Trichoderma merupakan genus fungi yang memiliki aktivitas farmakologi beragam, seperti antifungi, antibakteri, agen biokontrol, dan antikanker. Meski diketahui memiliki aktivitas antikanker, studi mengenai jenis-jenis metabolit sekunder antikanker dari Trichoderma belum tersedia sehingga studi ini dinilai perlu untuk mengkaji potensi Trichoderma sebagai sumber senyawa antikanker melalui analisis aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel kanker. Tinjauan literatur ini menggunakan pustaka acuan yang mengacu pada pangkalan data Scopus dan Web of Science. Metodologi pemerolehan data menggunakan metode PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses). Dari 117 publikasi yang diperoleh, sebanyak 96 artikel dieksklusi karena tidak memenuhi kriteria sehingga hanya tersedia sebanyak 21 artikel yang dianalisis. Data kemudian disajikan dalam bentuk tabel yang memuat informasi spesies, nama senyawa, nilai IC50, dan metode uji sitotoksik yang digunakan. Trichoderma diketahui menghasilkan beragam metabolit sekunder yang bersifat sitotoksik. Adapun tiga contoh senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik sangat poten adalah isobisvertinol, 18-deoxycytochalasin H, dan harzianum A dengan nilai IC50 berturut-turut adalah 0.5 µM, 0.42 µM terhadap sel A2780, dan 0.65±0.03 µg/mL terhadap sel HT1080.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the bioactive components of chloroform (CHCl3) and ethanol (EtOH) extracts from marine sponges (Stylotella sp., Agelas dispar, Neopetrosia sp., Aaptos sp., Haliclona sp.) using TLC-bioautography technique, inhibitor tyrosinase activity, and anti-toxicity against B16F10 melanoma and Vero cells line. TLC studies used solvent systems as mobile phases to identify active antioxidant agents. The inhibitory activity of tyrosinase was assessed using a colorimetric technique, and MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole] was used to analyze the viability of B16F10 and Vero cells treated with various concentrations (15.63-1000μg/mL) of marine sponge extracts. TLC bioautography analysis utilizing different polarity mobile phases separated different bands from tested marine sponge CHCl3 and EtOH extracts with antioxidant activity. Polar substances in CHCl3 and EtOH extracts of marine sponges contributed significantly to their antioxidant activity. The data showed that marine sponge Neopetrosia sp. and Aaptos sp. could reduce tyrosinase activity, and extracts at 15.63-1000μg/mL concentrations did not show substantial toxicity against B16F10 and Vero cells. Complex substances were proposed to be responsible for the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activity of Neopetrosia sp. and Aaptos sp. extracts. Data shows that marine sponges Neopetrosia sp. and Aaptos sp. might contain attractive antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors.

Brown marine algae are provided for an excellent source of bioactive compounds especially fucoidan. Fucoidan is primarily composed of L-fucose residues linked by α-1,3 and α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, with sulfate groups as its main chemical components. One of the biological activities of fucoidan is antioxidant. Antioxidant activities of Indonesian brown marine algae were investigated. The phytochemical screening of the crude extract was conducted to identify various phytochemical constituents, including carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compound, terpenoids, and proteins and amino acid. The antioxidant activity of the brown marine algae Sargassum turbinarioides was evaluated using free radical scavenging through the DPPH assay and a reducing power assay. The antioxidant capacity of the extracted fucoidan was measured against ascorbic acid, revealing that fucoidan from brown marine algae exhibited lower DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to vitamin C. Meanwhile, the reducing power of the extract increased with higher concentrations, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. These findings suggest that brown marine algae extract has potential for commercialization as a functional food or dietary supplement owing to its significant antioxidative properties.

Hyrtios reticulatus is a type of sponge that has antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 variants. However, the active compound that contributes to this activity is not yet known. The objective of this research was to isolate and structure elucidation of antiplasmodial compound from Hyrtios reticulatus. The chloroform fraction from ethanol extract was partitioned by column chromatography with a ratio of n-hexane to ethyl acetate of 5:5 v/v and was purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography. Then the result was identified and characterized using spectroscopic method. The antiplasmodial activity was studied in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 using micro method. The purified compound was a white crystal with (lambda maks) at 235 nm and was identified with UV-vis spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum showed that the isolate had functional hydroxyl (OH) groups, aliphatic C-H bond, C-O bond, vanillic C-H bond, and carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C). The result of the mass spectrometry analysis of the purified compound showed a molecular weight of 414 g/mol. The H-NMR, C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and HMBC spectrum and the spectral analysis revealed the presence of a compound of beta-sitosterol, and it had antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 with IC50 17.76 +/- 2.86 mu g/mL and 12.03 +/- 1.60 mu g/mL.

