Taking solid and liquid organic fertilizers produced by hydrothermal cracking process as experimental materials,and adopted field plot experiment method to investigate the effects of hydrothermal cracking organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the growth,quality and soil physicochemical properties of greenhouse cabbage,in order to provide reference for the agricultural utilization of organic fertilizer produced by hydrothermal cracking process.The results showed that compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,mixed application of solid or liquid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer could significantly promote the growth of cabbage plant and leaf,and the cabbage yield increased by up to 14.9%,showing a good effect of increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizer.At the same time,compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,application of solid or liquid organic fertilizer could significantly increase the vitamin C content of cabbage,reduce the nitrate accumulation by more than 6%,and improve the quality and storage resistance of cabbage.In addition,liquid organic fertilizer could quickly increase soil organic matter content and activate phosphorus,and the soil organic matter and available phosphorus content increased by 23.8%and 13.1%respectively after mixed application with chemical fertilizer.Therefore,mixed application of solid or liquid organic fertilizer produced by hydrothermal cracking process and chemical fertilizer was an effective way to promote the yield and quality of greenhouse cabbage and improve soil environment.
Korla pear crisp and refreshing,thin juicy skin,rich in a variety of nutrients,has attracted much attention,pear moisture content is high,in the process of storage prone to fruit water loss wrinkle,rot and deterioration,resulting in pear nutrition loss,quality decline,not easy to store.This study firstly introduced the factors that affect the storage effect of Korla pear,and then expounded the application status of Korla pear storage and preservation from the aspects of physical preservation technology,biological preservation technology and chemical preservation technology,in order to provide reference and guidance for the storage and preservation of Korla pear after postharcrop.
以银杏'黄金万两'为试材,'夏金'为对照(CK),在对叶形、叶色观察的基础上,采用X-Rite色差仪测定叶色参数L*、a*、b*值,测定其叶绿素、类胡萝卜素组分以及主要代谢物含量,并研究叶色变化及光响应特征对2个银杏品种的影响,以期为培育出优质的金色叶银杏新品种提供参考依据.结果表明:'黄金万两'叶形主要以心形为主,叶片没有烂叶现象,叶色3月豆绿色,4月黄绿色,5月黄色,6-10月分别为豆绿-褐绿-褐绿-油绿-褐绿,11月金黄色,而CK叶形主要以扇形为主,叶片在5月底6月初有一次明显的烂叶过程,叶色3月黄色,4月黄色,5月金黄色,6-10月分别为金黄-柳绿-褐绿-褐绿-柳绿,11月呈黄色.色素含量年变化中,'黄金万两'总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均显著高于CK,而且在不同光照强度下'黄金万两'最大光合速率显著高于CK,说明'黄金万两'的光合能力更强.
以20个不同种植年限的设施葡萄园为研究对象,采用跟踪调研与试验分析的方法,探究不同种植年限设施葡萄对养分投入与土壤理化性质的影响,以期改善设施葡萄园养分投入过量和土壤退化的问题.结果表明:1)设施葡萄园养分总投入量为N 1 158.91～2 221.80 kg·hm-2、P2O5 442.77～865.02 kg·hm-2、K2O 830.05～1 516.05 kg·hm-2,有机肥携带的各养分量分别占总量的71.5％、42.7％、57.3％.2)随种植年限增加,1～5年土壤表层容重较其他种植年限增加了22.83％～23.81％;土壤黏粒(＜0.002 mm)含量呈现随着种植年限逐渐向下层淀积.3)＞15年葡萄园在0～20 cm 土层的pH比1～5年下降了0.49个单位,葡萄根系所在土层pH均随种植年限增加而降低.4)0～20 cm的土壤有机质含量随种植年限显著增加,＞15年的含量较其他种植年限增加了21.03％～123.50％;76.19％占比达到了丰富及以上水平.1～5年的表层土壤硝态氮含量较其他种植年限增加了1.46％～147.37％;0～20 cm 土层中的硝态氮有52.38％为缺乏水平,并出现向土壤深层淋移的现象.0～60 cm 土层的有效磷和速效钾含量均随种植年限的增加而增加,且上层含量高于下层;丰富及以上水平占比分别为90.48％～100％和100％.综上所述,设施葡萄园不同种植年限土壤各养分投入量均超过葡萄需求量.随种植年限的增加,根系土层的pH显著下降;土壤有机质及磷、钾含量在表层显现出上升趋势,但深层变化不显著;土壤硝态氮存在淋失风险.
