The antimicrobial potential of nut extracts has garnered interest due to their nutritional benefits and bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the ethanoic extracts of walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum), almond (Prunus dulcis), and “abere” (Picralima nitida) for inhibitory effects against various pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., and mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. In-silico analyses provided further insights into the bioactive compounds identified through GC-MS, focusing on their drug-likeness and toxicity profiles. Two key compounds from P. nitida - Diethylphthalate (A1) and 3-oxo-2-pentyl-methylcyclopentaneacetic acid (A3) - demonstrated promising drug-like properties, with A1 being non-toxic and A3 showing mild carcinogenic potential. Molecular docking studies highlighted the extracts’ potential as inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Dengue virus targets, with some extracts outperforming the reference drugs isoniazid and acetaminophen, although none surpassed ampicillin. This study underscores the importance of further research to isolate specific bioactive components, optimize extraction techniques, and explore the full antimicrobial potential of these nut extracts. Future studies should also consider the concentration, extraction methods, and target microorganisms to enhance the understanding of their antimicrobial efficacy.
Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a pervasive environmental toxicant that disrupts redox balance and induces structural injury in metabolically active organs, including the heart and pancreas. Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) contains antioxidant phytochemicals, while vitamin E is an established antioxidant; both may counteract mercury-induced toxicity. This study evaluated the protective effects of aqueous Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit extract and vitamin E on cardiac and pancreatic alterations in HgCl?-exposed Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats (180–200 g) were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 5): control; HgCl? (3 mg/kg); Artocarpus heterophyllus extract (1000 mg/kg); extract + HgCl2 (extract administered 30 min before HgCl2); and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) + HgCl2 (30 min prior). Treatments were given orally once daily for 28 days. Body weights were recorded weekly. At sacrifice, heart and pancreas weights were measured and organ-to-body weight indices calculated. Serum antioxidant markers—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA)-were assayed. Lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, and LDL-C) were determined using commercial kits. Cardiac and pancreatic tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). All animals completed the study. Phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus extract showed high total phenolic (29 ± 0.48) and flavonoid (5.4 ± 1.2) contents, with appreciable levels of saponins (19 ± 1.1), tannins (4.7 ± 0.41), and alkaloids (0.70 ± 0.09). Body weight increased significantly in the control group (p = 0.005), whereas HgCl2-treated rats showed minimal weight change (p = 0.777). Heart and pancreas weights and indices did not differ significantly among groups (p > 0.05). HgCl2 significantly reduced serum SOD and CAT activities compared with control, while GPx activity showed a non-significant downward trend (p = 0.067). Serum MDA was highest in the HgCl2 group, whereas extract- and vitamin E-treated groups showed marked reductions. HgCl2 exposure decreased TC and HDL-C and increased TG (p < 0.001). Histologically, HgCl2 induced interstitial haemorrhage and vascular congestion in the heart and vascular congestion with mild inflammatory infiltrates in the pancreas. These alterations were markedly attenuated by Artocarpus heterophyllus extract and vitamin E, with preservation of normal tissue architecture. Mercury chloride induced oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and structural injury in the heart and pancreas. Pre-treatment with phenolic-rich Artocarpus heterophyllus extract or vitamin E ameliorated these effects, supporting the antioxidant and tissue-protective potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus and warranting further mechanistic studies.
One plant in the genus Curcuma that exhibits potential as a natural antioxidant is Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp., commonly known as temu giring. This species contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The objective of this research was to quantify the phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as assess the antioxidant activity of fresh and dried rhizomes. The extraction methods employed were infusion and decoction. Phenolic content was measured using the colorimetric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl3 reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the FRAP method. The highest phenolic content was observed in the oven-dried decoction extract (EDOD) at 6.258 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoid content was also found in this EDOD at 2.899 mg QE/g. The most potent antioxidant activity among the test samples was exhibited by this EDOD, with a value of 12.064 mol FeEAC/g. The results indicate that higher drying temperatures correlate with increased phenolic and flavonoid levels in the temu giring rhizome, consequently influencing the antioxidant activity in the sample.
