Understanding the influence of factors responsible for shaping community assemblage is crucial for biodiversity management and conservation. Gansu is one of the richest regions for bumblebee species in the world. We explored the distribution data of 52 bumblebee species collected in Gansu and its surroundings between 2002 and 2022, predicting habitat suitability based on 17 environmental variables using MaxEnt. The factors influencing community assemblage were assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. Net primary productivity, water vapor pressure, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and precipitation seasonality were some of the most influential drivers of species distributions. Based on Ward’s agglomerative cluster analysis, four biogeographic zones are described: the Southern humid zone, the Western Qilian snow mountain zone, the Eastern Loess plateau zone, and the Western dry mountain zone. In the clusters of grid cells based on beta diversity values, the Southern humid zone comprised 42.5% of the grid cells, followed by the Eastern Loess plateau zone (32.5%), the Western dry mountain zone (20%), and the Western Qilian snow mountain zone (5%). Almost all the environmental factors showed a significant contribution to the assemblages of bumblebees of different groups. Our findings highlight the need for better data to understand species biogeography and diversity patterns, and they provide key baseline data for refining conservation strategies.
Turanose, an isomer of sucrose, naturally exists in honey. Previous study indicated that turanose content increased gradually in acacia honey as honeybees brewed honey in the hive. However, it is unclear how turanose is generated in honey. We hypothesised that turanose was produced by enzymes from honeybees and performed a series of simulation experiments to prove this hypothesis. We found turanose in honey was produced by honeybees processing sucrose. Furthermore, we determined that sugar composition of simulated nectar influenced the turanose concentration in honey: when sucrose concentration was below 5%, turanose was difficult to form, whereas high concentration of fructose and limited glucose were beneficial in producing turanose. Using 13C-labelled sucrose tests combined with proteomics analysis, we identified that α-glucosidase converted sucrose to turanose through an intermolecular isomerisation process. This study reveals the formation mechanism of turanose in honey and assists in the scientific control and improvement of honey quality.
Bee pollen is hailed as a treasure trove of human nutrition and has progressively emerged as the source of functional food and medicine. This review conducts a compilation of nutrients and phytochemicals in bee pollen, with particular emphasis on some ubiquitous and unique phenolamides and flavonoid glycosides. Additionally, it provides a concise overview of the diverse health benefits and therapeutic properties of bee pollen, particularly anti-prostatitis and anti-tyrosinase effects. Furthermore, based on the distinctive structural characteristics of pollen walls, a substantial debate has persisted in the past concerning the necessity of wall-disruption. This review provides a comprehensive survey on the necessity of wall-disruption, the impact of wall-disruption on the release and digestion of nutrients, and wall-disruption techniques in industrial production. Wall-disruption appears effective in releasing and digesting nutrients and exploiting bee pollen's bioactivities. Finally, the review underscores the need for future studies to elucidate the mechanisms of beneficial effects. This paper will likely help us gain better insight into bee pollen to develop further functional foods, personalized nutraceuticals, cosmetics products, and medicine.
Mature honeys that brew naturally in the hive develop distinct bioactive components, and thus carry a higher premium due to their superior quality. However, how to identify mature honeys remains difficult. Trace oli-gosaccharides are a likely source of biomarkers to indicate maturity. Here, we profiled trace oligosaccharides in acacia honey by GC-MS and used a metabolomics strategy to screen oligosaccharides that distinguish honeys with different maturities. Turanose content increased gradually in acacia honey samples and was closely related to the days stored in the hive (p < 0.05). To accurately quantify turanose, a UPLC-ELSD method was developed. Using the established method, honeys with <= 1.20 g/100 g of turanose could be classified as mature acacia honey. Based on the preliminary study, 500 commercial acacia honeys were analyzed, and only 77.2 % of these samples had a satisfactory level of turanose. This work offers a potential method to evaluate the quality of honeys.
Acacia honey is a popular and high-value monofloral honey. On the honey market, immature acacia honey is sometimes thermally dehydrated, yielding a fraudulent product - artificially heated acacia honey (AHAH). Typical physicochemical indices are not sufficient to distinguish AHAH from naturally matured acacia honey (NMAH). Using a UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach, we compared the aqueous solutions of 33 NMAH and 33 AHAH samples, and uncovered a differential compound with a mass of 327.1321 Da. Structural analysis, employing high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), identified it as N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl) phenylalanine (Fru-Phe), an Amadori compound that forms in the initial stages of the Maillard reaction and can be as a sensitive index for thermal treatment. According to quantitation via UHPLC-MS/MS, Fru-Phe was < 1.54 mg/kg in NMAH and > 10.00 mg/kg in AHAH, showing Fru-Phe is a potential indicator of artificial heating acacia honey.
