In the post-pandemic era, a new challenge has emerged within families: the increasing tendency toward problematic smartphone use (PSU). Parents’ attention is often divided between digital interactions and their children, parents appear available but are mentally preoccupied with digital interactions, leaving them physically present but psychologically absent during shared moments—a phenomenon known as parental phubbing. This study examined how parental phubbing contributes to adolescents’ PSU and tested whether the quality of parental attachment mediates this relationship. Data were collected from 654 adolescents aged 12–18 years in Medan, Indonesia, using cluster sampling. Participants completed the Parental Phubbing Scale (PPS), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment–Revised (IPPA-R), and the Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short Version (SAS-SV). Path analysis showed that parental phubbing directly predicted higher PSU levels (β = .270, p < .001) and indirectly influenced PSU through reduced parental attachment (β = .054, p < .001). The mediation model, confirmed by the Sobel test (z = 9.24, p < .001), indicated partial mediation. These findings highlight the need to foster secure parent–child relationships and promote mindful digital engagement among parents to reduce adolescents’ vulnerability to smartphone overuse in the evolving post-pandemic family environment.
Family expressed emotion (FEE) affects self-management in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), but a measurement instrument based on the Indonesian cultural context has yet to be made available. This study aims to develop a self-report FEE scale for individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, involving 229 participants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The items were developed from five dimensions of expressed emotion (EE) and selected through expert validation and construct validity testing using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results showed that the five-correlated factor model was the best fit (CFI = .959, TLI = .948, RMSEA = .042, SRMR = .050, BIC = 9,283.594). The reliability coefficients obtained using McDonald’s ω were acceptable, ranging from .603 to .761, apart from emotional over-involvement, which only scored .569. MIMIC-based DIF analysis by gender flagged 1 item (β = .220), indicating that women had higher endorsement, while other items were invariant. The findings confirm that FEE is multidimensional, especially in communities with a collectivist culture. The practical implication is that the scale can be used in clinical assessment and family-based interventions to enhance the self-management of T2DM patients in Indonesia.
The study of intrapersonal peacefulness has begun to develop in Indonesia. However, there is no specific scale in the country that measures the concept as a personality trait. The primary aim of this research is to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Self-Perception Scale for the Indonesian context (SPS-I) with the purpose of validating and customizing it for the Indonesian setting. The study was conducted on 1552 adolescents (983 males and 569 females) in Indonesia. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to evaluate the factor structure. The CFA results comprised 12 adequate items showing saturation factors ranging from 0.468 to 0.780. Measurement model fit (p < .01, TLI = .946, CFI = .956, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .036). The construct reliability of the SPS-I was .865 (Cronbach's α) and .848 (McDonald's ω). The results suggest that the measuring tool demonstrated enhanced consistency, and the goodness of fit model produced a high score. The study introduces the novel notion of intrapersonal peacefulness as a personality trait, which can significantly contribute to the promotion of social competencies that value diversity and nonviolent methods of conflict resolution.
Adolescent mental health is influenced by resilience, which is defined as the ability to face challenges. Low resilience renders adolescents vulnerable to loneliness due to limited social support, which in turn heightens the risk of suicidal ideation. Social support can bolster resilience while mitigating the negative effects of loneliness; however, research positioning resilience as a mediator and social support as a moderator in this relationship remains limited, particularly among adolescents in high-risk areas such as Gunungkidul. This study aims to explore the role of resilience as a mediator and social support as a moderator in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational method was employed, together with a cluster random sampling technique. The sample comprised 420 students, consisting of 308 females and 112 males. The data collection technique used a social support scale, a resilience scale, and a suicidal ideation scale. The data were analyzed through a series of path analyses with the causal step method and MRA. Social support is shown to significantly moderate the direct effect of loneliness on resilience (p = .006 < .05), which indicates that social support increases. However, such support is unable to moderate the direct effect of resilience on suicidal ideation (p = .196 > .05), nor of loneliness on suicidal ideation (p = .338 > .05). The mediation effect test shows that loneliness does not have a significant effect on suicidal ideation when the resilience variable is controlled (p = .185 > .05). Regression model 2 in the mediation effect test indicates that only resilience has a significant effect on suicidal ideation (-.184 p < .05). The implications of the study include the understanding that suicidal ideation will be lower if accompanied by a decrease in loneliness and an increase in resilience and social support.