以灯盏花为试材,采用LI-6800便携式光合测定仪分析灯盏花光合日变化的规律,通过模拟温度(22、26、30 ℃)升高对灯盏花光合生理特性的影响,以期为灯盏花的栽培提供参考依据.结果表明:灯盏花在全天过程中呈三峰状态,存在短暂的光合午休现象;温度为22～26 ℃时,灯盏花的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大羧化速率(Vc.max)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、Jmax/Vc.max升高,水分利用效率(WUE)下降;温度为22～30 ℃ 时,Pn、LSP、Vc.max、Jmax、Jmax/Vc.max、LCP、CO2 补偿点Γ、最大光合能力(Amax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(VTPU)、蒸腾速率(Tr)升高,WUE、PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、光系统Ⅱ活Fv/Fo、暗呼吸速率(Rd)下降;温度为26～30 ℃时,Pn、Amax、Vc.max、Jmax、VTPU、Jmax/Vc.max、LSP 无显著性变化,LCP、Γ 升高,WUE、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Rd 下降;表观量子效应(AQE)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度的比值(Ci/Ca)在各个阶段均无显著性变化.综上可知,升高温度可以增强灯盏花光合作用及光合利用区间,促使植物利用更强的光能,温度过高时,灯盏花出现光抑制现象,可能会造成植物不可逆的损伤.
The pepper straw was used as the test material,and the ITS sequence of soil fungi was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing.The effects of in-situ returning of greenhouse vegetable straw on soil fungal community structure were studied,in order to clarify the response of soil ecological community structure to vegetable straw returning.Three treatments were set up,no straw returning(CK),straw returning(NK)and straw returning with microbial agent(TJ).The soil water-soluble organic carbon,nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,available potassium and soil fungal community structure were measured.The results showed that compared with the soil before the greenhouse,straw returning and adding microbial agents significantly increased the electrical conductivity,and the contents of soil water-soluble organic carbon,nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen and available potassium increased by 58.25%,219.50%,34.59%and 101.70%,respectively.Straw returning changed the composition of soil fungal community.Compared with no straw returning,straw returning increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota by 9.17%and decreased the relative abundance of Mortierella by 0.17%.However,the relative abundance of the dominant genus Mortierella was significantly reduced by 8.29%compared with that before the greenhouse.The order of influence of soil physical and chemical factors on fungal community diversity in all samples was nitrate nitrogen>ammonium nitrogen>available phosphorus>EC value>p H>water-soluble organic carbon>available potassium.Straw returning of greenhouse vegetables significantly increased the contents of water-soluble organic carbon,nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen and available potassium in soil,and the increase was more significant in the treatment of straw returning with decomposition agent.The in-situ returning of vegetable straw changed the composition of fungal community,but did not increase the content of pathogenic bacteria,and there were no pests and diseases in the process of plant growth,indicating that the combination of in-situ returning of straw and greenhouse was a scientific agronomic measure.
该研究在简要介绍沙地生态系统土壤呼吸基础上,对前人关于沙地生态系统土壤呼吸的研究结果进行归纳总结,详细阐述了沙地生态系统中非生物因子(如土壤水分、温度、水分与温度的协同作用、土壤理化性质)和生物因子(如植被类型及根际呼吸、凋落物)对土壤呼吸的影响等问题;并针对这些研究结果提出了当前沙地生态系统土壤呼吸研究存在的问题,以期为生态恢复和建设、维护生态平衡提供参考依据.
The phenomenon of vigorous growth often occurs in the process of apple tree planting.Fruit trees are difficult to manage,which affects the flowering of fruit trees.In this study,paclobutrazol,prohexadione calcium,PBO and amino acid were used to treat apple trees,the mechanism of action,field application technology,application effect and precautions were evaluated and compared,in order to provide reference for apple production.
以'W2'菊花为试材,采用微波辅助提取工艺,以菊花中总类黄酮提取率和7种类黄酮平均提取率为考察指标,使用中心组合试验设计、响应面分析法及Design Expert软件优化提取工艺参数,研究了微波辅助提取菊花中类黄酮成分的工艺,以期为进一步开发利用菊花资源提供参考依据.结果表明:最佳提取条件为溶剂70％乙醇(v/v)、提取时间75 s、微波功率80％、料液比1:30 g·mL-1.在该条件下,菊花中总类黄酮提取率和7种类黄酮平均提取率分别为91.20％和88.42％,与预测值91.26％和90.92％无显著差异.响应面分析法适于优化菊花类黄酮微波辅助提取工艺,试验结果可为菊花类黄酮工业化生产提供参考依据.
As a new hot spot in plant biotechnology,cell suspension culture technology can be used not only for protoplast isolation,culture and hybridization,but also for genetic transformation and obtaining transgenic plants using embryonic cell suspension lines as recipient materials.This study focused on the selection and breeding of new Chinese rose varieties,in order to provide excellent recipient materials for Chinese rose transgenic experiments in a new way.Theoretical references were provided for the establishment of stable cell suspension system and genetic improvement of moon season,and the prospect of the application of cell suspension culture in moon season was also presented.
