The increasing resistance of acne-associated bacteria necessitates the exploration of alternative antibacterial agents from natural sources. This study evaluated the antibacterial potential of Euodia hortensisleaf essential oil against Cutibacterium acnesand Staphylococcus aureususing an integrated in vitroand in silicoapproach. GC–MS analysis identified menthofuran (47.73%), limonene (18.17%), evodone (17.45%), and viridiflorol (6.58%) as the predominant constituents, with oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as the major chemical classes. Antibacterial activity assessed by disc diffusion assay at 5% concentration showed moderate inhibition, with inhibition zones of 10.75 ± 0.24 mm against C. acnesand 10.60 ± 0.50 mm against S. aureus. Molecular docking analysis based on binding affinity values demonstrated that limonen-10-yl acetate exhibited the strongest interaction with C. acneslipase (−7.3 kcal/mol), exceeding that of clindamycin (−6.6 kcal/mol), while limonene showed the highest affinity toward tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (−7.0 kcal/mol). Viridiflorol and caryophyllene oxide also displayed favorable binding energies. These interaction patterns support a multitarget antibacterial mechanism involving inhibition of protein synthesis and bacterial virulence factors. Overall, E. hortensisleaf essential oil shows promise as a natural antibacterial candidate for skin infections, although further in vivo, toxicity, and formulation studies are required.
Plumeria rubraand P. alba(Family: Apocynaceae) are aromatic tropical plants widely cultivated for ornamental purposes.In Bali used as keycomponent of traditional Hindu offerings. Despite their cultural and horticultural significance, the volatile chemistry of Indonesian-grown Plumeriaflowers has not previously been characterized. Here, we comparedthe chemical composition of organic solvent extracts and the floral headspace volatiles of fresh P. rubraand P. albaflowers collected in Bali. GC-MS analysis of solvents extracts revealed that P rubrawas dominated by aromatic esters (34.15%), fatty acid methyl esters (28.42%), aromatic alcohols (12.99%), and phenolic compounds (10.90%), whereas P. albashowed a distinct profile dominated by fatty acid methyl esters (47.26%), with oxygenated monoterpenes (10.89%), aromatic alcohols (11.37%), and phenolic compounds (8.47%). HS-SPME GC-MSanalysis of fresh flowerprovided P. rubrais composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (38.49%), chiefly linalool, aromatic aldehydes (28.00%, including benzaldehyde and benzene acetaldehyde), both absentin the P. alba, which was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (34.71%, primarily ocimene), undetected in P. rubra. These compositional differences underlie the sweeter, more opulent fragrance of P. rubraversus the green, fresh, citrus notes of P. alba, providingthe first chemical characterization of Plumeriaflower volatiles from Indonesia.
Rising demand fornatural colorants,coupled with health concerns over synthetic dyessuch as Red K3 and Red K10, motivates the development of plant-based alternatives for cosmetics applications. Here, we formulated lipstick incorporating anthocyanins extracted from Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) fruitsusing acidified water (0.01% HCl, v/v) and purified viaAmberlite XAD-7 HP resin.Refined Binahong fruit extract (RBFE) was analyzed byUV-Vis spectrophotometryand LC-MS, whichclassified its anthocyanins as C-type based on absorbance patterns at pH 1 and 4.5. This indicating an acyl groups on the B-ring. Four anthocyaninswere identified: pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (m/z 433), pelargonidin-3-O-(6”-malonyl) glucoside (m/z 519), petunidin-3-O-(6”-malonyl) glucoside (m/z 565), and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (m/z 595). Anthocyanins exhibited a bathochromic shiftwith increasing pH and greater stability under acidic, refrigerated storage than at room temperature. Lipsticks formulated with 0-25% anthocyanins met SNI standards for pH and melting point. Antioxidant activity (IC50) improved with anthocyanins concentration, ranging from 24.52 ppm (0%) to 18.20 ppm (25%), compared to 12.91 ppm for Trolox and 15.02 ppm for RBFE. Higher anthocyanin concentration also produced more intense red coloration, demonstrating Binahong fruit's potential as a functional, health-conscious colorant for cosmetics formulations.