Chlorella sp. is regarded as a functional food and a significant source of nutrients across all domains due to its prevalence and beneficial health effects. Numerous studies have been conducted on the optimization of phenolic extraction from Chlorella, a significant secondary metabolite for medicinal or cosmetic applications. This study aims to explore the potential for developing upstream, midstream, and downstream processes from Chlorella to optimize phenol production, providing insights into strain selection, cultivation conditions, harvesting and drying techniques, ideal extraction methods, and their applications across various industries. Results indicate the presence of potential compounds in Chlorella, with production contingent upon species and cultivation strain, cultivation stage, harvesting time, cultivation medium, nutrient supplementation, lighting conditions, harvesting and post-harvesting treatment, and extraction process. It is essential to identify upstream processes, specifically data regarding cultivation strains, cultivation stages, and ideal growing conditions for study on phenolic production using Chlorella. Furthermore, studies utilizing cell disruption techniques provide higher total phenolic content compared to conventional extraction methods. Additional research is necessary, namely to compare the phenolics generated by various Chlorella species and to optimize the combination of parameters in both growth conditions and extraction processes to achieve maximum phenolic yield.

The Navicula species as a phytoplanktonic organism has attracted considerable research interest due to its simple cellular structure, remarkable photosynthetic efficiency, short life cycle, and resilience in extreme environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate global research trends on Navicula using a scientometric approach to identify key applications and emerging opportunities. To understand how its roles have evolved across disciplines, we analyzed Scopus-indexed publications spanning two periods, namely 1873–2013 and 2014–2023. Our findings reveal a marked increase in publication volume, co-authorship networks, and international collaborations in the last decade. Thematically, early studies emphasized Navicula's role as a fouling organism, while more recent publications focus on antifouling strategies and material innovation. In taxonomy, early works relied on morphology-based identification with limited strain coverage, whereas current research addresses classification errors and cultivation challenges. In ecotoxicology, influential articles identify Navicula as a methanogen capable of accumulating methylated mercury and producing β-methylamino-L-alanine, raising human health concerns. Concurrently, its biochemical potential, particularly as a source of antioxidants and stigmasterol, has expanded its relevance to biomedical and nutraceutical fields. Together, these trends underscore the multidimensional importance of Navicula and point to promising directions for future interdisciplinary research.

Trichoderma is one of the fungi producing a wide range of metabolites with potent biological activities, including antibacterial. Selecting appropriate fermentation methods can improve the production of metabolite compounds and provide the best biological activity. This study investigates Trichoderma reesei JCM 2267’s antibacterial activity, which is fermented using submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF). The effect of fermentation time on antibacterial activities and yield weight was also determined. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S.a) ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli (E.c) ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) ATCC 27853 using the Agar well diffusion method. This research successfully demonstrated that the SmF and SSF methods provided extracts with antibacterial activity ranging from weak to strong, against bacteria tested. The extract fermented by SSF showed the best activity on day 25 of fermentation with a diameter clear zone 12.2 ± 0.20; 5.0 ± 0.17, and 3.3 ± 0.1 (mm) against S.a ATCC 25923, E.c ATCC 25922, and P.a ATCC 27853. The extract fermented by SmF, especially the supernatant extract, reached the higher inhibition on day 8 with diameter inhibition 6.90 ± 0.05 and 8.20 ± 0.04 (mm) against E.c ATCC 25922 and P.a ATCC 27853, whereas 15.3 ± 0.10 (mm) against S.a ATCC 25923 on day 14 of fermentation. The various times of fermentation affect the antibacterial activities. The maximum growth of TR JCM 2267 was reached on day 14 of fermentation. The SSF methods showed a higher yield of extract than SmF, increasing over time of fermentation. This research provides a possible alternative fermentation method suitable for fungal growth related to its antibacterial activity and extract yield.

