OBJECTIVE:To analyze epidemiological characteristics and temporal changes in the prevalence of thinness, anemia, overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing between 2015 and 2019. METHODS:The survey participants were students who participated in the Beijing Primary and Secondary School Students' Nutrition and Health Status Monitoring in 2015 and 2019. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 14, 126 students in grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 from 56 schools across 7 districts of Beijing for height, weight, and hemoglobin measurements, with classifications of thinness, anemia, overweight, and obesity determined using diagnostic thresholds from Chinese health industry standards Growth Standard for Children Under 7 Years (WS/T 423-2022), Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 456-2014), Screening Standard for Overweight and Obesity among School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586-2018), and Method for Anemia Screening in Population (WS/T 441-2013); malnutrition prevalence among demographic subgroups was described using constituent ratios with between-year (2015 vs.2019) differences compared by χ2 test, while generalized linear mixed models analyzed changes in malnutrition prevalence adjusted for age, sex, and residential area. RESULTS:The survey revealed that among Beijing students aged 6-14 years, the overall thinness prevalence increased from 378 cases (5.25%) in 2015 to 435 cases (6.28%) in 2019, with statistically significant increases observed among girls (171 (4.88%) vs.208 (6.08%)), suburban students (197 (4.41%) vs.271 (6.20%)), and the 6-9 age group (181 (5.09%) vs.242 (6.81%)) (P<0.05); simultaneously, the overall anemia detection rate decreased from 197 (2.74%) in 2015 to 131 (1.89%) in 2019, with significant declines among boys (97 (2.63%) vs.58 (1.65%)), suburban students (166 (3.72%) vs.110 (2.52%)), and the 6-9 age group (161 (4.52%) vs.79 (2.22%)), while conversely increasing in the 10-14 age group (36 (0.99%) vs.52 (1.54%)) (all P<0.05); both overweight prevalence (1137 (15.80%) in 2015 vs.1106 (15.96%) in 2019) and obesity prevalence (1410 (19.60%) in 2015 vs.1367 (19.72%) in 2019) showed no statistically significant differences overall or within any demographic subgroups; generalized linear mixed model analysis confirmed increased thinness risk in 2019 (OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40), decreased anemia risk (OR=0.67, 95% CI 0.53-0.83), and non-significant changes in overweight/obesity prevalence between survey years. CONCLUSION:The thinness prevalence among Beijing students aged 6-14 years in 2019 had increased compared to 2015 levels, while anemia rates have shown a declining trend during the same period, the prevalence of overweight and obesity remained relatively stable overall. These indicators displayed multidimensional differentiation patterns across gender, region, and age.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), bone mineral content (BMC), and serum osteocalcin (OC) and type I collagen cross-linked C-terminal peptide (CTX) levels in Yinchuan middle school students. METHODS:A total of 1603 students aged 12-18 years in Yinchuan City were selected as study subjects with a mean age of (14.99±1.51) years old in 2017-2023 by stratified clustering sampling, including 915(57.1%) boys, 1149(71.7%)Han, 201(12.5%)Hui and 191(11.9%) from other ethnic groups. Height and weight were measured, and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. The serum osteocalcin and type I collagen cross-linked C-terminal peptide were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Regression models combined with restricted cubic spline were used to analyze the relationship between CVAI and low bone mass and low bone metabolism markers among middle school students in Yinchuan City, and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were used to analyze the effect of their assessment on low bone mass. RESULTS:After adjusting for confounding factors of gender, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and outdoor activity hours, the risk of low bone mass was lower in the Q4 of CVAI than in the Q1(OR=0.03, 95%CI 0.01-0.07), and the result were similar after stratification by gender (P<0.05); the risk of low OC in the Q4 of CVAI was higher than that in the Q1(OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.88), while the risk of low CTX was lower than that of Q1(OR=0.52, 95%CI 0.36-0.75, P<0.05). A linear dose-response relationship was observed between CVAI and low bone mass and low CTX (Poverall trend<0.05, Pnonlinearity>0.05), while a nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between CVAI and low OC(Poverall trend<0.05, Pnonlinearity<0.05). The ROC curve analysis revealed that CVAI had the best diagnostic performance for low bone mass (AUC=0.87, 95%CI 0.85-0.90, P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Increased CVAI can reduce the risk of low bone mass and low CTX, and increase the risk of low OC in Yinchuan middle school students.