Targeting the precursors of trimethylamine-N-oxide(TMAO), such as choline, betaine, and enzymes produced by the FMO3 gene, through natural compounds may reduce risk factors such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Protein precursors involved in high TMAO level production include cntA, CUTC, and FMO3. Manalagi apple (Malus sylvestris) isrich in bioactive compounds, including pectin, phloretin, and chlorogenic acid,with potential health benefits,and would affect the decreasing production of TMAO by inhibiting some protein precursors. This researchaims to investigate the potential of three small molecules in itas a dietary sourcecandidate and drug candidate that could mitigate the risk of TMAO-related diseases based on theirinteraction and binding affinity through an in-silicostudy.The methodsinclude theprediction of protein and small-molecule structures, including FTIR,molecular docking, and analysis ofsmall-molecule bioavailability.Pectin is considered the top candidate compared to phloretin and chlorogenic acid based on its high binding affinity to interactwith CUTC, cntA, and FMO3(-10.2, -8.6, and -9.1 kcal/mol, respectively). Phloretin isa promising compound for drug development based on its binding site to interact with more residues and bonds, its bioavailabilitywith a drug likeness score of 0.55,and high gastrointestinal absorption.
Medicinal plants remain central to healthcare and crop protection across Tanzania, yet the evidence supporting their use is scattered across tribes, regions, and disciplines. This review systematically synthesizes the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and agrochemical literature on medicinal and pesticidal plants used by major Tanzanian tribes. Following the PRISMA framework, 94 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 were analyzed, yielding 100 plant species across 87 genera and46 families. Four quantitative indices,Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Family Importance Value (FIV),were used to rank species and families by cultural importance. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceaewere the most prominent families, and leaves were the most frequently used plant part (52%), suggesting comparatively sustainable harvesting. High ICF values (0.85–0.92) for malaria, gastrointestinal, and dermatological conditions indicated strong agreement among knowledge holders, while insecticidal and repellent applications dominated agrochemical use, underscoring the promise of botanical pesticides. Many culturally important species, however, remain insufficiently validated by phytochemical and pharmacological research. These findings position Tanzania's plant resources as valuable assets for sustainable healthcare, biodiversity conservation, and green agriculture, and identify clear priorities for future validation.
Free radicals are known contributors to various degenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of antioxidants in mitigating their harmful effects. Black soybean seeds (Glycine soja) are acknowledged for their antioxidant properties attributed to flavonoid components. The purpose of this work was to assess the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract and its separated fractions, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous, that were extracted from black soybean seeds. The DPPH radical scavenging technique was used to assess antioxidant capacity, and a colorimetric method was employed to determine flavonoid concentration. The findings indicated that the maximum flavonoid content was found in the ethyl acetate fraction (1.72% ± 0.13), and that this fraction also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 27.43 ± 0.24 ppm), classified as very strong.The water fraction also exhibited very strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 42.44 ppm ± 0.11), while the n-hexane fraction showed strong activity (IC₅₀: 61.25 ppm ± 0.73). Results indicate that the black soybean seed ethyl acetate extract has substantial antioxidant properties and may be useful in the creation of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical goods.
Coffee leaves, which are waste products from coffee pruning, can be used as a source of natural phenolics. This study aims to optimize the extraction process of total phenolic content (TPC) from Arabica coffee leaves using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method, employing the Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Three variables were studied, including ethanol concentration (50%, 73%, 96%), solvent volume (30 mL, 60 mL, 90 mL), and extraction time (3 minutes, 6 minutes, 9 minutes). Total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. ANOVA revealed that solvent volume had a significant effect on total phenolic content, whereasethanol concentration and extraction time did not. The optimum conditions, as determined by the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), were obtained at an ethanol concentration of 96%, an ethanol volume of 30 mL, and an extraction time of 6 minutes, with a desirability value of 1 and a TPC of 14.62mg GAE/g.
The growing energy crisis necessitates renewable and eco-friendly alternative such as green hydrogen. Herein, a Zn3(PO4)2-red dragon fruit peel extract (ZP-DF) nanocomposite was evaluated for green hydrogen production from coconut water waste via electro-photocatalysis. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed good nanocomposite stability, with particle diameters of 18.79-75.14 nm and band gap energies of 2.52-2.94 eV. FTIR spectra confirmed antisymmetric PO43−stretching at 1018-1024 cm-1, distinct from the DF extract spectrum, alongside a characteristic band at 633-635 cm-1attributed to Zn. XRD analysis identified the hopeite crystal phase of Zn3(PO4)2, with crystallitesize of 41.28 -95.13 nmwhile digital optical microscopyrevealed a non-uniform grain morphology. Electrophotocatalysis using aZP-DF10-coated electrode produced 36.7 ppm H2from pure water waste (1.8 mL/min,46.21%efficiency)and 30.4 ppm H2from coconut water waste (0.6 mL/min, 31.03%efficiency). In contrast,conventional electrolysis without the photocatalyst yielded only 24.4 ppm(0.2 mL/min)and 23.2 ppm (0.3 mL/min) H2from pure water and coconut water waste, respectively.These results demonstrate that ZP-DF nanocomposite significantly enhances green hydrogen production via electrophotocatalysis, offering a promising, sustainable route for waste-derived renewable energy generation.
