This study aims to evaluate and compareleakage and film thickness when applying three translucency heat-treatment to two CAD Milling blocks(Emax CAD and Amber Mill) considering temperature and holding time for translucency heat-treatment.120 cemented laminate veneers were randomly divided into two groups, Group 1: (Amber Mill, N=60), and Group 2: (Emax CAD, N=60). Then, they were divided into 3 subgroups, based on thermal temperature. the measurements of film thickness and leakage were applied.a two-way ANOVA was used. Student's t-test was used to compare between two materials.It has been found that the firing cycles and translucency levels had a significant effect on both leakage and film thickness.The degree of translucency and direction of manufacturing during firings has direct effect on both film thickness and leakage. there is a direct relationship between increasing
Financial inclusion influences entrepreneurship led by women, emerging as a key aspect in the economic growth of a country. The study was based on pure research, qualitative approach, systematic review and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma) statement. The investigation explained that financial inclusion has had an impact on female entrepreneurship, however, there are gaps, as well as financial barriers that impede the economic development of women, in addition to increasing their probability of starting a business. In this way, it was concluded that financial inclusion is crucial for women entrepreneurs; however, there are still difficulties in accessing adequate tools and financing, emphasizing the need for regulations that promote gender equality and guarantee the success of the projects. women-led ventures.
The role of teachers is fundamental in the development of talent and organisations are increasingly concerned with fostering their organizational commitment. For the present study, a systematic review was carried out to identify the factors influencing teachers' organizational commitment. In this process, the PRISMA diagram was used for an exhaustive search of documents, from which twenty relevant articles obtained from SciELO (4) and Scopus (16) were selected. In conclusion, it was found that the organizational commitment of teachers is a complex aspect that affects the stability of the organization and the factors influencing its promotion are psychological, managerial and recognition factors.
Strategic decision-making is the systematic process in which organizational leaders evaluate and select options that determine the organization's long-term direction. The study was based on basic research, a qualitative approach, a systematic review, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The inquiry evidenced those strategic decisions, supported by data analysis and adaptive management, improve companies' competitiveness and long-term sustainability, ensuring their resilience and success in the face of future challenges. Thus, it was concluded that strategic decision-making should be approached as a fundamental process that involves selecting an option among various alternatives to achieve specific goals; however, its implementation requires effective information management and continuous strategic evaluation, with companies needing to adjust their strategies to ensure long-term sustainability and competitiveness.
The purpose of this study was to generate theoretical knowledge that would contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of brand positioning on customer loyalty. This analysis reviewed the literature using the PRISMA methodology, opting for a qualitative approach methodology, framed in the basic type. Applying the keywords, 82 publications were found in ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost and Web of Science, in which 21 relevant articles were analyzed for evaluation. The findings show that a clear and consistent brand positioning strengthens customer loyalty by building trust and encouraging repurchase. The review shows that consistent brand positioning strengthens customer loyalty by building trust. In addition, technology and global strategies are crucial to maintain brand relevance.
In recent years, customer service management has had to implement strategies that go beyond providing products and services to provide an experience that achieves customer loyalty. This research focused on carrying out a literature review following the PRISMA methodology, for which relevant documentation referring to the topic of study was retrieved. From a total of 31 indexed publications, 19 articles obtained from SciELO and Scopus were analysed. At the end of the corresponding research, it was concluded that customer service management strategies are related to customer loyalty, which is why their correct implementation helps to create lasting and beneficial relationships between the company and the consumer.
This work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of different planting densities (0.40 x 0.80, 0.50 x 0.80, and 0.60 x 0.80 meters) on seed production of basic potato 1 of the Yungay variety. For this study, three planting densities of 0.40 x 0.80 m, 0.50 x 0.80 m and 0.60 x 0.80 m were used, which were compared with a control planting density of 0.30 x 0.80 m. The duration of the research was 5 months. The study was conducted in the annex of Cuemal, Chachapoyas, Amazonas Region, between October 2022 and March 2023. The design used in this research work was the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD), which was divided into 3 blocks, with a total area of 224 m2 and an experimental area of 196 m2. The observations recorded for data collection were: weight, size and number of tubers per plant, which was done at harvest. Finally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out with the Tukey test at 5% significance for the multiple comparison of means; in this sense, the T3 treatment obtained the best average weight/plant of 1804.92 g, likewise the T3 treatment obtained the best size in the extra and first categories with averages of 9.00 cm and 4.80 cm respectively. In the number of tubers per plant, T3 had the best result with 14.08 tubers/plant, followed by T2 with 13.56 tubers/plant. It is concluded that the T3 treatment with a planting density of 0.60 x 0.80 m presents better results in average weight/plant of 1804.92 g, where the best estimation per hectare of 51545.25 kg of potato/ha was also obtained.
Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, affecting individuals across all age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds. Traditional restorative approaches, while effective in managing lesions, have not significantly reduced global incidence rates, highlighting the need for a paradigm shift in caries management. This systematic review explores contemporary trends in dental caries management, drawing from recent literature published between 2015 and 2025. The review identifies a clear movement toward minimally invasive dentistry, emphasizing early detection, risk assessment, and preventive strategies. Innovations such as silver diamine fluoride, remineralization therapies, and non-invasive treatment modalities have demonstrated clinical efficacy, particularly in pediatric and underserved populations. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence, digital diagnostic tools, and teledentistry is reshaping diagnostic accuracy and access to care. Patient-centered models like CAMBRA further support individualized treatment planning based on caries risk. Despite promising advances, challenges persist in terms of clinical implementation, cost-effectiveness, and long-term outcomes. This review highlights the importance of adopting evidence-based, technology-enhanced, and patient-specific strategies to combat the burden of dental caries and underscores the need for ongoing research in diverse populations and settings.
The integration of infection control measures within public health systems has become increasingly essential in light of recurrent global epidemics and pandemics. The COVID-19 crisis, in particular, exposed significant gaps in the preparedness and responsiveness of healthcare infrastructures worldwide. This review critically examines the intersection of infection control and public health by synthesizing global evidence on surveillance mechanisms, prevention programs, and targeted interventions aimed at reducing the risks of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks. Drawing on international frameworks such as the International Health Regulations and the One Health approach, the paper highlights the role of surveillance technologies, vaccination initiatives, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and community engagement in enhancing health security. The review also identifies persistent challenges, including disparities in resource allocation, policy fragmentation, and public mistrust, which hinder effective integration. It emphasizes the need for cohesive strategies that unify infection control practices with public health policies to build resilient health systems capable of mitigating future biological threats. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and researchers seeking to reinforce global health defenses through a more integrated approach to infection prevention and control.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) technicians are pivotal in delivering life-saving interventions during the critical pre-hospital phase of patient care. As the frontline responders, their scope of practice has significantly expanded over recent years to include advanced procedures in airway management, cardiovascular support, trauma care, and community-based health services. This review aims to synthesize current literature on EMS technician-led interventions and their effectiveness in improving patient outcomes in pre-hospital settings. Through a systematic search of peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2024, the study identifies key intervention domains, assesses their clinical effectiveness, and highlights innovations such as community paramedicine and pre-hospital telemedicine. The findings demonstrate that EMS technician interventions contribute to improved survival rates, reduced time to definitive care, and enhanced continuity of care. However, challenges such as training variability, scope limitations, and integration with broader healthcare systems remain. The review concludes with recommendations for standardizing EMS education, expanding community roles, and strengthening interdisciplinary coordination to optimize pre-hospital emergency care outcomes.
Hypersaline environments in Goa harbour diverse microorganisms capable of thriving in a salinity range of 0-300 psu (0-30%) and elevated temperatures (20 – 50˚C). Samples of solar salt collected from the salt pans ofCurca, Ribandar, and Agarwado, Goa, India. were used for isolating extremely halophilic bacteria with modified Zobell Marine Agar (ZMA) with 20% crude salt from the respective salt pans. Among the 22 isolated strains, six isolatesو could proliferate on ZMA with 25% salinity. The main aim of the present study was to explore the presence and the type of compatible solutes in hypersaline bacteria. Different methods were used to lyse the cells to extract the compatible solutes which were intracellular metabolites. Morphological and biochemical analysis, and 16S rRNA sequencing used for identification, revealed a similarity to Chromohalobactersalexigens. The isolated strain was further assessed for the presence of different compatible solutes using chemical methods and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Chromohalobactersalexigenswas found to have multiple compatible solutes like glutamic acid, glutamine and betaine hydrochloride which enabled this organism to survive in high salt concentrations irrespective of the location of the salt pan and the salinity
The intersection of public health and infection control has become increasingly critical in the face of emerging global health threats such as pandemics, antimicrobial resistance, and healthcare-associated infections. This integrated review examines the evolving landscape of infection control within public health systems, focusing on the threats posed by infectious diseases, the effectiveness of prevention strategies, and policy responses at both national and international levels. Through a systematic analysis of recent literature, global reports, and case studies, the review highlights how coordinated approaches—combining surveillance, vaccination, health education, and technological innovation—can mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. The study also explores the role of international frameworks such as the International Health Regulations and the Global Health Security Agenda in reinforcing infection control capacities worldwide. Policy gaps, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are identified as persistent barriers to effective infection control. The review concludes by recommending integrated policy frameworks, capacity building, and cross-sectoral collaborations to strengthen global health systems. Ultimately, the synthesis underscores the necessity of embedding robust infection control within public health policies to enhance resilience against current and future health crises.