We conducted a retrospective study to examine the long-term trends for the global honey bee population and its two main products: honey and beeswax. Our analysis was based on the data collected by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations from 1961 to 2017. During this period, there were increases in the number of managed honey bee colonies (85.0%), honey production (181.0%) and beeswax production (116.0%). The amount of honey produced per colony increased by 45.0%, signifying improvements in the efficiency for producing honey. Concurrently, the human population grew by 144.0%. Whilst the absolute number of managed colonies increased globally, the number per capita declined by 19.9% from 13.6 colonies per 1000 population in 1961 to 10.9 colonies per 1000 population in 2017. Beeswax had a similar trend as the global production per capita reduced by 8.5% from 8.2 to 7.5 kg per 1000 population. In contrast, the global honey production per capita increased by 42.9% at the global level. The global human population growth outpaced that of managed honey bee colonies. Continuation of this trend raises the possibility of having a shortfall of pollinators to meet the increasing consumer demand for pollinated crops. To mitigate these challenges locally driven solutions will be key as influencing factors differed geographically.
Honey is a staple food of animal origin, with many beneficial properties, so the study of consumption and purchasing habits is an important issue. The main aim of our research is to present the market situation and conditions of the domestic beekeeping sector from the consumer's point of view. We considered it appropriate to present the beekeeping market because the European Union is the second largest honey producer in the world and Hungary is the largest honey producer in the EU. Thus, global and EU trade changes, market trends and changes in consumer habits are significant factors influencing the domestic situation. The market situation is presented through a review of the relevant domestic and foreign literature, and statistical databases (EU Member States' honey programmes, KSH, OMME, Statista databases and reports) are analysed. The research aims to find out the direction of honey consumption and purchasing patterns and trends in European honey consumption. We chose an online questionnaire survey method to assess consumption and purchasing habits in Hungary and present the results in comparison with similar Hungarian studies. To analyse the situation in Europe, we have collected and analysed relevant research reports, primary and secondary studies from several EU countries. Finally, the data from each country are compared, highlighting similarities and differences.
大蜂螨,学名狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)是蜜蜂的一种外寄生螨,是危害最大的蜜蜂病虫害之一.大蜂螨的寄生与危害非常顽固,防治极其艰难,以往的化学治螨,出现了卡脖子技术难题——耐药性与蜂产品的化学污染.
蜜蜂肠道中的乳酸杆菌具有维持肠道内菌群平衡、抑制病原微生物生长等作用,影响蜜蜂的繁殖和生长发育各个阶段.2020年国际微生物学会将乳杆菌属重新分为25个属,共有261个种.目前,从蜜蜂胃肠道中检测到的乳酸杆菌共有28个种.按照新属分类以及16S rRNA基因系统发育进化树,本文将来自蜜蜂的乳酸杆菌分为三个属:蜜蜂乳杆菌属(Apilactobacillus)、熊蜂乳杆菌属(Bombilactobacillus)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus).
促进蜜蜂授粉产业化发展,是农业生态化发展的重要环节,有助于促进养蜂业与种植业协同发展,而市场化是蜜蜂授粉产业化发展的必要途径.借鉴发达国家蜜蜂授粉市场化、产业化发展模式与经验,推进中国形成蜜蜂授粉服务市场,实现产业化发展具有重要的经济和生态意义.本文从蜜蜂授粉的生态经济特征出发,认为市场化是蜜蜂授粉产业化发展的必经之路,通过回溯美国蜜蜂授粉市场发展沿革,借鉴美国蜜蜂授粉产业化的发展经验,从健全蜜蜂授粉市场机制和施行产业扶持政策两个方面提出促进中国蜜蜂授粉产业发展的建议措施.蜜蜂授粉的产业化发展,可望成为中国农业生态化发展的助推器.
我国香料应用的历史有上千年,其应用主要是食物烹制、疗疾、敬神、避秽或清洁空气.香料植物一般都含有芳香的挥发油,这些油多具有杀菌、抗氧化、驱蚊虫、美化环境、净化空气等作用,有的还可以用于食物烹制上.在现代园林绿化中,许多香料植物还是辅助蜜源植物,对蜜蜂生存和繁殖极为重要.
云南菖河特色块蜜是一种历史悠久、闻名遐迩的特殊蜂产品.得益于姚安县独特的自然环境,这里孕育了多种独特的蜜源.将当地成熟野坝子蜜、毛萼香菜蜜和香薷蜜等天然特色蜂产品混合,并采用专业加工工艺制作成云南菖河特色块蜜.该块蜜外观呈现出水白色、白色、浅琥珀色和淡黄色等不同颜色,并散发着特有的植物香气.本研究利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法对云南菖河块蜜中的风味物质进行了分析,初步测试结果显示云南菖河块蜜含有多种风味物质,其中包括糠醇、反式氧化芳樟醇、苯甲酮和壬醛等34种成分.这些成分赋予了云南菖河块蜜独特而受欢迎的风味.本研究为后续品牌打造和品质控制提供了依据.