Nephelium lappaceumL. (Rambutan)is a renowned seasonal fruit in Southeast Asia and has been cultivated for centuries in tropical regions. Research on the phytochemicals of this plant arescarce. Rambutan seeds are known to containphenolics and flavonoids as the primary constituents. Unfortunately, the flavonoid structuresin rambutan seeds remainunexamined. This study presents the extraction and structural elucidation of a flavonoid glycoside from the ethyl acetate fraction of N. Lappaceumseeds. Methanol crude extract of N. Lappaceumseeds wasacquired through maceration and subsequently partitioned between n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Various chromatographic methods, such as vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC), and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), were employed on the ethyl acetate fraction to obtaincompound 1. Phytochemical assays employing 10% NaOH, Shinoda, and 5% FeCl3on compound 1demonstrated the presence of a flavonoid. According to the NMR data (1D and 2D) and HRTOF-MS-ES, compound1was characterised as the flavonoid glycoside,kaempferol-7-O-α-rhamnose or α-rhamnoisorobin.
The rapid growth of industry in Indonesia is partly driven by the emergence of new sectors such as the pharmaceutical industry. This sector has experienced a surge in the production of various types of medical capsules,with shells made from gelatin, colorants, and other components. As capsule production increases, so does the amount of gelatin waste was generated. In this study, beads weremanufactured using an extrusion technique with 0.1 M CaCl2to induce cross-linking. Theratioof alginate togelatin waste wasvaried to determine the stability of the beads. The stability of the beadswasobserved oversevendays,and the optimalcompositionwas found to be1:1. From the results of the TGA/DTA characterization, thermal analysis revealed that the combination of gelatin waste and sodium alginate improvedits material properties. SEM results show that the Ca-Alginate-Gelatin waste beadscontainedalginate network, resulting ina porous structure and amorphous shape.Based on these finding, the beads produced have the potential toserve as adsorbentsforuse in slowedrelease fertilizers.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) haveunique properties andbiological activity. Itwaspreparedusing the phytosynthesis method with an aqueous leaf extract of Schleichera oleosain which rich of phenolic compounds and can be applied as a bioreductor. Phytosynthesis,environmentally friendly approach that is biocompatible, cost-effective, and predicted cansupport large-scale synthesis. This paper reporttotal phenolcontents,and the phytosynthesis AgNPs, the characterization and evaluation of antioxidative activity. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The optimum AgNPs have a maximum wavelength of 415 nm. FTIR-ATRcharacterization shows thatthe functional groups that act as bioreductors and capping agents are phenolic groups.AgNPs have a Z-average value of 78.5 nm witha PDI of 0.382 and have a spherical morphology.Antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method showed IC50value of AgNPs is 41.837 ± 0.540 μgmL-1and included a very strong antioxidant.
One of the heavy metals found in the metal coating industry waste is Zn, which can be used as a precursor to produce ZnO compounds. This study used the coprecipitation method to synthesize ZnO from used battery waste as an antibacterial agent for cotton fabric and cellulose fiber materials. The synthesized ZnO was characterized by its functional groups using FTIR, its crystal structure and size using XRD, and its surface morphology using SEM. The results of FTIR characterization were carried out at wave numbers of 400 -4000 cm-1and verified the presence of ZnO groups at wave numbers of 439 cm-1and 442 cm-1. XRD characterization showed a hexagonal structure with a Zincite phase, and the crystallite sizes of X and Y batteries were 9.52 nm and 8.79 nm, respectively, with a composition consisting of 100% Zincite. SEM characterization of ZnO from X batteries at 1000x and 5000x magnifications showed more homogeneous particle sizes than Y batteries. The diameters of the inhibition zone on each ZnO synthesized from Y and X batteries were 11.8 mm and 9.7 mm, indicating moderate inhibition againstS. aureusbacteria. The diameters of the inhibition zone on the cotton fabric samples coated with ZnO from Y and X batteries were 3.5 mm and 2.7 mm, respectively, indicating low inhibition against S. aureusbacteria. No inhibition zone was observed for the synthesized ZnO and the fabric samples coated with ZnO from Y and X batteries when tested against E. colibacteria.
