Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) encompasses any self-inflicted harm to the body surface without suicidal intent. The main risk factors include invalidating environments during childhood, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation, which are the primary variables studied in this work. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether there is an interaction between these variables and how they relate to the onset of NSSI in adolescents. A total of 1733 students aged 12 to 19 composed the sample (mean age of 15.76, SD = 1.77; n = 809, 46.7% male and n = 924, 53.3%, female). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the sample, along with the correlations between the different measured variables. Two mediation models were analyzed, with invalidating environments as the indirect variable and NSSI as the direct variable in both cases. Hopelessness was the mediating variable in one model and emotional dysregulation in the other. Results show that 24.6% of adolescents have self-injured at least once in their lifetime, and 12.7% have resorted to more severe methods. All analyzed variables positively and significantly correlate with NSSI, except for the attention/disattention subscale of emotional dysregulation. In both mediation models, both hopelessness and emotional dysregulation have an indirect effect on the relationship between invalidating environments by both father and mother and the onset of NSSI during adolescence. In conclusion, hopelessness and emotional dysregulation increase the risk of engaging in self-injurious behaviors during adolescence when invalidating situations have been experienced during childhood.
This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the two types of perfectionism and performance, considering the effect of state anxiety, trait anxiety, self-esteem and positive and negative affect. The study included a sample of 202 students of Secondary Education and Baccalaureate (46.5% males and 53.5% females, M = 14.79 years, SD = 1.68) who completed validated scales in class including the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. The study followed a cross-sectional correlational design, and mediation models were tested to determine the directional hypotheses. Self-Oriented Perfectionism was positively related to academic performance (β= 0.463; p< .001), while Socially Prescribed Perfectionism was a negative predictor of students' grades (β= -0.171; p = .017). Self-esteem (β= -0.051; p = .020) and state anxiety (β= -0.045; p=0.042) were found to mediate the relationship between perfectionism and academic achievement. These findings suggest that schools should implement programs to reduce socially prescribed perfectionism, boost self-esteem, and manage state anxiety. The study also contributes to theory by clarifying the distinct effects of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, guiding targeted interventions to support students’ emotional well-being and academic success.
Not everyone lies with the same frequency, individual differences might explain part of this behaviour. In this study, personality traits and their relationship with the frequency of lying were studied in a sample of Spanish adolescents. A total of 207 adolescents from the general population (52.7% girls; Meanage = 15.44 years; SDage = 1.77) responded to the JS NEO-S and Dark Triad Dirty Dozen questionnaires, and to a direct question about the frequency of lying. No differences were observed by sex or age in the frequency of lying. Machiavellianism (positive) and responsibility (negative) traits were found to be discriminating variables in the behaviour of lying versus not lying. The relationship between personality traits and lying in adolescents could have significant implications in the prevention of antisocial behaviour.
Mindfulness-based interventions have proven effective in reducing psychological distress in digitalized work environments, although their impact may vary depending on individual differences that influence emotional and attentional receptivity to change. This study examines whether personal variables (age, gender, professional experience, educational level, professional role) and baseline technostress moderate the effectiveness of a brief mindfulness intervention on perceived stress and anxiety among technology professionals. A secondary analysis was conducted based on a randomized controlled trial involving 64 participants (intervention group vs. waitlist control group), assessed at four time points: pretest, posttest, and follow-ups at three and six months. Mixed linear models with repeated measures were used to explore group × time × moderator interactions, complemented by regression analyses to identify differential psychological predictors of change. An exploratory analysis including a quadratic term for technostress was also conducted. Younger participants and those with less experience showed greater reductions in stress and anxiety. Professional role showed a marginal trend favoring technical profiles, while gender, educational level, and technostress did not act as significant linear moderators. However, the quadratic analysis indicated a potential curvilinear pattern, with greater benefits at intermediate levels of technostress.