Tyrosinase is a rate-limiting enzyme that is essential for the synthesis of melanin and controls pigmentation in the skin. The most common strategy in cosmeceutical products for skin lightening is the suppression of tyrosinase. Marine substances contain a variety of unique chemical compounds that have the potential to develop into new bioactive compounds as future medications for skin hyperpigmentation therapy. In this review, we summarize 55 compounds from marine resources that have been identified as active in inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity from research studies published up to April 2023. Those substances are classified to be very strong, strong, and moderate inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis. Based on the IC50 value, there are 12 compounds that act as potential anti-melanogenic agents. 7-phloroeckol isolated from Ecklonia cava has the highest tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.85 μM, while Arenarol isolated from Dysidea arenaria has the most active properties in reducing the synthesis of melanin with an IC50 value of <3 μM on B16 melanoma cells. We propose to present a new perspective on the discovery of metabolites from seagrasses, seaweeds, and marine sponges that can be applied as lead compounds in developing medications for anti-hyperpigmentation therapy through this review.

Berdasar pengamatan belum seluruh mahasiswa melakukan keaktifan diluar kampus, masih banyak yang kegiatannya hanya mengikuti perkuliahan. Terkait dengan hal tersebut maka perlu dilakukan evaluasi untuk mengetahui kesiapan dan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan seluruh potensi dirinya secara kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik yang menekankan pada kemampuan untuk berpikir kritis,kreatif dan inovatif, keterampilan komunikasi dan kolaborasi, keterampilan memecahkan masalah yang mampu menghubungkan ilmunya dengan dunia nyata, serta menguasai teknologi informasi. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana mahasiswa tata kecantikan/rias memahami kemampuan, potensinya serta upaya yang dilakukan untuk membangun personal branding dalam mempersiapkan diri memasuki dunia kerja yang kompetitif sebagai penyedia jasa kecantikan atau sebagai calon guru SMK. Hasil penelitian pengembangan alat evaluasi berbasis aplikasi Quizizz untuk mengungkap personal branding mahasiswa Program Studi Tata Kecantikan dalam mempersiapkan diri memasuki dunia kerja diperoleh nilai rata-rata 88,06%, termasuk dalam kategori tinggi berdasar indikator authenticity, relevan dan konsisten . Tingkat keefektivan alat evaluasi berbasis Aplikasi Quizizz diperoleh berdasar tanggapan terhadap penggunaan aplikasi yang diperoleh rata-rata 86,5% termasuk dalam kategori tinggi berdasar indikator penyajian, desain isi, kemudahan dan kelayakan Quizizz.

Marine organisms, especially sponges, provide many sources of metabolites with various biological activities. Most sponges associate with microbes such as fungi. To solve the problem of sponge availability, it is necessary to isolate compounds from marine-derived fungi due to their feasibility and advantages. This study, thus, highlights that the most prominent genera to produce metabolites active as antibacterials and antibiofilm were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neosartorya, and Trichoderma. The summarized data of isolated compounds related to antibacterial and antibiofilm activities until 2022 included anthraquinones, sterigmatocystin analogs, hydroxy pyrrolidine alkaloids, helvolic acid derivatives, lactones, prenylated phenylbutyrolactones, citrinin and derivatives, bisthiodiketopiperazine, cyclotetrapeptides, dihydrochromone dimers, amino lipopeptides, furan derivatives, aspiron-derivatives, halogenated metabolites, and alkaloids. Since the biofilm mechanism is very complex, some antibacterial compounds do not necessarily work as antibiofilms. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that compounds produced from sponge-associated fungi have the potential to be developed as new antibacterial and antibiofilm agents although still require further investigation related to the mechanism of actions of the compounds.

Whitening cosmetics with anti melanogenesis activity are very popular in the world. Many studies are trying to identity new ingredients that exhibit antimelanogenesis effect for the developing of new products. There has been a rapid increase in the use of natural anti hyperpigmentation agents from marine sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The aims of this review is to provide an overview of the antioxidant and anti melanogenesis effect of brown seaweed which contains a large amount of fucoxanthin as a skin whitening agent. Fucoxanthin from brown algae sources has also developed for use in cosmetics. Most of the articles we reviewed lack detailed investigations of molecular target, which are essential for meeting the criteria of cosmetic and pharmaceutical use. Recently, several carotenoids have been discovered from brown seaweed by examining their anti-melanogenesis and mechanisms. Despite the rarity of in vivo and clinical investigations of marine molecular mechanism algae derivates whitening agents. The novelty of this review is to discuss fucoxanthin as a major carotenoid in brown algae as an antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis. An anti-melanogenesis test is generally preceded by an antioxidants activity test. Almost all brown algae have a good antioxidant effect (compared to control). This suggests that brown seaweed has antioxidant properties. In addition, the melanogenesis effecf of brown algae was better compared to the control

