Eggshell waste is a calcium-rich biomaterial with high potential as a raw material for fertilizer production. This study investigates the effect of stirring speed and pH on the synthesis of calcium nitrate from chicken eggshells using a dissolution–precipitation method. The process involved dissolution in nitric acid (HNO?) followed by precipitation using ammonium hydroxide (NH?OH) at varying stirring speeds (200–400 rpm) and pH levels (5–9). The products were analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), SEM-EDX, and yield calculations. XRF analysis showed that the eggshell contained 98.72% calcium. The results indicated that increasing stirring speed improved yield, while pH significantly affected product composition. The optimum condition was obtained at pH 7 and 400 rpm, yielding calcium and nitrogen contents of 29.47% and 16.93%, respectively, which meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 02-2806-1992). These findings demonstrate that eggshell waste can be effectively used as an alternative raw material for the production of calcium nitrate fertiliser. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 13: Climate ActionSDG 15: Life on Land

This research develops a biofertilizer production method using pineapple peel waste and elephant grass ash as raw materials. Pineapple peel contains nutrients that can improve soil fertility, while elephant grass, commonly used as livestock feed, has high silica content beneficial to the soil when used as fertilizer. The research aimed to produce a biofertilizer and examine the effects of material weight and fermentation duration on the levels of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), assessing whether the results meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) fertilizer requirements. The fermentation process lasted approximately 35 days. The fermented biofertilizer was analyzed using the Micro Kjeldahl method for Nitrogen, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry for Phosphorus, and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for Potassium. The results showed the highest concentrations of Nitrogen (2.98%), Phosphorus (2.43%), and Potassium (3.39%) were obtained using 40 grams of elephant grass ash and 35 days of fermentation. The analysis indicated that increasing the amount of elephant grass ash and the fermentation duration resulted in higher N, P, and K levels. These findings align with SNI fertilizer standards, highlighting the potential of using sustainable and easily accessible materials to enhance organic fertilizer production efficiency.

This study focuses on the study of the structure and morphology of magnesium phosphate produced throughthe separation process of magnesium minerals frombittern waste through the precipitation method. This process involves the precipitation of magnesium phosphate (Mg₃(PO₄)₂) by varying the pH of the solution to8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, and 10.0,and by adding Na₃PO₄ with varying concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. This chemical reaction produces magnesium phosphate precipitates wereanalyzed to determinetheir structural and morphological characteristics. The results showed that pH 9 and Na₃PO₄ concentration of 15% arethe optimal conditions for producing magnesium phosphate with the highest yield (25.1%). Structural and morphological analysis show that magnesium phosphate exhibitsan elongated shape with non-uniform sizedistribution, while the NaCl residue formed as a by-product had a typical cubic morphology. The presence of NaCl residue correspondsto the expectedreaction mechanism, therefore,additional purification steps were needed to increase the purity of the final product. Overall, the results of this study indicate the potential for utilizing bittern as an alternative raw material forthe synthesis of value-added magnesium phosphate,particularlyfor agriculture or industrial applications.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi proses fermentasi limbah baglog jamur tiram putih dan kotoran kelelawar sebagai bahan pembuatan pupuk multinutrien serta menentukan waktu fermentasi optimal yang menghasilkan kadar nitrogen, fosfat, dan kalium tertinggi sesuai dengan standar Permentan tahun 2019. Proses fermentasi anaerob digunakan dengan bahan utama limbah baglog jamur tiram putih dan kotoran kelelawar, serta bioaktivator EM-4 untuk mempercepat proses penguraian. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 20 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu fermentasi mempengaruhi kadar nutrisi dalam pupuk yang dihasilkan. Kadar nitrogen tertinggi sebesar 2,81% dicapai pada hari ke-16 fermentasi, sedangkan kadar fosfat tertinggi sebesar 2,28% dicapai pada hari ke-8 fermentasi. Kadar kalium tertinggi sebesar 3,59% dicapai pada hari ke-16 fermentasi. Berdasarkan hasil ini, fermentasi selama 16 hari memberikan hasil optimal untuk kandungan nitrogen dan kalium, sementara fermentasi selama 8 hari memberikan hasil optimal untuk kandungan fosfat.