The protoplast preparation conditions of Pleurotus nebrodensis'Zhongnong No.1'were studied by using Pleurotus nebrodensis'Zhongnong No.1'as test material.The'Zhongnong No.1'without treatment was used as CK,and the atmospheric room temperature plasma(ARTP)mutagenesis technique was used for the first time to study its effect on the yield of fruiting bodies after mutagenesis,in order to obtain superior strains with higher yield than CK.The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions of protoplasts of Pleurotus nebrodensis'Zhongnong No.1'obtained by single factor test were as follows,enzymolysis temperature 28℃,enzymolysis time 3 hours,lywallzyme concentration 20 mg·mL-1,osmotic stabilizer 0.6 mmol·L-1 KCl.The optimal time of ARTP mutagenesis was 60 seconds,and the positive mutation rate was the most stable when the lethal rate was 94%.The preliminary screening results of the plate screening test showed that there were 4 strains with fast growth rate,strong laccase and cellulase production ability.Further,the LBL decolorization test was rescreened,and 4 strains ZN-37,ZN-20,ZN-39 and ZN-19 with good seed setting were screened out.By measuring the cultivation yield of Pleurotus nebrodensis,the final high-yield strain was determined to be ZN-19,with a total yield of 966.95 g,which was 37%more than the total yield of the CK group.
基于2010-2020年河北省11个地区的面板数据,采用DEA模型与Tobit模型研究其设施农业生产效率、时空特征探析以及对其影响因素进行分析.结果表明:河北省设施农业生产效率在一定程度受环境因素的干扰,其生产效率均值为0.66,整体水平较低且区域差异性明显,就时间特征来看,整体呈现"上升-下降-上升"的趋势,就空间特征来看,则呈现出了南高北低的特征;不同效率水平的地区影响因素不同,高、中、低水平地区共同依赖于区域经济发展水平和自然环境要素,此外高水平地区还依赖于土地要素,低水平地区还依赖于灌溉条件.因此,为进一步提升河北省设施农业生产水平,河北省应建立因地制宜式、设备提档式、资源优化式发展机制.
以冬枣为试材,采用鲜枣保鲜剂处理的方法,通过测定冬枣果实感官品质(腐烂率、硬度)、营养成分含量(可溶性固形物、维生素C、总酚、类黄酮)和保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL、几丁质酶CHI),分析鲜枣保鲜剂对冬枣贮藏期间果实品质及其生理生化的影响,以期为冬枣贮藏品质的控制提供参考依据.结果表明:与对照相比,鲜枣保鲜剂能有效减少冬枣果实腐烂,保持冬枣果实硬度,维持可溶性固形物、维生素C、总酚和类黄酮的含量,保持SOD和CAT的抗氧化活性,提升PAL和CHI的抗病活性.综上所述,鲜枣保鲜剂处理有利于提升冬枣果实贮藏性,延长保鲜期.
The stem tips of Elsholtzia bodinieri were used as explants and different concentrations of plant growth regulators were used in tissue culture experiments.The effects of different sterilization treatments,media types,hormone concentrations and transplanting substrates on the initial culture,subculture proliferation,rooting culture and seedling transplanting of Elsholtzia bodinieri were studied.In order to lay a foundation for in vitro propagation,in vitro mutagenesis and genetic transformation of Elsholtzia bodinieri.The results showed that the optimum sterilization method for the stem tips of Elsholtzia bodinieri was 75%alcohol for 30 seconds+0.1%HgCl2 for 6 minutes,and the survival rate was 76.67%.The optimum primary culture medium was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+ IAA 0.10 mg·L-1,and the induction rate was up to 88.89%.The optimum proliferation medium was MS+6-BA 0.3 mg·L-1 +NAA 0.05 mg·L-1,the proliferation coefficient was 12.91.The best rooting medium was 1/2 MS+IBA 1.00 mg·L-1,with a rooting rate of 97.78%.After 4 days of open cover,the seedlings were transplanted into a mixed substrate of 1 humus soil∶1 perlite∶1 peat,with a survival rate of 91.11%.
以'遵辣1号'辣椒为试材,利用VIGS技术获得CaASR3基因沉默后植株,研究了CaASR3基因在干旱胁迫响应中的作用,以期为辣椒抗旱机理的研究提供分子基础.结果表明:基因沉默后,沉默植株CaASR3基因表达量在0、3、6、12 h显著低于对照植株;干旱处理后,CaASR3基因沉默植株叶片比对照植株失水萎蔫严重,过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量以及相对电导率显著上升,相对含水量显著降低,说明沉默CaASR3基因导致辣椒耐旱能力减弱.因此,CaASR3基因参与了辣椒抗旱调节途径.