The anoa is a dwarf buffalo endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and several surrounding offshore islands. Despite its relatively small body size compared to other wild cattle, it is the largest wild terrestrial mammal native to Sulawesi. This study aims to estimate the population size and density of the anoa (Bubalus sp.) in Mount Kondoruang, Central Sulawesi, and to analyze the habitat characteristics that influence its distribution and occurrence. This project began with an information survey conducted from 8–15 June 2024 involving nature enthusiast groups (university student nature clubs) and local communities regarding the presence of the anoa on Mount Kondoruang. Data collection was carried out from 17–28 August 2024. Mount Kondoruang, also known as Kandela in Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mount Kondoruang has an elevation of 2,870 meters above sea level and features diverse topography, ranging from hilly areas to mountainous terrain with slopes exceeding 15°, and is therefore designated as a Protected Forest area. The ecosystem types of Mount Kondoruang include savanna, lowland forest, lower montane forest, and upper montane forest. Mount Kondoruang remains an important habitat for the anoa, with individuals predominantly found in sub-montane forests. Habitat characteristics, particularly vegetation structure, elevation, temperature, and humidity, strongly influence its distribution. The limited population size and low juvenile detection indicate potential vulnerability, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and strengthened conservation efforts to ensure the species’ long-term survival.
Grasshoppers are insects belonging to the order Orthoptera, which comprises a highly diverse group of species distributed across various ecosystems, including agricultural habitats such as rice fields. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among Orthopteran grasshoppers inhabiting rice field ecosystems in Parigi Moutong Regency based on morphological characters and to describe the clustering patterns of the species identified in the area. Sampling was conducted in rice fields using an exploratory survey method with free collection techniques. Species identification was carried out through the examination of morphological characteristics using biodiversity references and taxonomic identification keys. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) implemented in the PAleontological STatistics software (PAST 4.03), while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed and visualized in a biplot to support the clustering results. A total of nine grasshopper species were identified: Phaneroptera falcata, Oxytauchira brachyptera, Scudderia texensis, Atractomorpha crenulata, Tettigonia viridissima, Conocephalus fuscus, Phlaeoba infumata, Oxya serville, and Phlaeoba fumosa. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the species into two major clusters with three levels of relationship. A very close relationship was observed between Phlaeoba infumata and Phlaeoba fumosa (similarity index [SI] = 91%). A close relationship was found between the subclusters consisting of Atractomorpha crenulata, Phlaeoba infumata, and Phlaeoba fumosa, and those consisting of Oxytauchira brachyptera and Oxya serville (SI = 62%). In contrast, a more distant relationship was observed between Conocephalus fuscus and the group comprising Scudderia texensis, Phaneroptera falcata, and Tettigonia viridissima (SI = 47%). These phylogenetic patterns were supported by the PCA biplot, in which P. fumosa, P. infumata, O. serville, and O. brachyptera were positioned within the same component, whereas S. texensis, P. falcata, and T. viridissima occupied different regions, and C. fuscus was clearly separated from the other species. This study provides scientific information on morphology-based phylogenetic relationships among grasshopper species in rice field ecosystems, which may serve as a foundation for taxonomic studies and as a reference for biology education concerning grasshopper phylogeny.