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici fermentation on mulberry juice quality. METHODS:Fresh mulberry juice was used as the raw material and inoculated with P. acidilactici strain 003W to establish a fermentation system. After fermentation at 37 ℃ for 48 h, the active components (total phenolics and anthocyanins), physicochemical indexes (pH, total acid content, reducing sugar content), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging rates), and electronic tongue flavor characteristics (sourness, astringency, richness, etc. ) were evaluated before and after fermentation. RESULTS:The result showed that after fermentation, the total phenolic content increased from 11.01 mg GAE/mL to 13.41 mg GAE/mL, and the anthocyanin content increased from 0.60 mg RE/mL to 0.79 mg RE/mL. The pH value decreased from 5.70 to 4.34; the total acid content (expressed as lactic acid) increased from 4.10 g/L to 12.24 g/L; and the reducing sugar content (expressed as glucose) decreased from 85.00 mg/mL to 75.00 mg/mL. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate reached 40.08% and 49.87% from 18.00% and 28.00%(P<0.05). Electronic tongue analysis indicated that the sourness and richness of fermented mulberry juice were enhanced, while the astringency was significantly reduced, resulting in a more harmonious flavor profile. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that fermentation by P. acidilactici 003W effectively enhances the content of active components, antioxidant capacity, and flavor characteristics of mulberry juice, offering a scientific foundation for developing high-value probiotic mulberry beverages.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the characteristics and changes in screen time among students aged 6-14 years in Beijing in 2015 and 2019. METHODS:A multistage cluster sampling approach was adopted. A survey on after-school screen time was conducted among students in grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 (first year of junior high school) in 7 districts of Beijing in 2015 and 2019, using the Nutrition and Health Status Questionnaire developed by the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control. A total of 4152 primary and secondary school students were surveyed in 2015, and 4202 in 2019. The Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test were employed to analyze differences in daily average screen time and the prevalence of exceeding the daily screen time limit among respondents with different demographic characteristics. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMMs) to analyze the association between different years, gender, age, residential areas, and whether screen time exceeds the limit. RESULTS:Survey result showed that the median screen time of respondents was 54 (31, 84) min/d in 2015 and 41 (26, 69) min/d in 2019, representing a decrease of 13 min/d (P<0.01). The prevalence of exceeding the daily screen time limit (≥2 h/d) was 10.06% (403/4005) in 2015 and 5.01% (203/4052) in 2019, a reduction of 5.05 percentage points (P<0.01). Compared with 2015, the daily average screen time (school days, weekends, and the entire week) of respondents across different genders, age groups, and regions all decreased in 2019 (male：Z=-6.95, Z=-9.37, Z=-9.55；female：Z=-4.63, Z=-10.77, Z=-8.94；6-9 years：Z=-4.12, Z=-8.38, Z=-7.06；10-14 years：Z=-7.63, Z=-11.89, Z=-11.63；urban：Z=-5.37, Z=-10.48, Z=-9.11；suburban：Z=-6.13, Z=-10.02, Z=-9.62；P <0.01). GLMMs analysis revealed that the daily average screen time exceeding rate among survey subjects in 2019 was lower than in 2015 (β = -0.74, OR=0.48，95% CI 0.40-0.57). Compared with their counterparts with the same characteristics, respondents who were male (β = 0.26, OR=1.29, 95%CI 1.09-1.53), aged 10-14 years(β=0.67，OR=1.95，95%CI 1.64-2.32), and residing in suburban areas (β=0.57, OR=1.77, 95%CI 1.47-2.12) had a significantly higher rates of excessive screen time (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The daily average screen time and prevalence of excessive screen time among primary and secondary school students in Beijing decreased significantly overall in 2019 compared with 2015. However, male students, age 10-14 years, and those residing in suburban areas consistently had higher screen time and a higher prevalence of excessive screen time than their counterparts within the same categories.
OBJECTIVE:An analytical method for the determination of 32 pesticide residues in human urine was established using amino multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-MWCNTs)-based dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). METHODS:25% saturated sodium chloride solution was added to precipitate protein in the urine. The pH was adjusted to 5 using 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution. The target analytes were adsorbed onto amino multi-walled carbon nanotubes, followed by desorption with acetonitrile. Finally, the extract was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS:Good linearity for the 32 pesticides was observed within the concentration range of 1-100 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r) all above 0.999. Fortified at three concentration levels (4, 40, and 200 μg/L, n=6), average recoveries were obtained in the range of 91.2%-110.0%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.1%-4.6%. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.003-0.03 μg/L and 0.01-0.1 μg/L, respectively. The adsorption process of the 32 pesticides onto the NH2-MWCNTs was found to be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. CONCLUSION:This method is simple and rapid to operate, accurate, and highly sensitive, enabling the rapid detection of 32 pesticide residues in human urine.