以东北和华东地区118份薄皮甜瓜种质资源为试材,采用重测序方法,研究了全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GW AS)策略在薄皮甜瓜白粉病抗性基础理论研究上的可行性,以期为丰富薄皮甜瓜白粉病抗性育种材料提供参考依据.结果表明:共获得高质量SNP位点4 460 133个,2种模型筛选与白粉病相关优异等位基因61个.结合功能注释,预测为DPH3抗体蛋白、PPR蛋白、黄酮醇合酶、类甲基酯酶和类DMR6加氧酶蛋白等.主要参与生物合成、氨基酸代谢、信号通路传导、RNA降解和DNA修复等代谢过程.其中,7号染色体上的CsTLP基因在黄瓜霜霉病抗性中起到至关重要的作用;1号染色体上的EFM1可作为逆境响应机制研究及抗逆育种的优良候选基因.
Taking Ganoderma leucocontextum as the test material,the effects of different temperature gradients,agar concentration,p H,light time and petri dish size on the mycelial growth of Ganoderma leucocontextum were investigated by using the method of one-way and orthogonal experiments with L16(45),in order to provide reference for its subsequent exploitation.The results showed that the mycelium of G.leucocontextum could grow on all treatments with a temperature range of 15-35℃and other controllable environmental factors,among which the mycelium germinated quickly,the colony was dense and robust,and the growth was the fastest under the single-factor treatment of temperature 27-29℃,agar concentration of 2.0%-3.0%,p H 5.00-5.25 and light time of 0 h·d-1,while oxygen had no significant effect on it.Under the best combination of controllable environmental factors such as temperature 25℃,agar concentration 2.5%,p H 5.00,light time 0 h·d-1,and petri dish size of 90 mm,the mycelial growth rate of G.leucocontextum was the fastest,reaching(9.88±0.51)mm·d-1.In summary,the growth of G.leucocontextum was greatly affected by different controllable environmental factors,and there was a greater interaction between various factors.
Cucumber was selected as the test material,the decomposed cow manure and spent mushroom substrate were used as the main substrate raw materials.A cucumber seedling experiment was conducted by adding different volumes of peat and vermiculite as the substrate composite.The physical and chemical properties of different ratios of substrates and their effects on cucumber seedling cultivation were studied,in order to screen suitable substrate formulas for cucumber seedling cultivation and provide reference for the substrate utilization of decomposed cow manure,spent mushroom substrate and other waste materials.The results showed that compared with the control,the substrate with a ratio of peat vermiculite∶decomposed cow manure∶spent mushroom substrate= 70∶10∶20 had the appropriate physical and chemical properties,with a seedling emergence rate of 98.67%and the highest uniformity.It could significantly improve the stem thickness and leaf area of cucumber seedlings,with the highest aboveground and underground dry weights of 0.19 g and 0.02 g,respectively.The seedling comprehensive evaluation index was the highest,reaching 0.914 6,indicating the best comprehensive performance.It was recommended to use a mixture of peat vermiculite∶decomposed cow manure∶spent mushroom substrate=70∶10∶20 as the substrate for cucumber seedling cultivation.
The seeds of'Guanjun'and'Lulusun No.7'of Asparagus officinalis L.were used as test materials and were treated with 60 Co-γ-radiation.The effects of different radiation doses(100,200,300,400,500,600 Gy)on the germination and seedling growth of asparagus were studied and investigated the response of seed germination and seedling growth indexes of different varieties to different radiation treatments,in order to provide reference for radiation mutagenesis breeding of asparagus.The results showed that the germination indexes of the two varieties increased first and then decreased.When the dose was 100 Gy,the seed germination was promoted.When the dose reached 400 Gy,the radicle and germ growth were strongly inhibited.Seed emergence rate was negatively correlated with radiation dose.The mutagenic effect of radiation dose on seedling growth was also related to variety.The growth of'Guanjun'seedling was negatively correlated with the increase of radiation dose,while'Lulusun No.7'seedling was first increased and then decreased.The results of linear regression analysis showed that LD50 of'Guanjun'and'Lulusun No.7'were 389 Gy and 362 Gy,respectively.
以污染的皱木耳栽培料及子实体为试材,采用组织分离法分离病原真菌,并对其进行形态学观察及ITS序列系统发育分析,以期鉴定皱木耳栽培过程中的病原真菌种类.结果表明:引起皱木耳病害的病原真菌主要有黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉、查理青霉、歧皱青霉、拟青霉属真菌、粗糙脉孢菌、金黄菌寄生、哈茨木霉,均为皱木耳病害的首次报道.