Introduction : Dyslipidaemi as are one of the major modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease. Globally, 80% of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases occur in low and middle in come countries. Screening by biochemical analysis in a good quality central laboratory would be ideal, but the cost and safety of sample transportation in cold chain are concerns in a large developing country like India with limited resources. Transportation of samples in the form of dried serum spots would ease blood processing, storage, and transport. In the present study, the stability of cholesterol in dried serum spots on filter paper at room temperature for different time intervals was studied. Material & Methods: 100 samples in the laboratory of a tertiary care hospital of south India were analysed. An aliquot of each serum sample was analyzed immediately and exact 10-[micro] L replicates of the samples were spotted onto 3M Whatman filter paper. After drying, one aliquot was eluted and analyzed on the day of collection. The remaining filter discs were kept in sealed plastic bags and analysed on 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Results: Mean and Standard deviation for Cholesterol levels were 147.24+/- 30.62. Bland Altman plots showed the differences in values obtained from fresh and dried serum, within two standard deviations for most of the samples. An Intra class correlation coefficient of 0.98 was evident between dried serum spots and fresh serum. Our Study has given the values of Cholesterol from Dried serum spots within medically allowable error . Discussion : Dried serum spot collection has advantages compared to conventional blood draws, such as less sample volume is required, convenience of repeating measurements, and easy sample storage and transport. The comparable values between dried serum spots and conventional serum assays supports its usage as an alternative when conventional venous blood draw facilities are not available or accessible. However, precision and accuracy of the results can be improved by opting standard spotting methods and proper storage. The stability, efficient recovery, and excellent correlation with fresh serum samples makes the dried spot assay reliable and convenient method for screening risk factors like cholesterol. Screening patients to identify these risk factors can help prevent cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by providing information for early intervention and treatment.
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained considerable traction as a dietary strategy not only for weight management but also for improving metabolic health, particularly among those at risk for or diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Among the various fasting protocols, researchers have explored the effects of IF on glycemic control, with particular emphasis on its influence in obese patients who often experience significant metabolic disturbances. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current literature surrounding intermittent fasting's role in enhancing glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic markers in obese individuals diagnosed with T2D. By evaluating findings from various clinical trials and observational studies, this review delineates the potential advantages of IF, underlying mechanisms, as well as limitations and challenges associated with its application. Moreover, the potential for integrating IF into dietary recommendations for managing T2D is considered, aiming to provide data-driven insights for clinicians and healthcare professionals.
Background : Breast pain is a main concern for women of all ages. Mastalgia is the medical term for breast pain, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating pain. Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to study cyclic mastalgia among female medical students at Sudan International University. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted. Results : Three hundred-five female medical students were included in this study; the results revealed that the prevalence of cyclic mastalgia among them was 55%. Additionally, cyclic mastalgia found no significant difference between the cycle’s regularity and the age of menarche (p = 0.565 & 0.260, respectively). Moreover, a substantial association between indirect variables with mastalgia has been explored. Conclusions: It was concluded that mastalgia was a serious condition that greatly impacts daily activities and interferes with the psychological, social, and even sexual activity of female medical students at Sudan International University (SIU). This issue should be addressed at the university level to reduce the risks of its associated negative outcomes.
This paper aims to identify hypomineralization in patients with beta-thalassemia minor through an analysis of serum calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and zinc concentrations in a series of patient subpopulations. In the 50 subjects studied, mineral concentration differences between clusters were assessed by Welch's ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc tests. K-means clustering and principal component analysis were performed to identify and visualize the biochemical profiles of mineral intercorrelations via Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed significant variations in mineral concentrations between clusters. Calcium levels averaged 8.31 mg/dL in the cohort, with deficiencies noted in Cluster 2, which had a mean of 7.7 mg/dL. Iron levels varied significantly: Cluster 0 indicated chronic iron overload with a mean of 304.0 µg/dL, while Cluster 2 exhibited lower levels with a mean of 96.8 µg/dL. Magnesium concentrations were generally normal; however, Cluster 3 showed mild deficiencies (mean: 2.23 mg/dL), suggesting susceptibility to oxidative stress. Increased phosphorus levels were observed (mean: 5.1 mg/dL), while copper concentrations were highest in Cluster 1 (mean: 164.2 µg/dL) and zinc levels were lowest in Cluster 3 (mean: 81.2 µg/dL), reinforcing the need for individualized supplementation programs. The Pearson correlation showed moderate positive correlations between calcium and magnesium (p < 0.01) and between copper and zinc (p < 0.05), indicating potential interrelationships among these essential minerals.