This study focuses on the study of the structure and morphology of magnesium phosphate produced throughthe separation process of magnesium minerals frombittern waste through the precipitation method. This process involves the precipitation of magnesium phosphate (Mg₃(PO₄)₂) by varying the pH of the solution to8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, and 10.0,and by adding Na₃PO₄ with varying concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. This chemical reaction produces magnesium phosphate precipitates wereanalyzed to determinetheir structural and morphological characteristics. The results showed that pH 9 and Na₃PO₄ concentration of 15% arethe optimal conditions for producing magnesium phosphate with the highest yield (25.1%). Structural and morphological analysis show that magnesium phosphate exhibitsan elongated shape with non-uniform sizedistribution, while the NaCl residue formed as a by-product had a typical cubic morphology. The presence of NaCl residue correspondsto the expectedreaction mechanism, therefore,additional purification steps were needed to increase the purity of the final product. Overall, the results of this study indicate the potential for utilizing bittern as an alternative raw material forthe synthesis of value-added magnesium phosphate,particularlyfor agriculture or industrial applications.
Biocompositeof Cellulose Nanocrystals-Silver Nanoparticles (CNCs-AgNPs)was synthesized by in situ method using cellulose isolated from Nypa fruticansWurmb and produced into nanomaterial scale with acid hydrolysis and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by green synthesis using Uncaria gambirRoxb leaf extract. Analysis of structure and morphology of CNCs-AgNPs biocomposite was carried out and its potential as an antimicrobial agent against Gram+ and Gram-bacteria. Characterization was carried out using UV-Visspectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, and TEM. The UV-Vis spectrum showed a typical Surface Plasmon Resonance(SPR) absorption peak around 420 nm which indicated the formation of AgNPs. The formed silver nanoparticles showed a FaceCentered Cubic (FCC) crystal structure and were adsorbed on functional groups found on the nanocellulose surface based on XRD and FTIR analysis. The analysis results were reinforced by TEM analysis which showed that silver nanoparticles were evenly distributed on the surface of CNCsin the form of short rodswith AgNPs diameters ranging from 8-10 nmand CNCsaround 14 nm. Antibacterial activity showed that the CNCs-AgNPs biocomposite had the highest effectiveness against Gram+bacteria. These results indicate the potential application of CNCs-AgNPs biocomposite as an environmentally friendly natural-based antimicrobial agent.
This study investigates the swelling behavior and thermomechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silica xerogel composites using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and prepared by wet mixing PEG with silica xerogel. The analysis revealed that the interaction between PEG and silica xerogel significantly affects both the thermal and morphological properties of the composites. DSC data showed a shift in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and an earlier onset of thermal degradation in the PEG-Silica Xerogel 10 wt.% composite (P-SX10), indicating increased molecular mobility and reduced matrix stability. Notably, the swelling behavior was strongly influenced by temperature: as the temperature increased, the composites exhibited greater expansion and surface degradation, particularly in PEG-rich systems. This thermal sensitivity is attributed to the loosening of polymer–filler interactions and the partial debonding of matrix structures. The findings suggest that both composite composition and thermal exposure play critical roles in determining swelling characteristics and long-term structural integrity.
Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been widely studied as a biomass-sourced alternative to graphene for their various capabilities, e.g. as adsorbent. This publication reports the preparation of graphite (g), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from coconut shell (1) and sugarcane bagasse (2) using matoa leaves extract as reducing agent, characterized by XRD, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray diffractogram showed 2θ peaks between 22.8°–23.8° for g1, GO1, and rGO1, and between 23.6°–25.8° for g2, GO2, and rGO2. FT-IR spectra of both sets of GOand rGOshowed common peaks of O–H (~3400 cm–1), C–H (~2900 cm–1), and C–OH (~1600 cm–1), while also some noticeable differences between the sets. Raman spectra of both rGOshowed D peak (~1400 cm–1), G peak (~1700 cm–1), and weak 2D peaks (2700–3300 cm–1) with ID/IG of 0.93 and 0.91 for rGO1and rGO2, respectively. The obtained g, GO, and rGO were used as adsorbent for methylene blue dye. The adsorption study involved variation in dye concentration, contact time, and amount of adsorbent. It was found that rGO performs best as adsorbent compared to GO and g, with maximum adsorption capacity of 22.308 μg/mg (rGO1) and 47.533 μg/mg (rGO2). Adsorbents prepared from sugarcane bagasse were found to perform better due to its easiness of carbonization compared to coconut shell.