OBJECTIVE:To explore qualitative and quantitative detection method for Lactococcus in food samples. METHODS:Lactococcus were enumerated and isolated from commercially available food samples, systematic identification of isolates was achieved by combining techniques of colony morphology on plates, microscopic examination, biochemical reactions, metabolic substances, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. RESULTS:A total of 47 food samples including yogurt and cheese, that containing Lactococcus were collected in this study. The result indicated that the highest isolation rate of Lactococcus was observed in yogurt samples at 87.5%(7/8), followed by cheese at 58.3%(14/24). The Lactococcus content in both yoghurt and lactic acid beverage was higher than 1×107 CFU/mL. In cheese, 64.3％(9/14)contained Lactococcus between 1×106 and 1×107 CFU/g, while the remaining 35.7％(5/14)were within the range of 1×103 to 1×105 CFU/g. In biscuit, it was exceeded 1×106 CFU/g, while butter and sour cream contained approximately 1×104 CFU/g.184 strains were isolated from the aforementioned samples.59 isolates were identified as L. lactis subsp. lactis, 13 were L. lactis subsp lactis biovar diacetylactis and 3 were L. cremoris. CONCLUSION:The Lactococcus detection method established in this study enables the enumeration and identification of Lactococcus in food. The combination of traditional microbiological identification method with molecular biology and mass spectrometry techniques enables precise differentiation of Lactococcus species, subspecies, and even biological types in samples.
OBJECTIVE:Reverificate the taxonomic information of Lacticaseibacillus casei in the genome database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to afford accurate genomic information for L. casei species-specific sequence analysis. METHODS:Based on the whole genome sequence downloaded from NCBI database, the taxonomic information of 45 L. casei was reverificated by average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and 49 core genes. RESULTS:No 16S rRNA gene sequence was extracted from 4 genomes. Of the remaining 41 genomes, the analysis results of ANI were highly in accordance with that of core gene phylogenetic analysis. The results were 21 genomes identified as L. casei and 20 genomes as L. casei related species. Using 16S rRNA gene alone could not accurately identify L. casei and its related species. CONCLUSION:It is necessary to reverificate the taxonomic information of L. casei in NCBI genome database before using its genome information for further analysis.
OBJECTIVE:To study the epidemiological characteristics and changes of central obesity, abnormal blood glucose, and dyslipidemia among students aged 6-14 in Beijing. METHODS:A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was employed in both 2015 and 2019. Three urban districts and four suburban districts were selected from Beijing. In each district, four primary schools and four junior middle schools were sampled. In the first, third, and fifth grades of primary school and the first grade of junior middle school, two classes of students were randomly selected from each grade, among whom those participating in the dietary nutrition and health survey were required to have their blood drawn on an empty stomach. A total of 3558 students were included in 2015, and 3449 in 2019. The information of students' birthday, gender, height, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose(FBG), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG)，low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C)was collected. Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare the differences between the two years. Prevalence of metabolic abnormalities among students with different demographic characteristics were described using composition ratios, and differences between the two years were compared using the chi-square test. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the association between year and the detection rate of metabolic abnormalities, with adjustments for age, sex, and region of residence. RESULTS:The study participants had a mean age of (9.6 ± 2.3) years. In 2015, there were 1822 boys (51.2%) and 1736 girls (48.8%). In 2019, there were 1756 boys (50.9%) and 1693 girls (49.1%). Compared with 2015, the quartile distributions of waist circumference to height ratio(WHtR), FBG, and LDL-C levels among students aged 6-14 in Beijing shifted downward in 2019, while those of TC, TG, and HDL-C shifted upward (P<0.05). The prevalence of central obesity decreased from 29.0% to 25.2% (χ2 = 12.47, P<0.01), that of abnormal blood glucose increased from 6.2% to 7.9% (χ2 = 7.51, P<0.01), and that of dyslipidemia decreased from 24.1% to 21.7% (χ2=5.72，P=0.02). The prevalence of both central obesity and abnormal blood glucose were higher among students aged 10-14 years than among those aged 6-9 years, higher in boys than in girls, and higher in suburban students than in urban students (P<0.05). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was lower in boys than in girls (P<0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, and region of residence, the prevalence of central obesity and dyslipidemia among students in 2019 remained significantly lower than those in 2015 (OR=0.82, 95％CI 0.74-0.92;OR=0.87, 95％CI 0.78-0.98). The prevalence of abnormal blood glucose was significantly higher in 2019 than in 2015 (OR=1.31, 95％CI 1.08-1.58). CONCLUSION:The prevalence of central obesity and dyslipidemia among students aged 6-14 in Beijing has shown improvement, yet remains at a high level. Additionally, the prevalence of abnormal blood glucose has increased.