This study investigates the swelling behavior and thermomechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silica xerogel composites using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and prepared by wet mixing PEG with silica xerogel. The analysis revealed that the interaction between PEG and silica xerogel significantly affects both the thermal and morphological properties of the composites. DSC data showed a shift in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and an earlier onset of thermal degradation in the PEG-Silica Xerogel 10 wt.% composite (P-SX10), indicating increased molecular mobility and reduced matrix stability. Notably, the swelling behavior was strongly influenced by temperature: as the temperature increased, the composites exhibited greater expansion and surface degradation, particularly in PEG-rich systems. This thermal sensitivity is attributed to the loosening of polymer–filler interactions and the partial debonding of matrix structures. The findings suggest that both composite composition and thermal exposure play critical roles in determining swelling characteristics and long-term structural integrity.

Gen Z atau yang dikenal dengan generasi muda yang sangat dekat dengan teknologi merupakan generasi yang mendominasi saat ini. Dengan keuntungan jumlah usia produktif ini, Indonesia berpeluang untuk berkembang baik dalam ekonomi dan kesejahteraannya. Salah satu dominasi Gen Z ini berada di Panti Asuhan Aisyiyah I Surabaya. Dengan mengenalkan peluang pemanfaatan sampah organik rumah tangga menjadi pupuk organik cair (POC) melalui kegiatan pengabdian dan pelatihan, kebiasaan ramah lingkungan menjadi rutinitas baru yang baik. Namun pengolahan sampah organik ini masih belum familiar bagi anak panti di Panti Asuhan Aisyiyah I. Melalui kegiatan penyuluhan, diperoleh peningkatan pemahaman akan pengolahan sampah organik rumahtangga sebesar 40%. Hasil ini menjadi langkah awal untuk cinta lingkungan dan bisa menjadi peluang usaha kedepannya

Perkembangan industri tekstil menjadi salah satu penyumbang terbesar limbah zat warna ke lingkungan yang berdampak pencemaran terhadap sumber air. Hal ini dikarenakan melalui hasil pengamatan langsung di lapangan kondisi air limbah yang dibuang masih berwarna pekat dan berbau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika adsorpsi zat warna metilen biru menggunakan adsorben grafen oksida yang disintesis dari limbah baterai. Metode hummer digunakan dalam sintesis grafen oksida melalui penambahan asam sulfat. Studi kinetika adsorpsi dilakukan pada konsentrasi metilen biru 10-50 ppm serta variasi waktu adsorpsi 5-25 menit. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada pada konsentrasi metilen biru 30 ppm dengan waktu 25 menit. Mekanisme adsorpsi yang terjadi mengikuti model Langmuir nilai R2 sebesar 0.92522 dengan nilai Qm= 99.1 mg.g-1 dan nilai K=0.325.

Al-MCM-41 adalah material padatan berpori yang tersusun dari silika amorf, memiliki struktur membentuk susunan heksagonal dengan ukuran pori antara 2-50 nm, sehingga dikategorikan sebagai material mesopori. Dalam pembuatan Al-MCM-41 membutuhkan sumber silika dan alumina yang tinggi sebagai bahan pembuatannya, sehingga dibutuhkan bahan yang kaya akan kedua senyawa tersebut sebagai bahan alternatif dalam pembuatan Al-MCM-41. Rumus formula kaolin adalah Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8 dengan komponen mineral utamanya adalah SiO2 dan Al2O3 Kaolin yang digunakan berasal dari bangka belitung dengan kandungan SiO2 sebesar 61% dan Al2O3 sebesar 31%, kandungan SiO2 dan Al2O3 yang cukup tinggi dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pada sintesis material aluminosilikat seperti Al-MCM-41. Sintesis Al-MCM-41 dari kaolin dilakukan dengan metode hidrotermal. pH yang digunakan sebesar 10, dengan suhu 80°C selama 12 jam pada proses hidrotermalnya. Al-MCM-41 hasil sintesis dianalisa menggunakan XRD dan FTIR dimana pada analisa XRD sudut pendek menunjukkan 3 puncak pada 2θ= 2.237°, 3.921°, 4.449° dan XRD sudut panjang pada 2θ= 21.449°. Analisa FTIR untuk Al-MCM-41 menunjukkan pita serapan pada bilangan gelombang 436.49; 802.47; 1146.41; 1630.61; 3389.79 cm-

