Liver fibrosis represents the final consequences of repeated occasions of hepatocellular necrosis and hepatic inflammation, regardless of the underlying causes of chronic hepatic disorders. It is manifested as a massive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECMs) within the damaged liver of different chronic hepatic disorders. Moreover, increase in the releases of radical moieties, e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl, and hydrogen peroxide radicals in living cells resulted in homeostatic deregulation and oxidative stress (OS) consequently damaging the biological molecules such as membrane lipids. Changing in cellular composition and level (amount) of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) due to increased OS might result in chronic liver diseases. Hepatic fibrosis has been documented to be correlated with OS in numerous researches. In the current study 50 white albino rats were allocated as follows: Group I (Healthy Control): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg intraperitonealy (IP) olive oil (vehicle only group) twice a week for 6 weeks. Group II (CCl4; Induction Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week for 6 weeks. Group III (Silymarin Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + Silymarin (hepatoprotective agent) (100 mg/kg). Once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. Group IV (Krill Oil Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + krill oil (400 mg/kg) once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. Group V Combination of (Krill oil+ Silymarin Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + (krill oil (400 mg/kg) + Silymarin (100 mg/kg)) once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. This study reveals that orally administered krill oil in combination with oral Silymarin significantly (p less than 0.001) increase the hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in white albino rats through improvements in both liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, and histological features in both MT, and (H and E) stained sections.
This study aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy of essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris against C. albicans isolated from oral candidiasis patients in-vitro. Basra General Hospital was diagnosed based on the cultural and microbiological phenotypes and using Vitek2 Technique to the identification. The study including a comparison of the inhibitory efficacy resulting from the use of EOs extracted from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris versus C. albicans was performed using the Agar well diffusion method of, used seven concentrations of each essential oil: (crude,1.5,1, 0.8,0.5, 0.2,0.1 ) mg/mL, as well as estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) which is 0.2 mg/mL for O. vulgare and 0.1 mg/mL for T. vulgaris. The highest effect was to O. vulgare oil crude extract, which reached 3.26 cm, while the inhibtion zone of crude T. vulgaris oil was 2.53 cm which is highly significant (p less than 0.05). On the other side the study aimed to evaluate the activity of T. vulgaris oil store for one year comparing with freshly extracted oil found that the fresh oil has more activity reached to 2.53 cm and the activity of old oil reached to 1.51 cm was significant (p less than 0.05), also using two typs of antifungal nystatin and fluconazole to compare with the activity of O. vulgare oil found that no effect of fluconazole and the activity of nystatin reach to 2.5 cm wich is less than the activity of O. vulgare oil wich reached to 3.26 cm comparing with the activity of antifungal highly significant p-value reached to 0.005, observed in-vitro suggests its administration may represent an alternative treatment for candidiasis. The antifungal sensitivity occurred to C. albicans, which record against fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B, and Flucytosine. also The study including investigation of the chemical compounds of (EOs) of O. vulgare using the chromatographic analysis(GC-MS) revealed that the main compounds present in the O. vulgare essential oil wich is the best activity againest C.albicans, revealed that the main compounds present in the essential oil were methyl-5-(1-methylethyl; 1-Pentacontanol; 2-Hexyl-1-octanol; sulfurous acid, ester; oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl isohexyl ester 2-Hydroxy-p-cymene, and 2-Methyl- 5-isopropylphenol.
Objective: In this study an attempt was made to formulate transdermal patches using Piper nigrum to treat pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis. P. nigrum contains piperine, an alkaloid which is known for its anti-inflammatory properties from long time and RA is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of inflammatory mediators such as TNF α (Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha), IL-1, (Interleukin) IL-6, which are known to aggravate the inflammation and bone destruction. Piperine is found to have Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) activity similar to NSAIDS. The activity has been attributed to inhibition of TNF α secretion and prevention of proliferation of synovial fibroblasts. The main objective of the present work was to find an alternative to the existing NSAIDs and minimize the side effects caused by them. Methods: P. nigrum was extracted with dichloromethane, and Piperine alkaloid was separated and purified. The two methods of transdermal patches of P. nigrum were developed using two polymers of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Ethylcellulose (EC) and evaluated for various physicochemical factors like weight variation, moisture uptake, thickness, moisture content, and folding endurance. Results: Transdermal patches prepared using HPMC by solvent evaporation method showed better results in all parameters comparatively with EC. The folding endurance of the formulation F2 (prepared with EC) was less than F1 (prepared with HPMC), as F2 was brittle. The drug content of both formulations was above 90%w/w. Thickness, weight variation, percentage moisture absorption, and loss were within the specifications for both formulations. Conclusion: Piperine can be formulated as transdermal patches with HPMC as polymer by solvent evaporation method and can be selected for further studies like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic in the future.
Preparation of graphene oxide and react it with many compounds by forming an amide group because graphene oxide (GO) Its molecular structure is saturated with carboxylic groups, making it an ideal for esterification and amidation.We exploit graphene oxide’s capacity to interact with many compounds because of the carbonyl, hydroxyl, and epoxide functional groups in GO to create new products by reacting graphene oxide with those compounds (2-aminopyrmidine, dithiazone, sulfamide, and 1-amino-2-naphthol-4sulfonic acid). Using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the derivatives. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was estimated using two-particle size equations and compared between them. Furthermore, studying the antimicrobial activities of graphene oxide derivatives, inhibition zone illustrates the potency of compound on bacteria and fungi.
The new transitional metal (Fe (III), Co (III),Cr (III),Cu (II), and Ni (II) complexes of ligand 2,5-bis[(butan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole were prepared. All the prepared complexes were diagnosed by IR, elemental analyses, H-NMR, and mass spectral. The electronic behavior of their link data has been confirmed. It was concluded that ligand had coordination through nitrogen (N) and (NH). The ligand coordinated through the [11NH] and the nitrogen atom of shiff base (N3) The appearance of a band more supports this view returned to the metal–nitrogen stretching vibration at 500–513 cm-1 in the complexes. From the results obtained, we suggested the tetrahedral geometry for Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes, while) Fe(III), Cr(III) and Co (III) [complexes were represented octahedral geometrics. All the synthesized complexes have been screened for anti-bacterial by using spread method and measurement inhibition zone with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