Background: This study aims to validate the factorial structure of a refined and shortened version of the HEalthy & Resilient Organization questionnaire called HEROCheck, across several occupational sectors in Spain. Method and Results: In two independent studies, the HEROCheck demonstrated robust psychometric properties. In Study 1, results confirmed the factorial structure of the HEROCheck with a sample of 11,082 workers from 27 companies from different sectors (secondary, tertiary and hospitals). Findings demonstrated high internal consistency and construct validity, with significant inter-scale correlations supporting coherent relationships among the dimensions. Study 2, with a sample of 1,139 workers from 24 companies from different sectors (secondary and tertiary), examined the predictive validity of the model, confirming significant associations between organizational resources and practices, healthy employees and healthy organizational outcomes. Conclusions: The HEROCheck provides a robust and practical framework for rapidly diagnosing core psychosocial factors and their impact on employee well-being, supporting healthy organizational development and the design of evidence-based interventions.
La teoría de la autodeterminación reconoce que los progenitores influyen en el bienestar psicológico de los menores. En este contexto, la investigación que se presenta analiza las diferencias de género en las conductas parentales y evalúa cómo dichas conductas, así como el género de niños y niñas, influencia en el ajuste emocional de los menores (inestabilidad emocional, conducta prosocial, y agresión física y verbal). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2,404 progenitores y 1,325 menores. Los resultados indican que las madres se perciben como más apoyadoras de la autonomía de los hijos e hijas, más proveedoras de un ambiente estructurado y más afectuosas que los padres. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sexo de los menores. Para la alta inestabilidad emocional, fueron factores protectores la calidez maternal y la provisión maternal de un ambiente familiar estructurado, si bien las prácticas paternales no tuvieron influencia. El control maternal y paternal fue un factor de riesgo en el desarrollo de una alta inestabilidad emocional. La provisión paterna de un entorno familiar de apoyo a la autonomía fue un factor protector contra el desarrollo de altos nivel de agresión física y verbal.
El Driving Cognitions Questionnaire (DCQ; Ehlers et al., 2007) evalúa las preocupaciones sociales, accidentes y ataques de pánico en los casos de fobia a conducir. Esta fobia tiene una prevalencia entre el 2% y 6%, e inhabilita a la persona para conducir o hacerlo con gran ansiedad. Se presenta un estudio sobre las características psicométricas del DCQ adaptado a población española. Han participado 716 personas (55.6% mujeres), de una edad media de 37.7 años, con un rango entre los 18 y 80 años, donde un 41.8% de ellos declararon haber tenido alguna experiencia negativa al conducir. El DCQ ha mostrado una alta fiabilidad por consistencia interna (entre α = .92 y .97), y test-retest (entre α =.73 y .87), también alta validez convergente con el cuestionario ISAT-3 (entre r = .72 y .80). El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró los tres factores, mientras que el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un modelo con dos factores y otro con tres factores. Se concluye sobre la utilidad del DCQ para la evaluación de fobia y ansiedad ante la conducción, con un punto de corte de 52 como criterio para considerar la necesidad de intervención, además de la confirmación de los tres factores de preocupaciones.
Subclinical psychopathy is an issue of interest for various psychological fields (human resources, forensic context, clinical psychology, etc.). The aim of this study was to construct a scale for the assessment of subclinical psychopathy and to use it to obtain psychopathic profiles in the general adult Spanish population. To achieve this, a set of items evaluating 3 dimensions (Manipulation, Insensitivity, Reckless Impulsivity) was generated and reviewed by a panel of experts in psychometrics and psychological assessment. The pilot study was completed by 436 subjects, and the main study by 536. The internal structure of the scale was explored using various Exploratory Factor Analyses and a final Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Cluster analysis resulted in 5 subject groupings (Psychopathic, Non-Psychopathic, Manipulative, Callous, and Reckless), which showed differential relationships with Psychopathy, Dark Triad, Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility, and Self-Interest. The developed scale provides valid and reliable scores for assessing subclinical psychopathy in the general adult Spanish population, as well as the possibility of establishing 5 psychopathic profiles in this population.