Program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mensosialisasikan pembuatan nugget singkong uwi ungu dengan teknologi yang sederhana pada mitra, yaitu pemilik CV Riang Java Food beserta para karya-wannya. CV Riang Java Food Malang semula hanya memproduksi tiwul dan gatot dengan skala kecil. Untuk pengembangan usaha, dapat dilakukan diversifikasi produk, misalnya membuat nugget singkong, mengem-bangkan pengemasan dan pemasaran dan mengolah limbah singkong menjadi adsorben. Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut di atas, maka perlu dilakukan program pengabdian masyarakat (MATCHING FUND) berbasis inovasi teknologi dan hasil penelitian produk olahan singkong di CV Riang Java Food Malang. Selain itu mengenalkan strategi pemasaran produk yang baik untuk meningkatkan penjualan produk. Metode pelaksanaan yang digunakan meliputi penyuluhan, pelatihan dan monitoring/evaluasi. Dapat disimpulkan semua kegiatan yang direncanakan dapat direalisasikan dengan baik dan memenuhi target yang diharapkan. Mitra sudah dapat memproduksi nugget singkong secara konsisten dalam dan dapat memasarkan produknya ke tetangga dan masyarakat sekitarnya.

Pengelolaan sampah terpadu Kelurahan Medokan Ayu, Kecamatan Rungkut, Surabaya khususnya di RW VIII telah dilakukan. Program diawali dengan diadakannya sosialisasi yang dihadiri warga RW VIII. Tujuan sosialisasi ini adalah untuk menyampaikan program tentang pentingnya pemilahan dan pengolahan sampah rumah tangga di mana sampah organik dimanfaatkan menjadi kompos dan sampah non organik dikelola dengan sistem bank sampah sehingga dapat mengatasi masalah volume sampah dilingkungan sekitar. Kegiatan dilanjutkan dengan diadakannya pelatihan pembuatan pupuk kompos, EM4, dan simulasi tentang pengelolaan bank sampah, untuk itu diberi bantuan berupa peralatan komposter, mesin pencacah sampah dan peralatan untuk bank sampah. Pendampingan juga dilakukan di tiap-tiap RT untuk menindaklanjuti hasil pelatihan sehingga pengomposan bisa berjalan dengan baik dan menghasilkan pupuk kompos sesuai yang diinginkan.

One of the non-renewable natural resources is phosphate rock. Phosphate is currently a lot necessity, while the need for phosphate is estimated to last within 30 to 300 years. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for the development of new sustainable sources of phosphate to maintain phosphate stability. Stirring is an efficient method in the crystallization process where the stirring speed affects the growth of struvite crystals. The purpose of this study was to study the growth of struvite crystals with the struvite crystallization process with the influence of stirring rotations of 100, 150 and 200 rpm at a temperature of 30oC. The experiment was carried out by mixing the two solutions in a 1000 ml glass beaker. The reaction time and pH of struvite crystallization were evaluated in this experiment. The crystals obtained were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersion x-ray (EDX) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). From the results of the study, it was found that the highest P2O5 content at a stirring speed of 100 rpm and a temperature of 30oC was 47.5%, and was included in the quality of triple superphosphate fertilizer.The morphology of the irregular flake crystals was a typical form of struvite crystals with a size of 20 m.

Ammonium, phosphorus, and potassium from wastewater treatment with a coexisting ion of calcium may be recovered simultaneously through struvite and struvite-(K) crystallization. This paper presents the quantitative assessment of the impact of calcium ions on the kinetics and crystallization of those crystals. Initial solutions containing dose levels of Ca2+ ion and pH 9 were set up for experiments in a stirred laboratory crystallization at ambient temperature. According to the pH reduction data, the observed precipitation kinetics followed in two steps; the first step (0–3 min) and the second step (3–60 min) in which linear regression analysis of both kinetic data fit with first-order rate constants. In the absence of calcium, the computed kinetic constants are respectively 2.568 h−1 for the first stage and 1.548 h−1 for the second stage. The kinetic rate constants followed with the increased dose of Ca (Ca/Mg > 0.5), which lengthened the crystallization of multiphase crystallization of Mg and Ca-phosphates. Accordingly, calcium had a negative effect on the morphology, purity, and quantity of the final crystalline product. This quantitative understanding of how calcium affects the crystallization of struvite and struvite-(K) reliably improves knowledge about controlling the quantity of wastewater recovery products.