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the prevalence of negative emotions and mobile phone addiction among adolescents and explore the longitudinal association between the two. METHEDS:A random cluster sampling method was employed to administer the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) to 2115 secondary school pupils (junior and senior high) across three mainstream secondary schools in Xinxiang City during December 2022 (T1) and December 2023 (T2). Depression-Stress Simplified Chinese Version (DASS-21) and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) to conduct a two-stage longitudinal study among 2115 secondary school students (junior and senior high) from three general secondary schools in Xinxiang City. Data were analysed using a cross-lagged panel model. RESULTS:(1) The study encompassed 2115 adolescents, predominantly junior secondary school pupils (58.8%), with an average age of (14.89±2.31) years. Among them, 1091 were male (51.6%) and 1024 female (48.4%), the vast majority being non-only children (92.4%). Their current residence was predominantly rural (54.0%), and their parents' educational attainment was chiefly at junior secondary level. and 1024 females (48.4%). The vast majority were non-only children (92.4%), with 54.0% residing in rural areas. The educational attainment of participants' parents was predominantly at junior secondary level. (2) At Time Point 1 (T1), adolescents' scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and mobile phone addiction were (5.52±3.47), (6.88±5.72), (7.43±4.49), and (34.49±12.31) points respectively. At T2, these scores significantly increased to (8.43±3.26), (9.62±3.88), (11.14±3.45), and (40.51±13.55) points respectively (P<0.01). (3) Cross-lagged analysis revealed that depression at T1 significantly and positively predicted mobile phone addiction at T2 (β=0.34, P<0.01), while mobile phone addiction at T1 also significantly and positively predicted depression at T2 (β=0.24, P<0.05). (4) Anxiety at T1 significantly and positively predicted mobile phone addiction at T2 (β=0.22, P<0.01), whereas the predictive effect of T1 mobile phone addiction on T2 anxiety was non-significant (β=0.07, P> 0.05). (5) T1 stress significantly and positively predicted T2 mobile phone addiction (β=0.37, P<0.01), whilst T1 mobile phone addiction also significantly and positively predicted T2 stress (β=0.41, P<0.01). CONCLUSION:A stable reciprocal predictive relationship exists among adolescent depression, stress, and mobile phone addiction, whereas adolescent anxiety only unidirectionally predicts mobile phone addiction.
OBJECTIVE:To systematically investigate the Chinese food market for food-grade microbial strains in 2025, clarify the fundamental attributes such as the concept, classification, and efficacy types of these strains, analyze differences in domestic and international policies, standards, and management models, assess the current market development status and core issues. METHODS:A combination of literature review and field survey was adopted. First, the evolution, definition, classification system, and efficacy types of food-grade microbial strains were systematically reviewed. Second, differences in the policy frameworks and management models for food-grade microbial strains between domestic and international contexts were compared. Finally, based on survey data collected from 470 ordinary food products containing food-grade microbial strains from July to October 2025, quantitative and qualitative analyses of market size, product characteristics, and existing issues were conducted. RESULTS:The food-grade microbial strains have a long history of application, with their concepts and classifications continuously refined as biotechnology advances. In 2022, both domestic and international lists of microbial strains were updated, and the reclassification of lactobacilli had a significant impact on the food industry. The Chinese market for food-grade microbial strains showed sustained growth, reaching a terminal market size of 134.89 billion yuan in 2024. Products were diversifying and becoming more refined, with composite microbial agent-containing products dominating the market. However, issues such as non-standard labeling, unauthorized functional claims for ordinary foods, and insufficient support for food-grade microbial strain testing technology persisted. Additionally, while both domestic and international regulations prioritized safety and emphasized strain-specific characteristics, notable differences existed in regulatory classification, approval process design, and health claim requirements. CONCLUSION:The Chinese food market for food-grade microbial strains has significant growth potential. However, addressing existing issues requires multifaceted measures, including strengthening full-chain supervision of labeling standards, improving the inspection and testing technology system for food-grade microbial strains, strictly regulating the functional claims of ordinary foods, and enhancing the core competitiveness of domestic enterprises. These efforts will help resolve current market challenges and promote the industry's sustainable development toward standardization and high quality.
