Fisheries are vital to global food security, supplying approximately 16 percent of animal protein worldwide and employing over 35 million people in fishing roles. In Kenya, Lake Victoria fish production declined from 98,150 metric tonnes in 2018 to 70,313 metric tonnes in 2023, a 28 percent fall attributable to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Despite the adoption of Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance (MCS) strategies, their implementation adequacy in Mbita Sub-County, Homa Bay County, remains poorly understood. This study determined the effectiveness of surveillance strategies on the management of fisheries resources in Mbita Sub-County. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed. The target population comprised 17,700 fishers and 80 fisheries officials in Homa Bay County; the accessible population was 6,500 fishers and 11 officials in Mbita Sub-County. Using Israel's (1992) formula, 377 fishers were randomly sampled at a 95 percent confidence level, while all 11 officials were purposively selected for key informant interviews. Data were collected using researcher-administered structured questionnaires for fishers and semi-structured interview schedules for officials. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression in SPSS Version 28, while qualitative data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke's (2022) framework. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test each of the three null hypotheses at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results revealed that surveillance strategy significantly influenced fisheries management effectiveness. Surveillance strategy recorded the highest per-unit effect (R² = 0.412, β = 0.744, p < 0.001); the null hypothesis was rejected. Qualitative findings supported these results, identifying data inaccuracy, resource scarcity, absence of fishing quotas, and inadequate incentives for community surveillance scouts as key constraints on MCS effectiveness. The study concludes that surveillance strategies significantly contribute to fisheries management in Mbita Sub-County. This highlights the need to increase joint patrols and formalise incentives for community surveillance scouts. Keywords: Fisheries management; illegal fishing; IUU fishing; Lake Victoria; Mbita Sub-County; monitoring, control, and surveillance strategies
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a valuable legume crop whose productivity depends on effective and environmentally friendly nutrient management. Eco-enzyme, a liquid organic product obtained from the fermentation of organic waste, has potential as a sustainable agricultural input; however, information regarding its optimal dosage and application method for peanut cultivation remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of eco-enzyme dosage, application method, and their interaction on the growth and yield components of peanut plants. The experiment was conducted using a factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was eco-enzyme dosage at four levels: 0, 10, 15, and 20 mL plant?¹. The second factor was the application method, consisting of soil drenching and foliar spraying. Observations included vegetative growth parameters and yield components. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a least significant difference test at the 5% level. The results showed that the eco-enzyme dosage significantly affected plant height at 30 and 45 days after planting, whereas the application method alone did not significantly influence most of the observed variables. However, a significant interaction between dosage and application method was observed for plant height at 45 days after planting, number of empty pods, fresh pod weight, dry pod weight, and seed weight. Higher eco-enzyme dosages combined with appropriate application methods tended to improve yield performance. In conclusion, eco-enzyme influenced peanut growth and yield selectively, and its effectiveness depended largely on the interaction between dosage and application method
Bu çalışma, Plantaginaceae familyasına ait olan ve tıbbi açıdan önemli iki bitki türü olan Plantago major (geniş yapraklı sinirli ot) ile Plantago lanceolata'nın morfolojik, ekolojik ve farmakolojik özelliklerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Her iki tür de geniş coğrafi yayılıma sahip olup, humuslu, geçirgen topraklarda yetişebilmekte ve çeşitli çevresel stres faktörlerine karşı yüksek adaptasyon yeteneği göstermektedir. Morfolojik açıdan P. major daha geniş ve oval yapraklara sahipken, P. lanceolata uzun, dar ve mızrak biçimli yaprakları ile tanınmaktadır. Bitkiler, içeriklerinde bulunan iridoid glikozitler, flavonoidler, tanenler ve müsilaj gibi fitokimyasallar sayesinde geleneksel ve modern tıpta önemli yer tutmaktadır. Özellikle yara iyileştirici, anti-inflamatuvar, antimikrobiyal, öksürük kesici ve sindirim sistemi düzenleyici etkileri nedeniyle çeşitli preparatlar şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. Haricen lapa, merhem veya göz losyonu olarak uygulanabildiği gibi; dâhilen çay, şurup veya kapsül formlarında tüketilmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca bu bitkilerin ekolojik restorasyon ve peyzaj uygulamaları için potansiyel taşıdığını; düşük bakım gereksinimi, erozyon önleyici etkisi ve çevresel toleransları sayesinde öncü tür olarak değerlendirilebileceklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, geleneksel kullanımlarının modern farmakolojik temellerle desteklenmesi ve dozaj, etki mekanizmaları ile ilgili daha fazla bilimsel çalışmanın yapılması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Plantago major ve Plantago lanceolata, hem halk sağlığına katkı sağlayan doğal tedavi ajanları hem de ekolojik fayda sunan bitkiler olarak dikkat çekmektedir.