In developing nations, malnutrition related to protein and energy in young children is possibly the most widespread health issue. Complementary foods are essential for the growth and development of children as they address both the nutritional and developmental requirements of infants when breastfeeding alone is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of blending ratio and processing technique on physicochemical composition, and sensory acceptability of quality germinated maize, millet, and soybean, along with carrot and coconut flour based complementary food. The different staples were processed into flours and were combined in ratios of (70:10:10: 5:5), (60:15:15:5:5), (50:20:20:5:5), and (40:25:25:5:5) of maize flour, millet flour, soybean flour, carrot and coconut flour and the samples were denoted as A, B, C, and D. The result revealed that composite the moisture levels varied from 6.55% to 7.15%, with sample C containing 50% maize flour exhibiting the highest moisture content, while sample D with 40% maize flour showed the lowest moisture content. The protein content values of all samples exceeded the 15%. The fat content of the complementary food samples varied between 6.44% and 8.58%, showing highest in sample highest in sample A and lowest in sample E. The range of crude fiber content varied from 1.89% to 4.73%, with sample D showing the highest level and sample E the lowest. The ash content of the formulated complementary food samples increased with the rising addition of maize, soybean, and millet flour. From the sensory analysis sample C recorded the highest score.
Obesity is a global health problem that is often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia as a manifestation of lipid metabolism disorders. Moringa fruit contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to be a natural hypolipidemic agent. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of moringa fruit extract administration on triglyceride levels in obese model mice. An experimental study used 30 male Sprague Dawley mice divided into five groups: normal control, obesity negative control, positive control with vitamin C 15 mg/kgBB, moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB once daily, and moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB twice daily. Obesity was induced with a high-fat, high-protein feed for 49 days, followed by treatment for 14 days. Triglyceride levels were measured using the ELISA method and analyzed by the One-Way ANOVA test. The obese group showed the highest triglyceride levels (265.767 mg/dL) compared to the normal control (191.639 mg/dL). The administration of moringa fruit extract lowered the triglyceride level to 230,054 mg/dL for a once-daily dose and 212,463 mg/dL for a twice-daily dose. Statistical tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the twice-daily treatment group and the obesity group. Moringa fruit extract was effective in lowering triglyceride levels in obese rats, with administration twice daily showing more optimal results.
Stunting is a chronic growth disorder caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies and environmental stress, resulting in reduced height for age. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as key contributors to impaired growth and cardiometabolic instability during early development. This study investigated the potential protective effects of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and folic acid on insulin signaling and cardiac finction in a rotenone induced stunted zebrafish larval model. A laboratory experimental study with a true experimental post test only controlled group design was conducted among 30 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) for Irs gene expression at 9 day post fertilization (dpf) as samples per tube, heart rate was measured at 3, 6, and 9 dpf. The total group treatment was five with inclusion and exclusion criterias, negative control (NC), positive control exposed to rotenone (12.5 ppb), VCO treatment (6.25%), folic acid treatment (70 µM), and a combination of VCO and folic acid. Variables assessed in this study included heart rate and insulin receptor substrate (Irs) were evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 for windows. Rotenone significantly reduced Irs expression compared with negative control (0.272 ± 0.128 vc 1.014 ± 0.187; p<0.001). Treatment with VCO (0.678 ± 0.250), folic acid (0.676 ± 0.191), and their combination (0.695 ± 0.231) increased Irs expression relative to the rotenone group (p<0.05), although no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. Rotenone also elevated heart rate at 9 dpf (236.9 ± 19.2 bpm) compared with the negative control (163.7 ± 10.1 bpm), whereas treatment groups showed improved cardiac parameters. These findings highlight the potential of nutritional interventions targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress to support recovery of insulin signaling and improve metabolic stability in stunting related conditions.