OBJECTIVE:To establish a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method for detection of Streptococcus mutans based on ready-to-use lyophilized reference materials (RMs) and apply it in screening of probiotics against cariogenic S. mutans. METHODS:Primers and probes were designed targeting the gtfB gene, a specific single-copy gene associated with the core cariogenicity of S. mutans. A qPCR detection method was established and systematically validated. Ready-to-use lyophilized RMs derived from S. mutans ATCC 25175 with high uniformity and stability were prepared to construct a quantitative regression model between cycle threshold (Ct) and colony forming units (CFU). This was then utilized to accurately quantify S. mutans in multi-species cultures mixed with four strains of probiotic, respectively and thereby evaluating their inhibitory activities. RESULTS:The established qPCR method exhibited excellent analytical specificity, yielding positive amplification only for 10 strains of S. mutans (Ct=14.84-16.79) with no cross-reactivity against 18 strains of microbials other than S. mutans. The limit of quantification was 2.10×103 CFU/mL, showing a high concordance rate (91.59%-108.76%) with traditional plate counting method. The prepared lyophilized RMs met the China national standard requirements for uniformity, with a mean Ct value of 17.45 (SD=0.13) across 20 individual samples, allowing for direct quantitative detection without pre-activation. Evaluation of intervention revealed that all four strains of probiotics (three for Ligilactobacillus salivarius and one for Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) exerted inhibitory effects on S. mutans with a characteristic of strain-specific. The inhibitory potency followed the order of L. salivarius BH0006> BH0004> BH0005> L. paracasei BH0013. CONCLUSION:The qPCR quantification assay based on standardized lyophilized RMs developed in this study is of high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It effectively overcomes the technical bottleneck of quantifying S. mutans in multispecies cultures.
OBJECTIVE:To develop a rapid analytical method based on cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (CI-LLE-UPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of perchlorate in human urine. METHODS:After spiking urine samples with stable isotope-labeled internal standards, the samples were centrifuged with a mixture of acetonitrile and water (60∶40, V/V) and then kept at -40 ℃ for 30 min. The supernatant was diluted tenfold with acetonitrile and separated on a Poroshell 120 PFP column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) with a gradient elution of methanol and 1% acetic acid aqueous solution. Perchlorate was quantified by UPLC-MS/MS using the internal standard method. RESULTS:The method exhibited good linearity (coefficient of determination R2>0.999), with a detection limit of 0.3 μg/L and a quantification limit of 1.0 μg/L. The average recoveries at low, medium, and high spiked levels were 101.2%-106.7%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were both less than 5%(n=6). The determination result of perchlorate in the human urine standard reference material (SRM 3668) were (2.75±0.11) and (13.67±0.34) μg/L, both within the reference ranges. Analysis of 243 real urine samples from China revealed a 100% detection rate for perchlorate, with concentrations ranging from 1.91 to 87.41 μg/L and a median value of 18.74 μg/L. CONCLUSION:The method features simple pretreatment, rapid detection, and high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, making it suitable for large-scale detection of perchlorate in human urine.
OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between diet quality and food carbon footprint among adult urban and rural residents in China. METHODS:Data were derived from the 2018 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), including 11 573 adults aged ≥18 years with complete dietary and demographic information. Individual food carbon footprint was estimated using coefficients from a life-cycle assessment-based database and expressed as grams of CO2 equivalents per day (g CO2eq/d). Diet quality was evaluated using the China Dietary Guideline Index 2022(CDGI-2022). Multivariable linear regression models were applied to assess the relationship between CDGI-2022 scores and log-transformed total food carbon footprints. RESULTS:The median total food carbon footprint was higher among urban residents (1748.13 g CO2eq/d) than among rural residents (1644.85 g CO2eq/d) (P<0.001). Carbon footprints among urban residents were mainly driven by animal-source foods, whereas those among rural residents were primarily derived from plant-based foods. The mean CDGI-2022 score was higher in urban residents than in rural residents (48.12±11.31 vs.42.37±10.87, P<0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that CDGI-2022 total scores were positively associated with log-transformed total food carbon footprints in both urban (β=0.003, 95%CI 0.002-0.004) and rural residents (β=0.004, 95%CI 0.003-0.005). Scores for adequate- and moderate-intake components were positively associated with food carbon footprints (P<0.001). Higher scores for limited-intake components were inversely associated with carbon footprints among urban residents (β=-0.007, 95%CI -0.008--0.005), but no significant association was observed among rural residents. CONCLUSION:Under current dietary patterns in China, higher diet quality is associated with higher food consumption carbon footprints.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the changes in energy intake and macronutrient energy contribution among students aged 6-13 years in Beijing, between 2015 and 2019. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing in 2015 and 2019. Participants were selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Briefly, three urban districts and four suburban districts were chosen. From each district, four primary schools and four middle schools were selected. Within each school, two classes were randomly chosen from grades 1, 3, and 5 of primary schools and grade 1 of middle schools. From one of the two classes in each grade, 12 students were randomly selected for the dietary survey. Valid samples included 1056 students in 2015 and 1125 students in 2019 (aged 6-13 years). Dietary data were collected using the 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method combined with household condiment weighing. Energy intake and energy contribution ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were calculated using the Chinese Food Composition Table. Linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were used to examine changes in continuous outcomes (energy intake and macronutrient energy contribution), while generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) were applied to analyze changes in the risk of abnormal macronutrient contribution (low carbohydrate, high fat). A year-by-district interaction term was included to explore regional heterogeneity, with year 2015 and suburban areas as the reference groups. RESULTS:No statistically significant differences were observed in the distributions of age and gender between the two survey years. However, the proportion of students from urban areas was significantly higher in 2019 compared to 2015 (χ2= 6.21, P<0.05). In 2015, the energy intake (M(P25, P75)) was 1609.2 (1327.8, 2049.4) kcal/d, with carbohydrate, fat, and protein contributing 49.7%, 35.8%, and 14.5% of total energy, respectively. In 2019, the energy intake decreased to 1492.9 (1225.9, 1803.6) kcal/d, with corresponding percentages of 45.6%, 39.5%, and 14.9%. Significant main effects of year were observed: energy intake and carbohydrate contribution decreased significantly (β= -71.29 and -3.21, P<0.05), while fat and protein contributions increased significantly (β= 2.87 and 0.34, P<0.05). Significant year-by-district interactions indicated that the declines in energy intake and carbohydrate contribution, as well as the rise in fat contribution, were more pronounced in urban than in suburban areas (β=-199.04, -1.75, and 1.62, P<0.05). The proportions of students with low carbohydrate contribution and high fat contribution increased by 20.6 and 11.6 percentage points from 2015 to 2019, respectively, with significantly elevated risks (OR=2.50 and 2.24, P<0.01). The increase in risk of low carbohydrate contribution was significantly greater in urban areas (interaction OR=1.56, P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The dietary pattern of students aged 6-13 years in Beijing shifted toward a high-fat, low-carbohydrate profile between 2015 and 2019, with more pronounced changes in urban areas.