Lupeol, a naturally occurring lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid, is widely distributed in various edible vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants. Notably, it is found in high concentrations in plants like Tamarindus indica, Allanblackia monticola, and Emblica officinalis, among others. Quantitative studies have highlighted its presence in Elm bark, Olive fruit, Aloe leaf, Ginseng oil, Mango pulp, and Japanese Pear bark. This compound is synthesized from squalene through the mevalonate pathway and can also be synthetically produced in the lab, addressing challenges in natural product synthesis. Over the past four decades, extensive research has demonstrated lupeol’s multifaceted pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial effects. Despite its significant therapeutic potential, clinical applications of lupeol have been limited by its poor water solubility and bioavailability. Recent advancements have focused on nano-based delivery systems to enhance its bioavailability, and the development of various lupeol derivatives has further amplified its bioactivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in understanding the pharmacological benefits of lupeol. It also discusses innovative strategies to improve its bioavailability, thereby enhancing its clinical efficacy. The aim is to consolidate current knowledge and stimulate further research into the therapeutic potential of lupeol and its derivatives.

Objective: The aim of this research is the Optimization, formulation, and evaluation of biosynthesis nanogold gels by using experimental design. Investigations were provided to optimize the biosynthesis of nanogold gels on a compound of two gelling agents and develop the biosynthesis of nanogold gels. Methods: The optimization of the formula of gels utilizing the D Optimum Mixture Design method to discover the optimum result with the ratio of carbopol (X1) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/HPMC (X2) as a gelling agent and responses in the form were particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2) and spreading capacity (Y3). The 8-run formula assessed the impact of carbopol (X1) and HPMC (X2). Results: The ANOVA results for particle size showed that the model is highly statistically significant (P<0.05). Both Carbopol and HPMC coefficients enhanced the particle size (+118.91 and+594.73). The interaction of Carbopol with HPMC has increased the particle size (+441.73). The HPMC has the most dominant effect in increasing the particle size, and exchanging the two gelling agents will increase the particle size. Both Carbopol and HPMC coefficients are negative (-7.94 and-10.96), which means that these components contribute to a decrease in the zeta potential. The interaction of Carbopol with HPMC does not affect both increasing or decreasing the zeta potential HPMC has the most dominant effect in reducing the zeta potential, and the exchange of the two gelling agents will not increase and decrease the zeta potential. Carbopol and HPMC coefficients are positive (+6.41 and+4.58), meaning these components enhance the spreading capacity. The interaction of Carbopol with HPMC has decreased (-1.58). The prediction value was obtained from a solution that has the highest desirability. The chosen desirability of certain balances was 0.572. Conclusion: This study has shown that a well-balanced mixture of matrix ingredients could improve nanogold biosynthesis gel. Optimization was possible by applying D optimal mixture design, which confirmed efficiency in designing the nanoparticles gels of gold dosage forms.

Phytochemical screening and Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Memecylon umbellatum burm. F.Subban Murugesan, Annamalai Pannerselvam, Arumugame Chanemougame Tangavelou

Bagi masyarakat di Indonesia bahasa daerah merupakan bahasa sehari-hari yang biasa digunakan untuk berkomunikasi. Salah satunya adalah bahasa Jawa. Pada penelitian berbasis bahasa alami, bahasa daerah tergolong bahasa yang sulit untuk dikembangkan, mengingat ketersediaan jumlah dataset yang terbatas. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis terhadap 2 metode stemming kata, yaitu metode Nazief-Adriani dan Levenshtein Distance untuk menyelesaikan proses stemming kata berbahasa Jawa. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui metode yang sesuai dengan akurasi terbaik untuk stemming kata berbahasa Jawa. Selain itu penelitian ini juga mempertimbangkan pembobotan kata untuk menghasilkan akurasi similaritas artikel yang lebih baik. Metode nazief adriani menghasilkan nilai rata-rata similarity sebesar 6,8% dengan waktu rata-rata eksekusi 0,0443 detik.