At least 17 compounds in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa)are responsible for several pharmacological activities, one of which is antioxidant. This study examines antioxidant activity based on thermodynamic aspects in the form of HOMO-LUMO energy values, and kinetics in the form of predictions of radical quenching mechanisms. All compounds were optimized for geometry,and thermodynamic parameters were determined in the form of energy gap values (ΔE), ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), hardness (η), electronic chemical potential (μ), softness (S), and electrophilicity index (Ω). The compounds that showed the most superior potential were then predicted for their radical quenching mechanisms by determining the values of bond dissociation energy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), proton affinity (PA), and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE). The results of the analysis of thermodynamic properties showed that three compounds had the most potential values, namely speciociliatine, 7-hydroxy mitragynine, and mitraphylline. The study of the radical scavenging mechanism of the three compounds shows that the compounds hadantioxidant activity through the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism
This study addressed the need to fully characterizedthe chemical composition of Vitex trifoliaessential oil by using both capillary non-chiral and chiral GC-MS column. Employing the same oven program, the essential oil was injected into a capillary non-chiral column (RTX5-MS) and a derivatizedcyclodextrin based chiral column (Rt-βDEXse). Five major terpenes were identified from both columns including α-pinene, sabinene, eucalyptol, α-terpinyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene. Seventeen volatile components were identified from each column that can be grouped into monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives. The enantio-resolution of the oil indicated the presence of two pairs of enantiomers including (+)-and (˗)-sabinene (5.59% and 94.41%) as well as (˗)-and (+)-α-terpineol (22.35% and 77.65%). The full chromatographic characterizationof the essential oil can serve as chemotaxonomic assignments for detecting adulteration and for indicating of genuineness.
This research aims to synthesize tetracycline waste which pollutes the environment, can be overcome by a photocatalytic degradation process using a Fe3O4/Chitosan-PVA/TiO2composite synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The Fe3O4/Chitosan-PVA/TiO2composite was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) and pHpzc. The crystallite size of 28.29 nm. The morphology of the composite shows a heterogeneous form with the constituent elements being C (7.69%), N (12.78), O (14.88%), Fe (63.33%) and Ti (1.29%). The saturation magnetization value of 64.24 emu/g is superparamagnetic with a band gap value of 1.38 eV and pHpzc at pH 6.8. The degradation process was studied by investigating the influence of several parameters, namely, solution pH, tetracycline concentration and irradiation time. The efficiency of tetracycline degradation by Fe3O4/Chitosan-PVA/TiO2was 94.85% at pH 2, concentration of 15 mg/L and radiation time of 70 minutes. The results of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis in a 15 mg/L tetracycline solution before degradation were 20.3 mg/L and after degradation were 5.59 mg/L with a percent reduction in carbon content of 72.46%.
Curcumais a genus of plants commonly used in herbal medicine due to its benefits, primarily from the active compound curcumin. Accurate analytical methods are necessary to identify and quantify curcumin for quality control, especially in small-scale industries. This study comparesspectrophotometryUV-visibleand TLC-densitometrymethodsfor analyzing Curcumacapsules from PT Rachmasari Group, a small-scale traditional medicine industry (UKOT) in Sukoharjo. The methods were evaluated based on linearity, LOD, LOQ,repeatability, intermediate precision, and accuracy. TLC-densitometry used a mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (95:5 v/v) and silica plates F254, while spectrophotometry used ethanol as the solvent. Both methods used a wavelength of 420 nm.Spectrophotometry showed better linearity (r2= 0.9985) than TLC (r2= 0.9847), while TLC-densitometry demonstrated higher sensitivity with lower LOD and LOQ values (1.2853 and 4.2845 μg/mL) compared to spectrophotometry (13.9261 and 46.4203 μg/mL).UV-Visible spectrophotometry exhibited superior repeatability (0.33 ± 0.02%) and intermediate precision (0.34 ± 0.01%) than TLC (1.86 ± 0.12% and 1.02 ± 0.88%). Accuracy ranged from 98.45–105.90% for spectrophotometry and 98.81–115.82% for TLC-densitometry. In conclusion, UV-Visible spectrophotometry is more precise, linear, and reliable overall, making it more suitable for curcumin quality control in small-scale herbal product industries.