Los estudiantes universitarios enfrentan desafíos que pueden generar altos niveles de estrés, lo que puede tener consecuencias negativas tanto para su salud como para su desempeño académico. Sin embargo, la resiliencia desempeña un papel clave en la capacidad de los estudiantes para afrontar y superar las dificultades de esta etapa educativa. Una de las herramientas más utilizadas para evaluar la resiliencia es la Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). El presente estudio investigó las propiedades psicométricas de la BRS en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios hondureños. La muestra incluyó a 791 estudiantes (Medad = 26.29 años, DT = 8.02). Se evaluaron la fiabilidad, la validez de constructo, así como la validez concurrente y divergente de la BRS. Además, se analizó la invarianza de la medida por sexo y los efectos de suelo y techo. Los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio respaldaron la estructura de dos factores de la BRS, y los resultados mostraron índices de fiabilidad aceptables. Se observó invarianza entre hombres y mujeres. Este estudio aporta evidencia preliminar de que la versión en español de la BRS es un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar la resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios de Honduras.
La metodología observacional (MO) se ha empleado ampliamente en fútbol. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática que aplica la Escala de Calidad Metodológica para estudios basados en Metodología Observacional (MQSOM) a 236 estudios sobre fútbol basados en MO para desvelar tendencias metodológicas. Las propiedades psicométricas de la MQSOM fueron adecuadas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo, un análisis de proporciones para identificar las diferencias procedimentales y un análisis de clúster bietápico para identificar perfiles de calidad metodológica (CM). Se encontraron diferencias en el tipo de observación (frecuentemente directa), el manual de codificación (frecuentemente especificado), el tipo de datos (raramente especificado), el instrumento de observación (frecuentemente especificado), el registro (frecuentemente especificado), control (ocasionalmente especificado) y software de análisis (frecuentemente especificado), tipo de parámetro (generalmente frecuencia), control de calidad (frecuentemente empleado) y análisis (generalmente no descriptivo). Se obtuvieron cinco perfiles de CM en orden decreciente de puntuación en MQSOM (P1: Calidad de diseño -CD-, y medición y análisis -CMA- altas; P2: CD moderada, CMA alta; P3: CD baja, CMA alta; P4: CD baja, CMA moderada; y P5: CD y CMA bajas). Este trabajo presenta una instantánea actualizada de la MO aplicada en el fútbol, esbozando futuras mejoras en la CM.
Here we test the hypothesis that if the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (RAPM) is the best available single measure of the general factor of intelligence (g), then their brain correlates must show a greater overlap with g than that observed for other intelligence measures. For that purpose, gray matter correlates were analyzed at different levels of the intelligence hierarchy checking for consistencies and discrepancies among measurements and constructs. A group of 104 young adults completed a battery of nine intelligence tests measuring fluid-abstract (Gf), crystallized-verbal (Gc), and spatial (Gv) intelligence. They also undertook MRI scanning. Psychometric scores were computed for a higher-order factor representing general intelligence (g), first-order group factors representing Gf, Gc, and Gv, and, finally, the nine specific measures. Optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical surface-based morphometry (SBM, cortical thickness and cortical surface area) assessments were obtained and related to the scores. Overlaps among resulting brain maps were systematically inspected, controlling for sex, age, and handedness. VBM findings identified an overlap in a right middle frontal gyrus cluster, whereas cortical surface area results showed a key overlap in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, for the RAPM, Gf, and g. These results were seen as consistent with the main hypothesis and, therefore, support the RAPM as the best single estimate of
This study examined the impact of visualization techniques on mathematical problem-solving performance and cognitive load among 80 male high school students (40 gifted, 40 non-gifted) in Saudi Arabia. Using a pretest-posttest experimental design, participants were assigned to an experimental or control group, with each group further divided into two classes: one for gifted students (n = 20) and one for non-gifted students (n = 20). The experimental group received visualization-based instruction (e.g., dynamic visualization, interactive tools), while the control group followed traditional methods. Data were analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVAs and a MANOVA. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in problem-solving, F(1, 76) = 99.45, p < .001, eta 2P = .57, and experienced reduced cognitive load, F(1, 76) = 47.40, p < .001, eta(2)(P) = .37. A significant interaction effect emerged (Wilks' A = .88, F(2, 75) = 5.12, p = .008, eta(2)= .12), with gifted experimental students achieving the highest scores (M = 88.45, SD = 4.29) and the lowest cognitive load (M = 3.05, SD = 0.61). These findings highlight visualization as an effective strategy for enhancing mathematics education, particularly for gifted learners, while also benefiting non-gifted students. The results support the integration of inclusive instructional strategies to improve problem-solving and cognitive efficiency.