This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile of Hermetia illucens (BSF) maggot extract as a potential sustainable ingredient for animal feed. Lipid extraction was performed using a modified Bligh and Dyer method by substituting chloroform with n-hexane to ensure safer and environmentally friendly processing. Proximate analysis revealed that BSF maggots contained 29.36% crude protein, 43.76% crude fat, 9.27% ash, 19.94% crude fiber, and a low moisture content of 3.06%, indicating high nutritional density and storage stability. XRF and qualitative tests confirmed significant mineral content, particularly CaO, K?O, and P?O?, with no detectable heavy metals or harmful contaminants, supporting their safety for feed applications. Microscopic analysis showed particle sizes ranging from 2,000-10,000 nm, classifying the material as a nanostructured biomass. The FAME profile demonstrated a diverse composition dominated by 9-octadecenoic acid (10.92%), triacontane (8.87%), octadecanoic acid (7.65%), and heptacosanoic acid (7.17%). Key medium- and long-chain fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (C12:0), elaidic acid (C18:1), and stearic acid (C18:0) were also detected, indicating the suitability of BSF lipids as an energy-dense feed component with oxidative stability. Overall, the biochemical and structural characteristics obtained in this study highlight BSF maggots as a promising, nutrient-rich, and environmentally sustainable ingredient for animal feed formulations.
The effects of a polyherbal extract, HAMACK, on antioxidant defences were assessed in with male albino rats with testosterone propionate-induced BPH. Thirty rats (148–156g) were acclimatized and grouped into 6. Group one served as the normal control (2 ml/kg distilled water), while BPH was induced in Group two. Group three received finasteride (5 mg/kg), Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 350 and 700 mg/kg HAMACK respectively, while Group 6 was administered 700 mg/kg alone. Antioxidant status was assessed by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidise, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined as a marker of lipid peroxidation. BPH induction significantly (P< 0.0001) reduced antioxidative markers, with a concurrent increase in MDA, confirming oxidative stress. Treatment with finasteride and polyherbal extract significantly (P< 0.0001) restored antioxidant parameters and reduced MDA levels dose-dependently. Additionally, group administered with 700 mg/kg HAMACK alone exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, characterized by elevated antioxidant enzymes alongside reduced MDA. In summary, the polyherbal extract effectively ameliorates oxidative stress associated with BPH by enhancing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defences and reducing lipid peroxidation. Its efficacy suggests strong potential therapy for oxidative stress-mediated prostate conditions.
Jamu cekok is a traditional Indonesian herbal remedy for toddlers to improve appetite. While previous studies have shown benefits such as weight gain, its antioxidant activity and safety profile remain underexplored. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential and acute toxicity of jamu cekok, composed of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Kaempferia galanga. Extracts were extracted with Aquadest and n-hexane, and antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Results showed weak antioxidant activity in both extracts (IC50: 481.59 ppm for decoction, 127.12 ppm for n-hexane), lower than some individual herbs. Moreover, an acute toxicity tests followed OECD 425 guidelines using female Wistar rats. No mortality occurred at doses up to 5,000 mg/kgBW, categorizing it as practically non-toxic. However, elevated creatinine levels and histopathological kidney changes, including degeneration and Bowman’s capsule dilation, were observed at higher doses. These findings suggest jamu cekok is safe at high doses but may induce temporary renal effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulations and evaluate long-term safety.
This study explores the extraction of limonene oil from orange peels using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether as the solvent, yielding 9.88%. The limonene oil was utilized to formulate a natural mosquito repellent dhoop by incorporating turmeric, camphor, and activated charcoal. Evaluation methods including cage tests, mosquito landing tests, fume tests, toxicity tests, and skin irritability tests demonstrated the dhoop’s effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes, its non toxic nature, and its safety for human use. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups, such as terpenoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to the dhoop’s repellant efficacy. The study highlights the potential of orange peel waste as a sustainable source for natural repellents, promoting eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic products. The findings underscore the dhoop’s effectiveness, safety, and environmental sustainability, offering a viable solution for mosquito control and waste valorization. Recommendations include scaling up production, optimizing formulations, and exploring additional applications of limonene oil.
