more accurate at guessing nationality (when compared to sexual orientation) and had slightly higher accuracy with Portuguese speakers. Additionally, speakers were more likely to be correctly categorized as straight, supporting the straight categorization bias. Study 2 extended these findings, investigating participants' perceptions of prototypical masculinity or femininity for each of the speakers' groups. As predicted, listeners perceived straight speakers as more likely to engage in masculine behaviours, while gay and Brazilian speakers as more likely to engage in feminine behaviours. Findings provide valuable insight to the advancement and generalization of intersectional research, particularly within the Portuguese language. Este proyecto examin & oacute; las categorizaciones de individuos basadas en sus voces. Espec & iacute;ficamente, grabamos las voces de 24 hombres pertenecientes a las categor & iacute;as sociales interseccionales de nacionalidad (es decir, portugueses y brasile & ntilde;os) y orientaci & oacute;n sexual (es decir, heterosexuales u homosexuales). En el Estudio 1, los oyentes portugueses y brasile & ntilde;os (n = 75) evaluaron a los hablantes en funci & oacute;n de la fuerza de su nacionalidad y orientaci & oacute;n sexual percibidas. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes fueron m & aacute;s precisos al adivinar la nacionalidad (en comparaci & oacute;n con la orientaci & oacute;n sexual) y tuvieron una precisi & oacute;n ligeramente mayor con los hablantes de portugu & eacute;s. Adem & aacute;s, los hablantes ten & iacute;an m & aacute;s probabilidades de ser correctamente clasificados como heterosexuales, lo que respalda el sesgo de categorizaci & oacute;n heterosexual. El Estudio 2 ampli & oacute; estos hallazgos, investigando las percepciones de los participantes sobre la masculinidad o feminidad protot & iacute;pica para cada uno de los grupos de hablantes. Como se predijo, los oyentes percibieron a los hablantes heterosexuales como m & aacute;s propensos a adoptar comportamientos masculinos, mientras que los hablantes homosexuales y brasile & ntilde;os fueron percibidos como m & aacute;s propensos a adoptar comportamientos femeninos. Los hallazgos proporcionan informaci & oacute;n valiosa para el avance y la generalizaci & oacute;n de la investigaci & oacute;n interseccional, particularmente dentro del & aacute;mbito de la lengua portuguesa.
Variation in value endorsement within geographical regions supports an individual approach to studying the culture of honour, offering a more nuanced understanding of how honour can affect emotions and behaviours in interpersonal relations. This can be understood using brief measurement scales that reduce costs and participant fatigue and improve response validity. Thus, this study aims to propose a brief version of the Culture of Honor Scale. In Study 1 (N = 529), an exploratory factor analysis yielded a brief version of the scale to measure individual endorsement of the culture of honour. In Study 2 (N = 694), we confirmed the scale's factor structure and demonstrated its measurement invariance across age groups but not across genders. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 569), we established the scale's validity in the general population and showed that the greater the individual endorsement of a culture of honour, the greater the degree of honour concern and traditional attitudes towards women. La adopci & oacute;n de distintos valores en una misma & aacute;rea geogr & aacute;fica hace que la aproximaci & oacute;n individual a la cultura de honor sea la m & aacute;s adecuada para su an & aacute;lisis, puesto que ofrece una comprensi & oacute;n m & aacute;s matizada de c & oacute;mo el honor puede afectar a las emociones y los comportamientos en las relaciones interpersonales. Para facilitar su estudio, se prefiere el uso de escalas breves que permitan reducir costes y fatiga y aumentar el n & uacute;mero de respuestas v & aacute;lidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio es proponer una versi & oacute;n de la Escala de Cultura de Honor centrada en el honor individual. En el Estudio 1 (N = 529), se obtiene una versi & oacute;n breve de la escala para medir la aceptaci & oacute;n individual de la cultura de honor. En el Estudio 2 (N = 694), se confirma la estructura factorial y se muestra su invarianza m & eacute;trica por edad, pero no por sexo. Finalmente, en el estudio 3 (N = 569), se obtiene validez en poblaci & oacute;n general, indicando que cuanto mayor es el respaldo a la cultura de honor, mayor es el grado de preocupaci & oacute;n por el honor y la aceptaci & oacute;n de las actitudes de g & eacute;nero tradicionales.