Background: Self-medication is a global health issue that requires thorough study and management due to its associated benefits and risks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of self-medication practices among first-year and fifth-year pharmacy students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data were collected from 229 students using pre-tested questionnaires. Results: The findings revealed that approximately three-quarters of pharmacy students with good knowledge practiced self-medication (75.9%). Senior students were found to be twice as likely to self-medicate compared to juniors (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.05:3.49), and self-medication practice was associated with academic level and gender. The most common health complaints that led to self-medication were headaches (86.3%) and the common cold (85.0%). The two primary reasons for self-medication were prior positive experiences (76.9%) and the availability of drugs at home (73.8%). Conclusion: It is crucial to acknowledge that self-medication practices can have benefits, but they should be done responsibly and with proper knowledge. Pharmacists play a critical role in promoting responsible self-medication practices as they are the primary source of drug information.
Background: Pregnancy is a critical period characterized by high psychological vulnerability, with potentially negative consequences on the health of the mother and her child. Therefore, the assessment of pregnant women is important in all dimensions. There is limited research on prenatal psychological issues in Iraq. Objectives:To assess the prevalence of the most common psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress for pregnant women during pregnancy. Design and sample:This pilot study was a cross-sectional study design. A simple random sampling of 91 pregnant women at Al-Furat Al-Awsat Teaching Hospital in Najaf, Iraq. Measurements: Standardized questionnaires as data collection tools, collecting information on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, psychological and social history, and conducting assessments for anxiety, depression, and stress through interviews with pregnant women. Results:The findings of the study indicated that (81.3 %) have moderate perceived stress levels, (42.9%) have moderate pregnancy-related anxiety, and (38.5%) have severe pregnancy-related anxiety. Regarding prenatal depression, most pregnant women(80.2%) have high levels of depression and need to be referred to a psychiatric specialist for more investigation and early intervention. Conclusion: Stress, anxiety, and depression are common among pregnant women and often occur together. Therefore, assessing the psychological state of pregnant women is essential in reducing the resulting burden and preserving the health of the mother and her fetus.
This study investigated the influence of a program of socioformative didactic strategies in the improvement of emotional intelligence of students of the VII cycle of semester 2021-I, of the Academic Professional School of Nursing of the National University of Cajamarca, Jaén Branch. The study used a quantitative, explanatory and pre-experimental design with pre-test and post-test. The study population consisted of 172 students, of which 120 formed the experimental group. The Socioformative Didactic Strategies Program was applied to improve emotional intelligence. Observation techniques and BarOn's Inventory of Emotional Intelligence (I-CE) adapted by Ugarriza were applied. The results showed significant improvements in students' emotional competencies, especially in empathy, interpersonal relationships and stress management. Although the Wilcoxon test did not reveal statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test, qualitative observations suggest a positive impact of the program on students' emotional development. In conclusion, the implementation of socioformative didactic strategies significantly improved the emotional competencies of nursing students, underscoring the importance of integrating emotional intelligence development programs into the nursing curriculum to improve students' personal and professional well-being and better prepare them for the challenges of their future professional practice.
Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor, and its pathogenesis is complex and changeable. Studies have shown the potential therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on colon cancer, especially its inhibition of Bnip3 and LC3 expression by targeting the Foxo3 transcription factor, thereby mitigating the effect of autophagy inhibition on colon cancer cells. Autophagy is aberrantly activated in colon cancer and is associated with tumor growth and drug resistance. As a green tea extract with antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, EGCG can regulate the expression of autophagy-related proteins and affect the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Studies at home and abroad have shown that EGCG regulates autophagy by inhibiting Foxo3 activity, and has potential anti-tumor activity against colon cancer. However, the mechanism of action of EGCG in vivo is not well understood, and future studies need to further explore its role in animal models and clinical samples, as well as its effects on tumor cell metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation and metastasis, in order to provide a new strategy for the treatment of colon cancer. The purpose of this article is to provide systematic theoretical support for EGCG targeting Foxo3 to inhibit the expression of Bnip3 and LC3 and alleviate autophagy to inhibit colon cancer。