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the related factors of sarcopenia in the elderly in a community of Dongtai City. METHODS:Based on the National Basic Public Health Service Project, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 806 community-dwelling elderly aged 65 and over in Dongtai City from April to June 2024. The general data and physical examination data of the elderly in the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group were compared, and Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS:The average age of 806 community elderly was (72.05±5.48) years old, including 327 males (40.57%) and 479 females (59.43%). There were 156 patients with sarcopenia, with a detection rate of 19.35%. In terms of general data, compared with the non-sarcopenia group, the elderly in the sarcopenia group showed the characteristics of advanced age, low married proportion, high non-drinking rate and low exercise frequency(P＜0.05). In terms of general data, compared with the non-sarcopenia group, the elderly in the sarcopenia group showed the characteristics of advanced age, low married proportion, high non-drinking rate and low exercise frequency(P＜0.05). In terms of physical examination data, in addition to body fat percentage, the proportion of low weight (BMI＜18.5) and obesity (BMI≥28.0) in the elderly in the sarcopenia group was higher. Waist circumference ((85.30±7.86)cm vs. (88.53±9.10)cm), hip circumference ((91.73±6.36)cm vs. (95.33±6.51)cm), average thigh circumference ((43.84±3.97)cm vs. (46.34±4.26)cm), muscle mass ((36.80±6.09)kg vs. (42.50±7.55)kg) and body fat mass ((18.93±6.49)kg vs. (20.92±6.70)kg) were significantly lower than those in the non-sarcopenia group(P＜0.05). The result of multivariate regression analysis showed that the result of multivariate regression analysis showed that advanced age (71-75 years old: OR=2.123, 95%CI 1.241-3.630; 76-80 years old: OR=5.056, 95%CI 2.918-8.760; ≥81 years old: OR=7.134, 95%CI 3.841-13.250), exercise ≥3 times/week (OR=0.635, 95%CI 0.411-0.982) and waist circumference (OR=0.958, 95%CI 0.936-0.981) were significantly associated with sarcopenia in the elderly in the community(P＜0.05). CONCLUSION:Advanced age is associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia in the elderly in this community, while regular exercise is associated with a decreased risk of sarcopenia.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether malnutrition risk mediated the associations between selected factors and disability among older adults. METHODS:Data were derived from the China Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey conducted in 2015. A multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used, and 3011 adults aged 60 years and older from six provincial-level sampling frames were included in the final analysis. The risk of malnutrition was assessed using the nutrition screening initiative (NSI) scale, widely implemented for community-dwelling older adults. Mediation effect analyses were performed using the testing procedures within Mplus 8 software. Parameter estimation utilized the Maximum Likelihood method, and bias-corrected 95%CI were estimated with 5000 bootstrap resamples. RESULTS:Malnutrition risk significantly mediated several associations between selected factors and disability. Key findings included: Compared to those living and eating alone, older adults co-residing with children/grandchildren exhibited lower malnutrition risk, subsequently reducing disability risk (b=-0.103, bootstrap 95%CI -0.197--0.025, P<0.05). Higher annual household income per capita was associated with lower malnutrition risk, thereby reducing disability risk (b=-0.124, bootstrap 95%CI -0.170--0.086, P<0.001). Older adults with a chronic disease burden had higher malnutrition risk, which in turn elevated disability risk (b=0.099, bootstrap 95%CI 0.047-0.161, P<0.01). Higher nutrition knowledge levels inversely affected malnutrition risk, thereby lowering disability risk (b=-0.019, bootstrap 95%CI -0.033--0.006, P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The elevated disability risk observed among older adults who live and eat alone, experience poor economic security, possess low nutrition knowledge, or suffer from chronic diseases may be related to their higher malnutrition risk.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the relationship between dietary pattern and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among adults. METHODS:Individuals aged ≥18 years with completed data in China Health and Nutrition Survey 2015 were selected. Dietary survey was performed using three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls combined with a weighing inventory at the household level. Dietary pattern was extracted using factor analysis, and scores were categorized into four groups by quartiles. NAFLD was screened using the fatty liver index (FLI) and NAFLD liver fat score (LFS). Association between dietary patterns and NAFLD was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression model. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age, gender and eating out. RESULTS:A total of 9147 participants were included, and four dietary patterns were identified, named as Rice-Veg-Pork dietary pattern, Egg-Fruit dietary pattern, Wheat-Mixed Grain dietary pattern, and Poultry-and-Other-Red-Meat dietary pattern. The prevalence of NAFLD screened by FLI and NAFLD-LFS were 15.0% and 11.1%, respectively. The result showed that Rice-Veg-Pork dietary pattern and Egg-Fruit dietary pattern were not associated with the prevalence of NAFLD. Compared with the lowest quartile group (Q1), adults in the highest quartile group (Q4) of Wheat-Mixed Grain dietary pattern score had a significantly reduced odds of developing NAFLD (FLI: OR=0.766, 95%CI 0.623-0.942, Ptrend=0.002; NAFLD-LFS: OR=0.656, 95%CI 0.536-0.803, Ptrend<0.001). Similar result were observed in subgroups aged 45-59 years, ≥60 years, females, and those eating out. Poultry-and-Other-Red-Meat dietary pattern score was positively associated with odds of NAFLD (NAFLD-LFS: OR=1.088, 95%CI 1.017-1.163), and this association was not influenced by dining out. CONCLUSION:Wheat-Mixed Grain dietary pattern could reduce the odds of NAFLD in adults, whereas Poultry-and-Other-Red-Meat dietary pattern is converse.