Cans are non-organic wastes that are difficult to destroy and can pollute the environment. The solution in this new normal era is by recycling cans waste into innovative for Balinese bridal accessories so that they have aesthetic value and increase selling value. The objective of the study was to determine the engineering of the waste of beverage cans as an innovative Balinese bridal accessory. The research method used the experiment, observation, documentation, descriptive analysis with sensory tests and preference tests. The results of the validity showed that all products received a very valid criteria, the highest value was obtained by the flower cap accessories 95.8%, the lowest value obtained by the Puspolembo accessories and the Nagasastra bracelets 83.3%. The sensory test results showed that the eight products are very feasible and the two products are feasible with an average of 87.5%. The results of the preference test are the eight products in the very like category and the two products in the like category with an average of 86.3%. The Balinese bridal accessories from the waste of beverage cans showed that it’s feasible and need to be developed as home economic products for craft commodities.

The discovery of new compounds sourced from nature, which are active against malaria, is very important. Sponge Hyrtios reticulatus from Bali, Indonesia, is one of the examples that can be investigated. The sponge samples were extracted using ethanol, followed by trituration fractionation and vacuum liquid chromatography to get the samples. The nine samples obtained, their main extracts, chloroform fraction, residue, and SF 1–9 were tested for activities against Plasmodium falciparum variants 3D7 and FCR3. The results showed that all samples had a moderate antiplasmodial activity, where the most active sample was SF 3 with an IC 50 of 12.98 ± 1.88 µg/ml on 3D7 and 19.81 ± 0.75 µg/ml on FCR3. This study discovered that H. reticulatus sponges had antiplasmodial activities and could be further used as a guide to finding a new antiplasmodial compound.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui validitas modul pengeritingan dasar 2)mengetahui kelayakan modul pengeritingan dasar sebagai budaya dalam pembelajaran di SMK Program Kehalian Tata Kecantikan Rambut. Metode penelitian adalah Research and Development eksperimen dengan desain one group pretest-posttest design. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 23 siswa. Variabel bebas penelitian adalah modul keiritng dasar dan variabel terikat adalah kelayakan modul keriting dasar sebagai budaya. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi, angket, dan tes. Analisis data menggunakan uji T dan deskriptife persentase. Hasil validitas modul dari ahli materi, ahli bahasa, dan ahli media rata-rata 77,2%. Peningkatan hasil belajar aspek kognitif rata-rata pretest 62,17 dan posttest 79,71, dan diperoleh hasil uji T memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000<0,05, Tanggapan siswa terhadap modul 87% dan penilaian guru 83,62%, sehingga modul keriting dasar dinyatakan valid oleh ahli dan layak digunakan sebagai budaya dalam pembelajran di SMK program keahlian Tata kecantikan rambut. Kata kunci: modul, kelayakan, budaya, validitas, keriting dasar

Sponge is one of the marine organisms that contribute greatly to the diversity of compounds in marine. Hyrtios reticulatus, a marine sponge of genus Hyrtios, is a structurally rich source of various metabolites. Hyrtios reticulatus can be found in various places. So far several reports have mentioned that this species has not been widely published except those originating from Indonesia especially Makassar island, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, and collections from the National Cancer Institute in London. Every sample taken from different places has different secondary metabolites due to the different physical and chemical conditions found in the oceans, causing the sample to have a diverse bioactivity. The secondary metabolites obtained from sponge Hyrtios reticulatus obtained from sponges from different places are shown in the articles published so far contain 19 compounds, they are obtained from sponge with different places. It is 1,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolin (1), serotonin (2), 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3 , 4-tetrahydro- β -carboline (3), 6-hydroxy-3,4- dihydro-1-oxo-β-carboline (4), hyrtiocarboline (5), sacrotride A (6), 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (7), heteronemin (8), puupehenone (9), 3-carboxy-6-hydroxy-β- carboline (10), hyrtioreticulins A–E (11-15), hyrtioerectine B (16), hyrtioreticulin F (17) reticulatins A (18), and B (19). This review emphasizes the phytochemicals of the secondary metabolites and bioactivity of the sponge Hyrtios reticulatus. This article highlights how to obtain active compounds and bioactivity from these compounds from sponge Hyrtios reticuatus.

Metabolomic study and in silico approach of DLBS1442 as progesterone receptor agonistNatalia Windari Rahardjo, Emanuel Dani Ramdani, Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata, Yanti