Penetian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kristalinitas terhadap stabilitas termal komposit termoplastis dengan pengisis silika xerogel. Polimer yang digunakan adalah polietilena glikol (PEG 4000) yang merupakan polimer termoplastis. Silika xerogel diekstraksi melalui proses alkali fusion. Silika xerogel yang didapatkan menunjukkan fasa amorf melalui X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Silika xerogel ditambahakan ke dalam PEG 4000 dengan komposisi yang bervariasi, yaitu, 0, 5, 10, dan 20%. Penambahan silika xerogel menurunkan tingkat kristalinitas komposit karena PEG murni merupakan material semikristalin. Melalui analisis termal menggunakan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), pengaruh kristalinitas komposit tampak jelas pada daerah sebelum polimer mengalami transisi leleh. Namun, pada daerah dekomposisi (T>400°C), pengaruh kristalinitas pada komposit tidak ada lagi. Hasil ini sangat menarik dikarenakan massa dekomposisi akhir menunjukkan nilai yang sama dengan komposisi silika xerogel yang ditambahkan, misalnya pada penambahan 20%, massa yang tersisa setelah dekomposisi adalah 20,77982 %. Oleh karenanya, analisis kristalinitas sangat mendukung hasil analisis termal dengan TGA pada komposit.

ABSTRAKKegiatan pendayagunaan dan mentoring pengolahan limbah organik rumah tangga pada jurnal ini merupakan bentuk tindak lanjut dari kegiatan penyuluhan yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya (Perwitasari dkk., 2021). Dengan menggunakan metode ringkas yang irit lahan, masyarakat Kelurahan Gebang Putih telah mampu mengolah limbah organik sederhana menjadi kompos siap guna dengan menggunakan EM4 sebagai bioaktivator. Metode yang dikembangkan pada kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah melalui metode mentoring secara online dengan kader PKK yang ada di Kelurahan Gebang Putih, Surabaya. Meski mentoring tidak bisa dilakukan secara langsung, kader PKK bersama perwakilan warga telah berhasil mendayagunakan sampah organik rumah tangga sebagai kompos organik. Kegiatan ini terbukti mampu meningkatkan nilai guna limbah organik menjadi semakin bernilai ekonomis. Warga menjadi lebih hemat karena tak perlu lagi membeli kompos jika ingin bercocok tanam. Harapannya, kelak kompos akan menjadi salah satu peluang ekonomi yang menjanjikan bagi warga Kelurahan Gebang Putih. Kata Kunci: pendayagunaan; mentoring; EM4.ABSTRACTThe utilization and mentoring activities for simple organic waste processing in this journal are a form of follow-up to the counseling activities that have been carried out previously (Perwitasari et al., 2021). By using a compact method that saves land, the people of Gebang Putih Village have been able to process simple organic waste into ready-to-use compost using EM4 as a bioactivator. The method developed in this service activity is through an online mentoring method with PKK cadres in Gebang Putih Village, Surabaya. Although mentoring cannot be done directly, PKK cadres together with community representatives have succeeded in utilizing household organic waste as organic compost. This activity is proven to be able to increase the use value of organic waste to become more economically valuable. Residents become more efficient because they no longer need to buy compost if they want to grow crops. It is hoped that in the future compost will become a promising economic opportunity for residents of Gebang Putih. Keywords: development; mentoring; EM4.

This paper aimed to process phosphate from laundry waste to be struvite crystal by precipitation and crystallization methods. In general, phosphates are difficult to remove by conventional treatment technologies. Therefore, precipitation and crystallization methods can be an alternative choice for phosphate recovery. Precipitation and crystallization methods by adding KOH can serve to remove dissolved phosphate content in wastewater, as well as convert it into a solid form that can be reused as industrial raw materials. The research variables used were stirring temperature (25, 30, and 35 C) and stirring speed (100, 125, 150, and 200 rpm). By using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX), the analysis showed that the highest percentage of phosphate removal was at a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C, which was 47.5%. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was also carried out on several samples and it was confirmed that the dominant crystal phase formed was a struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) for all samples, and secondary phase magnesium phosphate hydrate (Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O was found in a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C. The morphology of the struvite crystals formed resembles irregular flakes by using SEM.