Despite extensive research on the influence of Islam on psychological happiness, few studies have explored specific Islamic theological constructs, such as insan kamil (perfect human). This study examines the relationships among the identification and introjection of Insan kamil-based religious internalization, self-determination, and psychological happiness, together with the mediating role of self-determination. Convenience sampling was used to identify 302 Santri-background Students in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The Insan kamil-based Religious internalization scale (identification and introjection dimensions) is an adaptation of the Christian Religious Internalization Scale, while the self-determination and psychological happiness scales were adopted from the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SEM based on PLS via Smart-PLS 3.0. The results show identification of insan kamil-based religious internalization positively relates to self-determination (β = .180, p = .013), but not directly to psychological happiness (β= .038, p = .325). The introjection of insan kamil-based religious internalization relates to self-determination (β= .249, p = .001) and psychological happiness (β= .255, p = .000). Furthermore, self-determination mediates the relationship between identification of insan kamil-based religious internalization and psychological happiness (β= .097, p =.014); and between introjection of insan kamil-based religious internalization and psychological happiness (β= .135, p = .001). The model explains 49% of the variance (R² = .49). Findings indicate that self-determination plays a vital role as a mediator. Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) should integrate self-determination to enhance psychological happiness. This study also enriches Islamic psychology by connecting the happiness model with Islamic theology.
Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability, often requiring intensive support from family caregivers, whose psychological adaptation to their changing roles is essential not only for the patient’s recovery, but also for their own emotional well-being. This study aims to examine the influence of adversity quotient and spiritual-religious coping on caregivers’ perceptions and coping strategies, as well as the impact of these strategies on caregivers’ adaptation. A cross-sectional, correlational quantitative design was employed. Data were collected from 200 caregivers of post-stroke patients in Tomohon City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia selected through cluster random sampling, and using structured questionnaires. Adversity Quotient (AQ) was measured using the Chinese version of the Adversity Quotient Scale, while Spiritual-Religious Coping (SRC) was assessed by Pargament’s RCOPE scale. Caregiver perception was measured by the Appraisal of Caregiving Scale (ACS); coping strategy by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ); and Caregiver Adaptation developed from the Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS. The results demonstrate that adversity quotient significantly influenced caregiver perception (β = .247, t = 3.259, p = .001, R² = .154, SRMR = .055) and coping strategies (β = .205, t = 3.092, p = .002, R² = .280). Similarly, spiritual-religious coping had a significant effect on caregiver perception (β = .230, t = 2.700, p = .007) and coping strategies (β = .312, t = 4.646, p < .001). Furthermore, caregiver perception positively predicted coping strategies (β = .185, t = 2.615, p = .009), and coping strategies significantly enhanced caregiver adaptation (β = .255, t = 4.035, p < .001, R² = .065). The practical implications of this study highlight the need to integrate resilience-building and spiritually informed psychological interventions into caregiver support programs to strengthen adaptive coping and promote sustained adjustment in post-stroke home care.
Natural disasters struck Palu, Indonesia, on September 28, 2018. Nevertheless, the problem of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms remains, even though the Palu community builds resilience communally concerning emotional and spiritual conditions. This research aims to investigate the relevance of community resilience to emotional health and spiritual well-being in trauma survivors of natural disasters in Palu. The qualitative research method involved a photovoice approach involving voices from photographs. The seven participants were all residents of Palu and came from areas that had experienced the greatest impact of natural disasters. Data analysis in the research was based on thematic analysis. The research findings are that community resilience is related to emotional health and spiritual well-being based on eight factors: themes related to emotional health are residential, financial, cultural, and capital; while those related to spiritual well-being are supernatural, ritual, social, and moral. The eight factors emphasize interconnected meanings and describe a model of community resilience. The research contributes to the significance of new insights that motivate governments, social institutions, and policymakers in terms of human empowerment, social advocacy, and sustainable development.