Weeds reduce crop yield and quality and threaten seed purity by spreading through natural (gravity, wind, water, vegetative/ballistic), animal-mediated (ecto- and endozoosaur-induced), and human-mediated (agricultural machinery, seedlings/saplings and other vegetative materials, infested crop seeds, trade, and transportation). Infestation, which occurs in seed production systems due to inadequate post-harvest cleaning of seed, is the most critical transmission route, as infested seed leads to the transport of weed propagules to clean fields. This review outlines the primary weed spread mechanisms, identifies critical stages in the seed production chain where contamination intensifies, and evaluates preventative management strategies. Preventing contamination is forms the foundation of effective weed management.The most crucial step in this approach is the consistent use of certified, clean seed.Certified seed is material that has undergone field and laboratory testing for genetic, physical, and biological quality. Complementary to this practice, cultural practices such as proper harvest timing, ensuring combine residue and equipment hygiene, reducing spread from feed and fertilizer (clean feed, adequate fermentation), and crop rotation, use of competitive varieties, maintenance of irrigation/drainage systems, and early interventions before seed set are critical. Overall, a prevention-based, integrated strategy to limit weed infestation in seed production not only ensures the preservation of seed quality but also stands out as a strategic imperative that supports long-term agricultural sustainability and food security.
Sustainable water management is crucial for maintaining long-term productivity in orchard systems situated in semi-arid environments. This study uses satellite-derived spectral and thermal indices to present a six-year remote sensing-based analysis (2020–2025) of moisture variability in a commercial apple orchard. The research integrates multiple metrics to evaluate soil-plant-atmosphere interactions, enabling the detection of hydrological stress periods and recovery phases through spatial and temporal diagnostics. The findings reveal that the orchard experienced critical water stress in 2020 and 2022, characterized by low canopy and surface moisture across most field zones, which coincided with intensified atmospheric water loss. In contrast, 2025 represented a year of partial recovery, where improved spectral responses aligned with lower evapotranspiration intensity. The year 2024 exhibited a notable anomaly: despite low moisture indicators, vegetation performance was sustained, pointing to localized efficiency in water use or unobserved subsurface retention mechanisms. Spatial mapping revealed distinct dry zones recurring across years, primarily in the northern and eastern sectors of the orchard, underscoring the need for spatially adaptive irrigation practices. The combined index approach offered a more nuanced understanding of water distribution patterns than any single metric could achieve alone. These insights support more responsive and data-driven water management strategies under variable climatic conditions. The study contributes to the growing knowledge on the operational use of remote sensing in precision agriculture. It highlights the integration of spectral moisture indices with thermal water loss metrics to improve field-level decision-making, reduce irrigation inefficiencies, and enhance resilience to climate-induced water challenges in fruit production systems.
Coconut oil is a promising commodity for Indonesia, with increasing global demand in the last decade. Indonesia must take advantage of this moment by increasing its competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of coconut oil exports relative to rival products in the Chinese market. The research uses secondary data from 1993 to 2022 and is analyzed using the LA/AIDS demand model. The findings indicate that Indonesian coconut oil has a 50% demand share and is the highest in the Chinese market. The elasticity of expenditure is 1.58 (E > 1), indicating it is elastic and of the best quality. According to the own-price elasticity, Indonesian coconut oil is negative (-1.532), so it is elastic and experiences a decrease in demand when the price increases. Meanwhile, the cross-price elasticity is positive, indicating that the relationship between Indonesian and Philippine coconut oil is substitutive or competitive. Indonesia and Malaysia show a complementary relationship. However, when viewed in reverse, it shows a substitution relationship. Based on this analysis, Indonesia has the opportunity to control the coconut oil trade in the Chinese market and potentially in other markets if it can optimize its competitiveness.