This study tested the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation (VSA) model of change in relationship satisfaction in a highly stressful context (i.e., the pandemic lockdown). We examined whether conflict resolution strategies (i.e., own situational withdrawal, perceived partner demands and perceived partner use of positive problem-solving strategies), confinement-specific variables (i.e., space for oneself, changes in sleep, social life routines and sport habits) and partner's perceived support may act as adaptive processes through which avoidance attachment influences relationship satisfaction. Data were collected via an online survey from 236 individuals confined at home with their partners in Spain during April 2020. Structural equation modelling was employed. Avoidant attachment orientation along with own withdrawal was negatively linked with relationship satisfaction. Stressors during confinement, own withdrawal, perceived partner's use of positive problem-solving strategy and perceived partner support mediated the link between avoidant attachment orientation and relationship satisfaction. These results underscore the importance of adaptive processes in mitigating the negative effects of avoidant attachment orientation and stressors, offering valuable insights into relationship dynamics under stress as well as expanding the applicability of the VSA model to extreme and contextualized stress environments. Este estudio prob & oacute; el modelo de Vulnerabilidad-Estr & eacute;s-Adaptaci & oacute;n (Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation, VSA) de cambio en la satisfacci & oacute;n en la relaci & oacute;n en un contexto altamente estresante (es decir, el confinamiento por la pandemia). Examinamos si las estrategias de resoluci & oacute;n de conflictos (es decir, la retirada propia situacional, las demandas percibidas de la pareja y el uso percibido por parte de la pareja de estrategias positivas de resoluci & oacute;n de problemas), las variables espec & iacute;ficas del confinamiento (es decir, espacio para uno/a mismo/a, cambios en las rutinas del sue & ntilde;o, la vida social y los h & aacute;bitos deportivos) y el apoyo percibido de la pareja pueden actuar como procesos adaptativos a trav & eacute;s de los cuales el apego evitativo influye en la satisfacci & oacute;n en la relaci & oacute;n. Los datos se recopilaron a trav & eacute;s de una encuesta en l & iacute;nea a 236 personas confinadas en sus hogares con sus parejas en Espa & ntilde;a durante abril de 2020. Se emple & oacute; el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. La orientaci & oacute;n de apego evitativa, junto con la retirada propia, se relacion & oacute; negativamente con la satisfacci & oacute;n en la relaci & oacute;n. Los estresores durante el confinamiento, la retirada propia, la percepci & oacute;n del uso de estrategias positivas de resoluci & oacute;n de problemas por parte de la pareja y el apoyo percibido de la pareja mediaron el v & iacute;nculo entre la orientaci & oacute;n de apego evitativo y la satisfacci & oacute;n en la relaci & oacute;n. Estos resultados se & ntilde;alan la importancia de los procesos adaptativos para mitigar los efectos negativos de la orientaci & oacute;n de apego evitativo y los estresores, ofreciendo informaci & oacute;n valiosa sobre la din & aacute;mica de las relaciones bajo estr & eacute;s, adem & aacute;s de ampliar la aplicabilidad del modelo VSA a entornos de estr & eacute;s extremo y contextualizado.
This Special Issue examines the concept of ‘double standards’ in ethnicity, migration and intercultural relations, focusing on the uneven application of principles or expectations to similar groups or situations. Amid growing discussions on its relevance to intergroup conflicts and humanitarian crises on a global scale, the issue explores how double standards emerge in diverse socio-historical and political contexts, legitimizing unequal treatment of ethnocultural and migrant communities. It investigates the psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions underlying these biases and their impact on marginalized groups. Contributions analyse how double standards both perpetuate injustice and fuel collective resistance, emphasizing the need for social and political psychologists to address these disparities. By integrating empirical research with diverse theoretical frameworks, this issue advances our understanding of double standards and their implications for intergroup relations and justice in an era of rising nationalism and populism, while paving the way for future research on this critical topic.