Crystallinity is an important parameter of thermoplastic polymers. Furthermore, crystallinity is closely related to processing conditions such as temperature and applied shear stress. However, determining the degree of crystallinity is very complicated because of the different interpretations of crystallinity according to each technique. In this paper, we analyze the crystallinity of polyethylene glycol-based composites using two instruments, i.e., X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and wide-angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS). The results showed that with the addition of 60 wt.% silica, the degree of crystallinity revealed by XRD was 81.24%, while WAXS showed a degree of crystallinity of 80.93%. In general, the crystallinity results obtained with WAXS were almost identical, only 0.31% different from the XRD results. This difference in results was due to more presence as a consequence of the broad amorphous halo and background instrumentation exhibited by the higher background from XRD. Thus, the instrument effect must first be removed from the XRD data and it is possible that the amorphous region of the sample will also be reduced and result in a slightly higher crystallinity. At the same time WAXS with the transmission technique will minimize the possibility of background instrumentation. Therefore, WAXS was recommended to analyze the crystallinity of polymer-based and amorphous materials.

Developing an optimal waste treatment strategy for phosphate recovery requires a thorough understanding of the kinetics and mineralization processes of struvite (MgNH4PO4 center dot 6H(2)O) growth. In the present study, struvite was grown in MAP (magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate) solutions with a fixed Ca/Mg ratio (1:1) and ferric dosing. Furthermore, the kinetic rate constant of struvite growth in relation to pH change was determined, and precipitates formed from the solution were examined using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) methods. At pH values of 7.5 and 9, calcium and ferric ions appear to have significantly controlled struvite production toward the formation of calcium and iron phosphates. The lowest (1 ppm) and highest (372 ppm) ferric ions dosed throughout the study formed precipitates with a significant struvite content when the pH solution was 9. The presence of Ca2+ and Fe3+ changed the morphology of the rod-like struvite, resulting in irregularly shaped crystals. Managing the smallest ferric ions in wastewater can improve phosphorus recovery for high-quality fertilizer products. The use of ferric-calcium complex as a precipitant may also be advantageous in terms of phosphorus recycling.

ABSTRAKPenyuluhan tentang pembuatan kompos organik rumah tangga telah dilakukan di Kelurahan Gebang Putih, Surabaya. Minimnya lahan dan lokasi perumahan yang padat menjadi tantangan terbesar dalam pengomposan. Oleh karena itu, pembuatan kompos sederhana dari sampah organik rumah tangga turut dikembangkan pada penyuluhan ini. Metode yang dikembangkan pada pengabdian ini adalah dengan penyuluhan langsung bersama warga setempat. Tahapan penyuluhan adalah pemilahan sampah, pembuatan kompos organik sederhana, dan diakhiri dengan praktek dalam membuat kompos organik sederhana. Sedangkan dalam pembuatan kompos dalam skala rumah tangga sangatlah mudah. Ember bekas sebagai media komposter cukup dilubangi bagian bawahnya. Sampah coklat (daun kering, tanah, dst) ditumpuk dengan sampah hijau (sayuran, kulit buat, dst) yang disusun dengan bergantian hingga memenuhi ember. Kemudian, air leri ditambahkan di atas tumpukan sampah tersebut sebagai cairan bioaktivator. Setelah diberikan penyuluhan dan pelatihan, warga mengakui bahwa wawasan dalam mengolah sampah di tengah keterbatasan lahan menjadi lebih terbuka, mudah dan tidak berbau. Keberhasilan pelatihan ini juga didukung oleh kuisioner akhir yang mana rata-rata kemampuan peserta tentang pembuatan kompos meningkat sebesar 83% dari sebelumnya. Kata Kunci: komposter; sampah organik; air leri. ABSTRACTThe training on making household organic compost has been accomplished in Gebang Putih, Surabaya. The lack of land and dense housing locations were the biggest challenges in composting. Therefore, making simple compost from household organic waste was also developed in this counseling. The method developed in this service was direct counseling with local residents. The counseling stages were waste sorting, making simple organic compost, and ending with practice in making simple organic compost. Meanwhile, making compost on a household scale was easy. The used bucket as a composter media was enough to make a hole at the bottom. Brown waste (dried leaves, soil, etc.) was stacked with green waste (vegetables, leather, etc.) which were arranged alternately until they fill the bucket. Then, leri water was added on top of the pile of waste as a bioactivator liquid. After being given counseling and training, the residents acknowledged that the insight in processing waste in the midst of limited land became more open, easy and odorless. The success of this training was also supported by the final questionnaire where the average ability of participants in composting increased by 83% from the previous one. Keywords: composter; organic trash; lei water.