Sunburn is a major physiological disorder causing substantial yield and quality losses in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). This review synthesizes the physiological basis, economic impacts, and integrated management strategies for the disorder, drawing comparative insights from other fruit species such as apple, pear, and grape. Sunburn develops when the fruit surface temperature exceeds 45–50°C, leading to cell death, necrosis, browning, and peel cracking. The underlying mechanism is driven by oxidative stress induced by excessive heat and radiation, which collapses antioxidant defense systems and results in lipid peroxidation, anthocyanin degradation, and the loss of phenolic compounds. Consequently, the fruit’s visual quality, nutritional value, shelf life, and functional properties are severely compromised. The disorder can cause 30–40% yield losses in the Mediterranean basin, reducing grower income by more than 20%, and its economic impact is intensified by the decisive role of external appearance in consumer perception. Physical measures such as kaolin-based particle films, shading nets, and fruit bagging have proven effective in reducing sunburn, while cultural practices including balanced pruning and optimized irrigation offer additional benefits. In the long term, the adoption of tolerant cultivars and the development of targeted breeding programs represent the most sustainable solutions. As climate change intensifies heat stress and increases the frequency of extreme temperature events, integrating cultural practices with digital agriculture technologies and early warning systems becomes essential. A comprehensive, forward-looking management approach is therefore critical to mitigate yield and quality losses and to ensure the economic sustainability of pomegranate production.
Bu çalışmada. biber üretim alanlarında önemli verim kayıplara neden olan bakteriyel leke hastalığı etmeni Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria’ya karşı biyolojik mücadele potansiyeli taşıyan antagonistik bakteri strainlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hastalıklı biber bitkilerinden 26 patojen straini elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca sağlıklı biber bitkilerinden ve biber yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda yaygın olarak görülen yabancı ot türlerinin kök ve yapraklarından toplam 53 aday antagonist bakteri straini izole edilmiştir. Patojen ve aday antagonist bakteri strainleri yağ asit metil ester analizi ile tanılanmıştır. Patojenite testi sonucunda en yüksek virülensliğe sahip olduğu belirlenen AK-17 ile yürütülen in vitro antagonizm testleri sonucunda, dokuz strainin Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria gelişimini 10.3–20.3 mm arasında değişen inhibisyon zonları oluşturarak baskıladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu strainlerin Bacillus, Pseudomonas ve Paenibacillus cinslerine ait olduğu tespit edilmiş olup, en yüksek antibakteriyel etki 20.3 mm zon değeri ile Paenibacillus validus DYS-20 straini tarafından sergilenmiştir. Ayrıca patojene karşı antagonistik etki gösteren bakterilerin azot fiksasyonu, fosfor ve potasyum çözünürlüğü ile ACC deaminaz aktivitesi gibi bitki büyümesini destekleyici özelliklere sahip oldukları saptanmıştır. Aynı zamanda strainlerin in vitro biyokontrol mekanizmaları (kitinaz, proteaz, selülaz, siderofor ve HCN) araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, antagonistik bakteri strainlerinin hem patojen gelişimini engelleme hem de bitki gelişimini teşvik etme yoluyla biber bakteriyel leke hastalığının biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılabilecek potansiyel biyokontrol ajanları olduğunu göstermektedir.
Biodiversity is a fundamental component of ecosystem structural integrity, functionality, and sustainability. However, increasing agricultural intensification, habitat loss, and the spread of invasive weed species threaten biodiversity on a global scale. This study aims to reveal general trends, conceptual structures, and international collaboration networks in the field by examining the scientific literature on the impacts of weeds on biodiversity using a bibliometric method. A total of 479 publications published in the Web of Science (WoS) database between 2011 and 2025 were analyzed. VOSviewer and Bibliometrix (R software) were used for data processing and visualization. The findings show that the annual growth rate of studies in this research area is -4.28%, with an average of 25.46 citations per publication. France, Germany, and the United States stand out among the countries with the highest number of publications. Author network analyses revealed that Colbach, N., Fried, G., Petit, S., and Bohan, D.A. are leading researchers in the field. Keyword and thematic analyses indicate that studies are concentrated around the concepts of "biodiversity," "weed management," "agroecology," and "ecosystem services." The journals with the most publications are Agriculture Ecosystems/Environment, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, and Weed Research. Overall, the results demonstrate that the research field is evolving toward a focus on ecosystem services, sustainable agriculture, and agroecological transformation, providing a guiding scientific framework for future research.