中华蜜蜂是在自然环境下选择出的我国特有的本地蜂种.中蜂适应能力强,耐寒性强,嗅觉灵敏,善于采集零星蜜源和低温下开花的早春及晚秋蜜源植物,适合于定地及小转地饲养.中蜂长期处于人工饲养或半人工饲养状态.土法饲养的中蜂群只能在分蜂期或自然交替蜂王的情况下,通过自然王台培育蜂王.
本文通过对烟台市蜂业发展现状、主要蜜源植物、典型养殖模式等情况开展调研,并依据当前发展情况指出烟台市蜂业发展存在的问题,并提出相应解决对策,以期进一步提升烟台市蜂业发展水平.
张老师您好: 我是辽宁朝阳的一位养蜂初学者,现在蜂群已经进入秋繁期.最近几年饲喂越冬饲料会出现饲料结晶问题,按正常的饲喂量会出现越冬后期不够吃的问题,还会出现盗蜂,请教张老师越冬饲料应什么时候喂?应注意哪些问题?如何才能避免上述问题的出现?
蜂王浆生产是养蜂者的重要经济来源,生产高品质蜂王浆是促进养蜂业健康可持续发展,提高蜂王浆市场价格的重要手段.本文从提高蜂群健康水平、规范蜂王浆生产加工过程、完善蜂王浆运输贮存环节、优化蜂王浆质量评价体系等方面为高品质蜂王浆生产全过程质量控制技术提出建议,并为蜂王浆生产、加工、销售等各环节提供理论指导.
随着一年一度秋繁到来,又到了一年之中的一个关键节点,在迎接秋繁之前应采取哪些行之有效的管理措施,使秋繁顺利展开并达到预期目标. 一、换王,要培育优质秋王 1.重视选种 养蜂就要养好王,而好王则是养蜂人精心挑选出来的.
中华蜜蜂是我国本土重要的蜜蜂种质资源,是许多野生植物和农作物的主要传粉昆虫,对农业增产提质及维持生物多样性具有重要作用.本研究在元阳县干热河谷枇杷种植区设置蜜蜂授粉组和对照组(隔离传粉昆虫)研究蜜蜂授粉对枇杷产量和品质的影响.结果显示,与对照组比较,蜜蜂授粉组枇杷平均坐果率提高64.78％,单枝产量提高35.70％,可溶性固形物含量10.29±1.41％及果实纵径49.66±5.38 mm显著高于对照组(分别为 10.16±1.02％和 48.00±5.81 mm),单果重 218.35±69.55 g、横径 39.45±4.92 mm和种子数量3.65±1.82均高于对照组(160.91±64.73 g,37.73±5.00 mm和3.42±1.84).因此,蜜蜂授粉能有效提高枇杷坐果率和产量,改善果实品质.
长白山区的春季蜜粉源多为辅助性蜜粉源无法取得商品蜜,但是可以为蜂群提供高质量的花粉,对越冬后蜂群的恢复和繁殖至关重要.长白山春季蜜粉源植物中首先开放的是侧金盏花,于3月下旬至4月初,由于开花时间较早冰雪还未完全融化,蜂群利用较低,但能起到刺激蜂群的作用.4月中旬柳树相继开花,柳树作为长白山春季优质蜜源,在气温15℃以上蜜粉都很丰富,能够为蜜蜂提供大量的饲料,满足春季蜂群恢复的需要.进入5月气候趋于稳定,色木槭、毛山楂(山里红)、蒲公英、驴蹄草、榆、梨等多种补助蜜粉源开花,为蜂群进入增殖期提供丰富的蜜粉源.
随着科学研究的快速发展,高等院校专业课程的授课内容与教材需要与时俱进、适时更新,这有助于培养符合社会需求的、紧跟前沿动态的新时代大学生和青年科技人员.蜂学相关课程是农林类院校重要的专业课程之一,其中蜂蜜作为公众最为熟知的蜂产品,其相关专业知识的讲授不可或缺.蜂蜜营养丰富,其所含的果糖和葡萄糖、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质、有机酸类以及酚类物质等营养成分单独或协同作用构成了蜂蜜独特的生理保健功能,如抗菌、抗氧化、抗癌、调节血糖、改善胃肠功能、促进伤口愈合及提高运动机能等.本文以蜂蜜相关研究进展为例,以期说明高等院校专业课程内容适时更迭的必要性.