The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) underscores an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Dental plaque has been identified as a key reservoir for multidrug-resistant bacteria, presenting a significant clinical challenge. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared using cold maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through agar well diffusion (to determine zones of inhibition), broth microdilution (for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration/MBC), and biofilm inhibition assays. Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial effects. The aqueous extract demonstrated the highest potency, showing the largest mean inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (26.07 ± 0.61 mm at 200 mg/mL) and the lowest MIC values (1.562 mg/mL) against both S. aureus and E. coli. The methanolic extract was most effective against E. coli (MIC = 3.125 mg/mL). MBC assays confirmed the extracts' bactericidal action, eliminating S. aureus at 75 mg/mL and Gram-negative pathogens at 100 mg/mL. Biofilm formation was also significantly reduced at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The superior efficacy of the aqueous extract validates traditional aqueous-based preparations and highlights the critical role of solvent polarity in extracting bioactive compounds. The broad-spectrum antibacterial activity correlates directly with the rich profile of secondary metabolites, particularly polyphenols and alkaloids, providing a scientific basis for neem's historical medicinal use. By demonstrating significant activity against resistant, plaque-derived pathogens, this research addresses a notable gap in the literature and positions A. indica as a promising source of antibacterial agents. The findings advocate for subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract to isolate and characterize the specific compounds responsible for its activity, facilitating the development of novel adjunctive treatments for AMR.
Jamu cekok is a traditional medicine used by Indonesians, especially children to increase appetite. However, the safety test of jamu cekok on liver function using Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) as parameters has never been evaluated. This study aimed to determine the effect of jamu cekok on liver function by assessing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats subjected to acute toxicity. The study employed an analytical experimental design with the OECD 425 method. The test rats used were 12, divided into a control group, a 2000 mg/kg BW treatment group and a 5000 mg/kg BW treatment group. The treatment of jamu cekok decoction was given once on the first day of the acute toxicity test and was observed for 14 days. SGOT and SGPT levels were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA to assess differences between groups. Through this study, observations of behavior and body weight over the 14 days showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The LD50 value was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which is categorized as practically non-toxic. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests revealed no significant differences in SGOT levels between the control and treatment groups (p>0,05). Similarly, SGPT levels also showed no significant difference (p>0,05) between groups. These findings indicate that he administration of jamu cekok at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW does not induce toxic effects on liver function, as reflected by SGOT and SGPT measurements.
CRS is an inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. SNOT-22 is a questionnaire that assesses the life quality of CRS patients. MLK is a scoring system that uses nasal endoscopy. This study aims to analyze the correlation between complaints on SNOT-22 and endoscopy findings on MLK. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 74 patients were included: 45 CRS with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) and 29 CRS without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP). This study used Pearson’s statistical analysis to identify the correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS patients, more specifically in CRSwNP and CRSsNP with Spearman’s statistical analysis. There is a correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS with r=0.408, sig/p value 0.000<0.05; a correlation in CRSwNP with r=0.364, sig/p value 0.014<0.05; a correlation in CRSsNP with r=0.482, sig/p value 0.008<0.05; a correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP with r=0,876, sig/p value=0,000<0,05; and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP with r=0,345, sig/p value 0.066>0.05. There is a moderate correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS, a weak correlation in CRSwNP, a moderate correlation in CRSsNP, a very strong correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP, and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP.
Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high avian diversity, including the Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii). This species belongs to the family Megapodiidae and is distributed in the Philippines, parts of eastern Borneo, and several small islands in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii from Poat Island based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of the Philippine scrubfowl was isolated using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid), amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with primers L5145 (forward) and H6394 (reverse), and visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST for species confirmation, DnaSP v6.12.03 for genetic variation analysis, and MEGA 11 for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining methods. The results showed that the 1.072 base pair ND2 gene sequences generated three haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity value of 0.667 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00249. The nucleotide base composition of the ND2 gene was dominated by A+T (52.03%) compared to G+C (47.95%). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using both methods produced consistent topologies, in which all Megapodius cumingii samples from Poat Island formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support, indicating strong and stable genetic relationships.