Majene Regency, West Sulawesi, is a region with dry agro-climate characteristics that are challenging for the growth of horticultural crops such as eggplant. The decline in eggplant productivity in West Sulawesi is suspected to be due to dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers that damage soil structure and are not adaptive to dry land conditions. Based on sustainable agriculture theory, dry goat manure is considered an alternative organic fertilizer rich in macronutrients and granular texture that supports soil aeration and drainage. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of direct use of dry goat manure as a base fertilizer to increase eggplant plant growth using a field experiment method consisting of five dry goat manure dosage treatments: K0 = Control, K1 = 208g/Polybag, K2 = 416g/Polybag, K3 = 624g/Polybag, K4 = 832g/Polybag. The results showed that the K3 treatment had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter compared to all other treatments. The novelty of the study lies in the approach of direct use of dry goat manure without a modern fermentation process, which is considered more practical and efficient for local farmers. This finding opens up opportunities for optimizing livestock waste as an environmentally friendly agricultural input, while also addressing agronomic challenges in dry land areas such as Majene. This study recommends the use of dry goat manure as a base fertilizer in horticultural cultivation in dry areas.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of various doses of gamma radiation (60Co) on the germination of Prentul chili pepper. This research was conducted at the experimental field or greenhouse of the University of 17 August 1945, Banyuwangi, from August to September 2025. This study employed an RCBD with a single factor, namely the dose of ??Co gamma radiation. The treatment consisted of 11 radiation dose levels: 0 Gy (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 Gy. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the effect of radiation dose on each parameter. If significant differences were found, further analysis was conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Co-60 gamma radiation significantly affected the viability, mortality, germination rate (MGT), and early growth of prentul cayenne pepper seedlings. Low to moderate doses (50–200 Gy) reduced viability, whereas moderate doses (250–400 Gy) had a stimulatory effect similar to the control. The highest mortality occurred at a dose of 200 Gy, which is close to the LD??, thus potentially generating genetic diversity. At high doses (>400 Gy), MGT increased sharply, and seedling growth was severely inhibited by physiological damage. Thus, the dose range of 200–300 Gy can be considered the optimum dose for mutation induction in prentul cayenne pepper.
Converting tangerine juice into powder via sucrose crystallization yields shelf?stable products with appealing flavor and nutrients. We examined the independent and interactive effects of sucrose and juice concentrations on physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of Citrus reticulata powder. A 3×3 factorial design evaluated sucrose at 45, 55, and 65% and juice at 45, 55, and 65% (three replications). Processing included extraction and filtration, sucrose addition, controlled heating to supersaturation, crystallization during cooling, milling, and sieving. Moisture content, vitamin C (UV–Vis, 245 nm), and hedonic ratings for texture, aroma, color, and taste (nine?point scale; 30 panelists) were measured. ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test assessed treatment effects. Moisture was 2.04–3.07% across treatments and did not differ significantly (p=0.924), meeting the SNI specification for powdered beverages (<5%). Vitamin C differed significantly (p=0.006); the 45% sucrose level consistently produced the highest values (?42.9–43.8 mg/100 g). The A1B3 formulation (45% sucrose, 65% juice) combined high vitamin C (~43.2 mg/100 g) with acceptable moisture (3.07%) and the most preferred sensory profile. Patterns suggest that reducing sucrose limits thermal/Maillard losses of ascorbic acid, while very high sucrose lowers water activity and yields intermediate retention. Overall, sucrose crystallization produced shelf?stable powders with favorable reconstitution, nutritional, and liking properties. A low?sucrose, high?juice formula optimizes the balance of quality attributes, supporting use in instant citrus drinks and functional beverages.