Appearance anxiety, characterized by an individual's negative perception of their body image and stress caused by the possibility of their appearance being evaluated by others, can have negative effects on the lives of emerging adults. The aim of this study is to adapt the Appearance some modern measurement approaches. For this purpose, the psychometric properties of the AAI in Turkish culture were examined in a sample of emerging adults (N = 520). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the appearance anxiety. Network analysis determined that the item with the highest centrality was that regarding the individual hiding or changing his or her appearance. The findings of the study indicate that the AAI has sound psychometric properties that can be used in the assessment of appearance anxiety in emerging adults in the Turkish population.
This study examined variants of psychopathic personality in adolescents based on the combination of callousness (CU) and negative affect (NA). A total of 902 school-attending adolescents participated (52.2% girls; age range: 12-19 years, M = 14.89, SD = 1.67), assessed at two time points with a one-year interval using a longitudinal design. Profiles were identified through Latent Profile Analysis based on the callousness subscale of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) and the negative affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Additional variables were assessed through self-reports measuring personality traits, attachment styles, behavioral maladjustment, socioemotional well-being, and risk behaviors. The analysis identified five distinct profiles, including one with high CU and low NA (primary variant) and two emotionally dysregulated profiles (secondary variants): one predominantly high in CU, the other in NA. Profiles showed differences across multiple constructs at baseline and one year later, with secondary variants exhibiting greater emotional, social, and behavioral maladjustment. The findings provide empirical support for the distinction between primary and secondary variants of youth psychopathy and contribute to understanding its heterogeneity.
Introduction. This study examines the perceptions of parents of children with unspecified intellectual disability (UID) regarding the care provided to these children at their treatment center, highlighting the importance of personalized educational and therapeutic interventions. The study underscores the need for individualized strategies and the contribution of multidisciplinary collaboration to improving child development outcomes. The central objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the Family-Centered Practice Scales (FCPS) among parents of children with ICD in Spain. Methods. A total of 221 parents (112 women and 109 men) participated in this study. Descriptive analyses, confirmatory factor analysis, gender invariance analysis, convergent and divergent analyses, and reliability indices were performed, along with a longitudinal comparison of scores after six months. Data were collected using personalized Likert-type scales, followed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the ECF effectively measures family-centered practices, maintaining its original two-factor structure: relational practices and participatory practices. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed high internal consistency for the overall score. Measurement invariance analysis demonstrated that the FCPS is consistent across gender and age within this population. No significant changes in score were observed after six months. Discussion: The findings support the FCPS as a reliable tool for assessing family-centered practices in Early Intervention for children with unspecified intellectual disability. The study highlights the importance of adopting family-centered approaches and emphasizes the need for increased training and resources to support both professionals and families. This research contributes to the understanding of factors affecting family adjustment and the role of individualized interventions in enhancing child development, regardless of the cause of the child's intellectual disability. The document emphasizes the importance of a constructive and supportive approach by professionals to empower families in managing the challenges they face.