OBJECTIVE To understand the current status and food sources of salt and sodium intake among adult residents in 16 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)of China.METHODS The data were derived from 2022-2024"China Development and Nutrition Health Impact Cohort Survey",and adults(≥18 years)with complete demographic characteristics and dietary data were selected as study subjects.Salt and sodium intake levels and main food sources among adult residents of different genders,ages,residential areas,and regions were analyzed.Compared the outcome with the recommended nutrient intake and preventive intake for non-communicable disease(PI-NCD),to assess the intake status.RESULTS The median total salt intake of adult residents in 16 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)was 8.5 g/d,the median cooking salt intake was 6.4 g/d,the median sodium salt intake was 1.5 g/d,76.9％of the population had a total salt intake exceeding the recommended intake of 5 g/d.The median total sodium intake reached 4230.9 mg/d,with 87.7％of residents exceeding the PI-NCD,and 87.1％exceeding the upper limit of 2000 mg/d recommended by the WHO.The salt and sodium intake were relatively higher in males,northern residents,and residents of rural areas,and the proportion of sodium intake exceeding PI-NCD was relatively higher in the 65-74 age group.The main source of total salt and sodium intake was cooking salt.CONCLUSION The problem of high salt and high sodium diets among Chinese adult residents remains prominent,with intake levels far exceeding the recommended standards.There are significant demographic and regional distribution differences.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive ability of a polygenic risk score(PRS)combined with traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in Chinese adults.METHODS Using data from the"China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance(2015)"project,we conducted a case-control study comprising 2041 people with T2DM and 1149 healthy adults of same age as control group.Total DNA was extracted from cryopreserved leukocyte samples separated from blood,and genotyping was performed using the Illumina ASA platform.Two PRS models were constructed based on East Asian-specific and trans-ancestry genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary statistics,and their predictive performance was compared.T2DM-related risk factors were selected using forward stepwise regression.The better-performing PRS was then integrated with traditional risk factors into a combined prediction model.The receiver operation curve(ROC)was used to evaluate and compare the predictive performance of models containing traditional factors alone,PRS alone,and the combined model.RESULTS Our analysis revealed that the trans-ancestry GWAS-derived PRS provided more reliable genetic stratification for T2DM risk in this population compared to an East Asian model.Beyond genetic factors,multivariable analysis confirmed significant associations between T2DM incidence and several traditional risk factors,including lipid profiles,blood pressure,urban-rural distribution,education,and drinking status.While models containing only traditional risk factors or PRS alone showed moderate predictive capability(area under the curve(AUC)=0.656 and 0.666,respectively),their integration significantly enhanced performance,elevating the AUC to 0.724.CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that incorporating a PRS derived from a trans-ancestry GWAS covering extensive SNPs alongside conventional risk factors substantially improves T2DM risk prediction in Chinese adults.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive community-based smoking cessation intervention on smoking behavior and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. METHODS:A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from June to September 2024 in primary healthcare institutions in Yinchuan and Chongqing, China. Institutions were randomized to either a 1-month intensive intervention or routine care. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 7 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Per-protocol(PP) analysis was performed, with available case analysis(ACA) as sensitivity analysis. Chi-square tests and robust Poisson regression models were applied using SAS version 9.4. RESULTS:A total of 803 participants were enrolled(398 intervention; 405 control), and 753 completed follow-up(93.77%). The mean age of participants was 61 years. Educational attainment was predominantly junior high school or below(62.30% vs.67.12% in the intervention and control groups, respectively). The mean age of smoking initiation was 20 years in both groups. The proportion of participants who had never attempted smoking cessation was 45.81% in the intervention group and 40.70% in the control group. Blood pressure control rates were 62.83% and 60.38%, respectively. In the PP analysis, continuous abstinence rates at 1, 3, and 6 months were significantly higher in the intervention group(28.01%, 19.37%, and 16.75%) than in the control group(12.40%, 9.97%, and 8.36%)(P<0.001). After adjustment for covariates, the likelihood of continuous abstinence in the intervention group was 2.43, 2.08, and 2.11 times that of the control group at the respective follow-up time points. Smoking reduction rates were also consistently higher in the intervention group across all follow-ups(P<0.05), with adjusted relative risks ranging from 1.50 to 2.07. Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent findings. Compared with baseline, blood pressure control improved in both groups during follow-up. At 7 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, blood pressure control rates in the intervention group were 77.75%, 81.41%, 86.65%, and 83.51%, respectively, compared with 65.50%, 72.77%, 73.58%, and 79.78% in the control group. Significant between-group differences were observed at all time points except at 6 months(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The intensive smoking cessation intervention significantly increased smoking abstinence rates, reduced cigarette consumption, and improved blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in community settings.