The success of oil palm cultivation is closely related to the quality of seedlings produced in the nursery phase. This study evaluated the potential acceleration of early growth in oil palm seedlings by optimizing biochar-based growing media combined with organic–inorganic fertilizer formulations. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: M1 (10 g urea + 50 g organic fertilizer), M2 (10 g NPK + 50 g organic fertilizer), and M3 (10 g urea + 10 g NPK). Each treatment was replicated ten times, resulting in 30 seedlings per replicate. Growth observations were conducted weekly from week 4 to week 20 (approximately four months), covering seedling height, leaf number, and stem diameter. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level, complemented by effect size analysis (?² and ?²) at week 20 to quantify the biological treatment's influence, and descriptive evaluation of the growth trend. The results showed no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). However, all treatments exceeded the physiological growth standards for four-month-old seedlings. M3 produced the highest growth response, with relative increases of 200% in height, 177.8% in leaf number, and 133.3% in stem diameter compared with the standard. These findings suggest that biochar-based growing media, combined with integrated organic-inorganic fertilizer formulations, can enhance early vegetative growth, although statistical significance has not yet been achieved within four months. Further observation up to ten months is recommended to validate the consistency of this growth acceleration.
Cattle fattening is an important livelihood for rural farmers in Indonesia, particularly in regions such as Pidie District, where small-scale livestock management contributes significantly to household income. However, limited capital, traditional management practices, and lack of economic feasibility information often hinder farmers from optimizing their productivity and profit. This study aims to analyze the profitability and feasibility of the cattle fattening business operated by the Blang Rimeh Farmers Group in Pulo Seunong Village, Tangse Subdistrict, Pidie Regency, as a basis for determining whether the business is viable for further development. The research was conducted from March to April 2024 using a survey approach with a census of all 11 group members as respondents. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Profitability analysis was calculated using the income formula (? = TR ? TC), while feasibility was assessed through the Revenue/Cost (R/C) ratio and Return on Investment (ROI). The cattle fattening activities were found to be traditional in scale, with each farmer raising an average of one head and relying solely on fresh forage without the use of concentrate supplementation. The analysis revealed an average income of IDR 2,096,061 per person per period, a return on capital (R/C) ratio of 1.11, and an ROI of 11%. These values suggest that, despite the simplicity of management practices, the business generates a positive return and provides significant financial benefits to farmers.The cattle fattening business in the Blang Rimeh Farmers Group is profitable and feasible to pursue. Strengthening feeding management, improving facilities, and enhancing technical knowledge may further increase productivity and profitability.
This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation of the Gazihan Dede Recreation Area within the Adıyaman Province center, located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. A total of three plant associations were identified in the study area: two degraded forests and one steppe vegetation type. These associations and their superordinate units are as follows: Class: Astragalo–BrometeaQuèzel1973 Ordo: Onobrychido armanae–Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoğlu ve Quèzel1984 Association 1:Hedysaro syriacii-Amygdaletum arabicae ass. Nova Association 2: Onosmo isauricii –Amygdaletum orientalidis ass. Nova Association 3:Astragalo brachypteri-Thymbretum spicatae ass. nova
This study analyzes the marketing strategy of banana chip products at the Keripik Ayu Ketaren MSME in North Sumatra. Although Indonesia is the largest banana producer in the world, the utilization of banana harvests is still relatively low. Banana chips, on the other hand, have significant market potential, especially as a healthy snack option. This study uses a SWOT analysis to identify MSMEs' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results of the analysis show several strengths, such as good product durability and affordable prices, which can be utilized to expand the market. However, challenges such as limited capital and distribution networks must be addressed to support growth. Existing opportunities, including the increasing demand for healthy snacks and the potential of digital platforms, can help expand market reach. On the other hand, threats from larger competitors and lack of product innovation are risks that must be faced to overcome these challenges; the recommended strategies include improving packaging quality, flavor innovation to attract new consumers, and utilizing digital and e-commerce platforms to reach a wider audience. This study aims to provide valuable insights for MSME actors in developing effective marketing strategies, increasing the competitiveness of banana chip products, and supporting business sustainability in an increasingly competitive market.