Background: The aims of this study were to adapt the Attitudes Toward Safety Regulations (ATSR) questionnaire for professional drivers (Douglas & Swartz, 2009) to Spanish and analyze the scale's psychometric properties. Method: A version adapted to Spanish was administered to 507 participants, 91.2% of whom were men and 8.8% were women. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (ESEM) was applied. The results were replicated with the same number of items and the resulting subscales showed good reliability. When we related the scores obtained on these subscales to various external correlates and other scales, they showed good concurrent and criterial validity. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the ATSR questionnaire, designed for all types of professional drivers from various sectors, is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing attitudes towards driving safety regulations. Future research could use the ATSR as a screening tool in combination with other instruments to select drivers who exhibit safe driving behaviors. This would result in fewer traffic collisions and fewer penalties for traffic violations.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between suicide probability and psychological flexibility/rigidity in adolescents and to examine the effect of an ACT-based psychoeducation programme developed by the researchers on reducing suicide probability and psychological rigidity in adolescents. Therefore, the study consists of two stages. The first stage was conducted with the relational screening model and the second stage was conducted with the experimental model. The first stage of the study was carried out with 485 students studying in a high school. The second stage was conducted with a total of 24 students from this group who had a high suicide probability. In the study, it was found that there was a positive and moderately significant relationship between adolescents' psychological rigidity levels and suicide probability. In addition, it was concluded that 'ACT Based Psychoeducation Programme' was effective on suicide probability, suicide probability sub-dimensions and psychological rigidity levels of adolescents. Improving the psychological flexibility of adolescents is important in terms of preventing many mental health problems, including suicide.
Cognitive diagnosis modeling (CDM) is a proposed framework for the creation and analysis of measurement tools that originated in the field of education and have extended to other areas of interest in psychology. These models have received a lot of attention in recent years, resulting in an abundance of theoretical contributions. However, there is still a shortage of studies applying these methodologies to real data. It is essential to evaluate the procedures in their natural context of application and to provide solutions tailored to the problems that may arise in practice. The purpose of this study is to apply CDM to a large-scale evaluation that assesses high school teachers in Mexico, which was designed based on a CDM framework. Five issues are identified that arose in the analysis of these data and provide guidelines on how to explore and find solutions to these issues with implementation in R. Besides discussing psychometric solutions, this paper also emphasizes the importance of consulting with content experts. By highlighting potential challenges that can arise even when all necessary elements for a large-scale CDM educational assessment are in place, this study aims to guide future empirical applications and methodological proposals.
Identifying dysfunctional beliefs about romantic relationships is important for fostering healthy relationship dynamics. This study aimed to translate into Spanish and verify the psychometric properties of the Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI) in community samples from Spain and Mexico. A two-phase study was conducted: Phase I involved translation, while Phase II focused on psychometric analysis. The results showed that an 18-item scale considering only three beliefs ("Disagreement is destructive", "Mindreading is expected", and "Sexes are different") fit better than the original proposal. Validity was also supported by correlations with neuroticism, relationship power imbalance, and parents' relationship; as well as by group differences between clinical and community samples, and between men and women. Internal consistency was confirmed only for the three beliefs included in the final model. In conclusion, the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI-S) were sufficiently supported in this study.
This analogue study compares the effectiveness of two forensic interview protocols-the NICHD Protocol and the Memorandum of Good Practice (MoGP)-in eliciting accurate and forensically relevant information from children. A total of 123 children (60 aged 6-7 and 63 aged 10-11) participated in a staged event, followed by a delayed interview conducted using either the NICHD or MoGP guidelines. Interviewers were postgraduate students who received protocol-specific training. Transcripts were coded for prompt type and the amount, accuracy, and relevance of elicited details. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that interviews conducted using the NICHD Protocol elicited more total, correct, central, and peripheral details, particularly through invitations and cued invitations. Option-posing prompts were the least effective, yielding the fewest correct and peripheral details. Age-related differences in productivity and accuracy were attenuated after controlling for the informativeness of prompt types. Option-posing questions were frequently used in both conditions, including NICHD-guided interviews. These findings highlight the critical role of prompt formulation in shaping children's narrative responses and underscore the relative advantages of the NICHD Protocol. They further suggest that enhanced interviewer training is needed to reduce reliance on less effective prompt types and to promote best practices in investigative interviewing.