The Kimvula Territory in the Democratic Republic of the Congo exhibits intensive use of forest plants in traditional craftsmanship, encompassing agricultural tools, furniture, and household artefacts. This ethnobotanical investigation (2014–2016), based on structured interviews and field observations, aimed to document and analyse indigenous knowledge related to artisanal plant use. A total of 76 species belonging to 67 genera and 32 families were recorded, with Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Marantaceae, and Rubiaceae being the most represented families. Prominent species included Elaeis guineensis, Eremospatha haullevilleana, Raphia spp., Alstonia congensis, and Ricinodendron heudelotii, with stems identified as the most commonly used plant part. Millettia laurentii exhibited the highest ethnobotanical use value, while several species showed strong consensus among respondents. Variation in species use between communities reflected both ecological availability and socio-cultural preferences. These findings highlight the pivotal role of forest biodiversity in sustaining rural livelihoods and preserving traditional craftsmanship. They further emphasize the need to integrate indigenous knowledge into conservation planning and sustainable resource management strategies across the Congo Basin.
This research is an integration between fields of Biology, Photography, Design, and Informatics Engineering. The study aimed to develop an interactive online atlas of mammalian anatomy to improve the accessibility and data sharing (free access) of mammalian anatomy. Website was developed using SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) which consists of five steps as follows: website’s strategic planning, determine the scope of website, website’s requirements analysis, design and implementations of website, and testing. Based on the results of testing and system implementation, it can be concluded that online interactive atlas (AtlasAnatomy.org) had been successfully built as anatomical educational media of mammal.
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulated adaptive immune responses, particularly involving CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Current therapeutic strategies often rely on broad immunosuppression, which may lead to adverse effects and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, the exploration of natural immunomodulatory agents remains an important research focus. This study aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of male papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in an experimental autoimmune disease model. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and administered orally to autoimmune disease-induced mice at different dosage levels. T cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry, focusing on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proportions in splenocytes. The results showed that experimental autoimmune disease significantly increased CD4+ T cell levels and reduced CD8? T cell proportions compared to normal controls. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract led to a dose-dependent reduction in CD4+ T cells and restoration of CD8+ T cell levels. The highest dose produced a T cell profile comparable to that of healthy animals. These findings indicate that male papaya leaf extract modulates adaptive immune responses by rebalancing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations rather than inducing broad immunosuppression. The study highlights the potential of male papaya leaf extract as a natural immunomodulatory agent for the management of autoimmune diseases and supports further investigation into its underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance.
The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird species found in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species belongs to the order Galliformes and is distinguished by a prominent black, hard casque on its head, an orange beak, predominantly black plumage, and yellowish facial skin. The Maleo exhibits a unique reproductive strategy, as it does not incubate its eggs directly. Instead, it buries them in loose sandy soil that is naturally heated by geothermal activity. According to the 2021 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Maleo is classified as Critically Endangered under criteria A2cd+4cd (Version 3.1) of the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Maleo nesting habitats in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, in order to support the conservation of suitable in situ breeding and nesting environments. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on direct field observations and literature review. Sampling stations were determined using an exploratory survey method, in which sites were purposively selected based on habitat characteristics to observe Maleo nesting conditions and the surrounding vegetation. Data collected included nesting-hole depth and width, temperatures inside and outside the nesting holes, sand surface temperature, and humidity. Measurements were conducted three times daily at 08:00, 13:00, and 17:00. The results showed that: (1) nesting-hole depth ranged from 43 to 46 cm, with an average of 44.4 cm; (2) nesting-hole width ranged from 47 to 53 cm, with an average of 50 cm; (3) between 08:00 and 17:00, the average temperature inside the nesting holes was 31°C, the average temperature outside the holes was 35.74°C, the average sand surface temperature was 36.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 72.62%; and (4) the nesting habitat in Bukit Jaya Village was characterized by diverse vegetation growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbing plants (lianas). A total of 16 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified within the nesting habitat. The protection of nesting habitats should be continuously strengthened to help prevent the extinction of this valuable and iconic bird species.