Plant-based milk and dairy analogues are gaining increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to animal-derived products, which are often associated with environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel plant-based butter produced from flaxseed milk. Flaxseed was processed to obtain plant-based milk, which was subsequently used to formulate a plant-based butter. The product was evaluated in terms of sensory acceptance, pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, color parameters, and fatty acid composition. Sensory analysis indicated that flaxseed-based butter exhibited acceptable consumer attributes. Fatty acid profiling revealed nine compounds, with lauric acid (38.42%), oleic acid (18.36%), and myristic acid (15.16%) identified as the predominant fatty acids. The findings demonstrate that flaxseed-based butter has promising potential as a sustainable alternative in the category of plant-based dairy products, owing to its favorable sensory properties and suitable fatty acid profile.
Deli Serdang Regency is one of the key beef cattle production centers in North Sumatra, playing a crucial role in efforts to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production at both the provincial and national levels. However, in recent years, the population and production of beef cattle in this region have fluctuated, while the demand for beef remains unmet. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors influencing the performance of inseminators in improving beef cattle production in Deli Serdang Regency. This research employs a non-random sampling method using judgment sampling techniques. The sample consists of all inseminators from the Department of Agriculture and Livestock of Deli Serdang, totaling 42 respondents. The collected data were analyzed using the SEM method with the assistance of SmartPLS4 software. The results indicate that variables such as rewards, leadership, communication, and knowledge have a positive but statistically insignificant impact on inseminator performance (P Value > 0.05). Meanwhile, skills have a positive and significant influence on inseminator performance (P Value < 0.05). Indirect testing reveals that rewards, leadership, and communication influence motivation but are not significant. Similarly, knowledge affects ability but is also not significant. However, skills have a significant impact on inseminator performance. Between 2018 and 2022, the beef cattle population in Deli Serdang Regency increased by 1.44%, reaching 102,985 heads. Conversely, beef production declined by -1.27%, with a total production of 2,040,172 tons.
This research aims to 1). Knowing corn marketing channels in the research area. 2). Find out the cost of marketing corn in the research area. 3). Knowing the size of the corn marketing channel margin share in the research area. 4). To determine whether corn marketing in the research area is efficient. The location of this research is Balai Kasih Village, Kuala District, Langkat Regency. This research was carried out from August to September 2023. This type of research is quantitative and was carried out using interviews and questionnaires. The samples used in this research were 23 corn farmers and 3 traders, and the sampling method used was simple random sampling. The analysis methods used are marketing cost analysis, marketing margin and share margin, and marketing channel efficiency. The results of this research are: 1). There is 1 marketing channel pattern of farmer-trader collector-consumer with a total of 3 traders. 2). Marketing costs for collecting traders I are IDR 1,241/Kg, marketing costs for traders II are IDR 1,077/Kg, and marketing costs for traders III are IDR 676/Kg. 3). The share margin of collecting Trader I is 70%, the share margin value of Trader II is 71%, and the share margin of Trader III is 72%. 4). The marketing efficiency value of collecting Traders I is 21%, collecting Traders II is 18% and collecting Traders III has an efficiency value of 11%. All three are smaller than 50%, so they are considered efficient.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a highly valued agricultural commodity in Indonesia. The Salak Dwarf variety is particularly popular among farmers due to its short harvest period and high productivity. To further enhance its potential, the use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is being explored. PGPR are beneficial microorganisms that act as biofertilizers, improving plant growth through mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of growth hormones. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PGPR derived from bamboo roots on the growth of Salak Dwarf coconut seedlings. The research also sought to determine the optimal PGPR concentration for maximizing seedling growth. The experiment was conducted at the BSIP Tanaman Palma in North Sulawesi from January to May 2024. A Randomised Block Design (RBD) was used, with six treatments and three replications, totaling 18 experimental units. The treatments included a control (P0) with no PGPR and five PGPR concentrations (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 ml/L). The key growth variables measured were plant height, leaf number, pseudo-stem girth, and leaf width. The results showed that bamboo root PGPR significantly influenced all measured growth parameters. The study concluded that the most effective concentration for promoting the growth of Salak Dwarf coconut seedlings was 60 mL/L. This finding highlights the potential of bamboo root PGPR as a natural, sustainable biostimulant to improve coconut cultivation.