University students frequently encounter academic pressures and emotional challenges that affect their subjective well-being. Emotion regulation is therefore an essential competency, while forgiveness is understood as a psychological mechanism that can mediate emotion regulation's influence on well-being. This study investigates the mediating roles of forgiveness in the relationship between emotion regulation and subjective well-being among Indonesian university students. Using a quantitative design, 1,790 participants from multiple universities were recruited through convenience sampling. The instruments employed measured emotion regulation, forgiveness, and subjective well-being. Path analysis demonstrated that forgiveness functioned as a significant mediator between emotion regulation and subjective well-being (β = .521, p < .001). Forgiveness was included in the model, the direct effect of emotion regulation on subjective well-being became non-significant (β = −.023, p = .285), indicating a full mediation effect. These results underscore the importance of promoting forgiveness, suggesting that universities should incorporate counseling and reflective programs grounded in forgiveness to enhance students' emotion regulation and subjective well-being.
Depression has become a critical mental health issue, especially among college students, with increasing prevalence worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 322 million people globally suffer from the condition, with a prevalence rate of around 3.7% in Indonesia. This research examines the effectiveness of spiritual mindfulness therapy in reducing depression symptoms among university students. The study involved 28 Malang students aged 18 to 22 who participated voluntarily. The research approach was based on quantitative methods, with an experimental Solomon Four-Group design, in which the participants were divided into four groups: two who received treatment and two who served as controls. Spiritual mindfulness therapy was administered through both individual and group sessions, with depression levels measured using the PHQ-9 instrument before and after the 8-session intervention, using pre-test and post-test assessments. The results show a significant reduction in depression symptoms, differing between the groups (F = 18.547, p < .001), with the analysis indicating a significant improvement in the treatment groups. The effect sizes ranged from d = 2.75 to d = 3.33, indicating a high therapeutic impact. The research implies that spiritual mindfulness therapy can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms in students, providing a promising intervention for mental health support in educational settings.
Children with special needs require caregivers to care for them and provide full or partial assistance in the carrying out of their daily activities, including undergoing therapy, going to school, receiving medication, and performing their daily routines. This can cause stress and a burden of care for caregiver, meaning that caregivers require emotional competence; this study aims to develop a model of such competence. Using a cross-sectional, correlational quantitative approach, data were collected from 120 caregivers selected purposively from the Yamet Foundation in Central Java. The research instruments were the Profile of Emotional Competence, Centrality of Religiosity Scale, Resilience Scale, and the Parenting Stress Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Lisrel. The findings reveal that the proposed model successfully captures the relationships between parenting stress, resilience, religiosity, and emotional competence. Parenting stress significantly and negatively affects emotional competence, with a path coefficient of β = -.39, t = -5.29, with higher stress levels correlating to reduced resilience and religiosity. In addition, resilience and religiosity act as mediator variables, with a score of z = -2.346 for religiosity and z = -2.017 for resilience, meaning that both variables act as mediators. However, resilience and religiosity do not directly influence each other. The study suggests that enhancing parents’ resilience and religiosity may buffer the impact of parenting stress on emotional competence. Thus, psychosocial support programs should integrate resilience-building and spiritual-based approaches to empower families of children with special needs.
The psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the 18-item Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ-18) remain vague. This study uses the Rasch model to elucidate these properties. In addition, boosting classification was adopted to assess the predictive validity of athletes’ achievement. The sample size comprised 400 athletes. According to the Martin-Loef likelihood-ratio test = 482, p = 1.0 and factor analysis of the Rasch residuals, the questionnaire tends to make unidimensional assumptions. The MADaQ3 = 0.074 shows the overall tendency of local independency across all items, with the majority clustered in moderate to low-level measures. Q11, Q15, and Q18 were clearly identified as showing gender bias, with significant effect sizes. According to the boosting classification, the performance between national vs no achievement (F1 = 0.7, AUC = 0.56) and international vs no achievement (F1 = 0.62, AUC = 0.58) was flagged as unsatisfactory predictive performance. In conclusion, the abridged questionnaire is not preferable for determining an individual’s future performance or achievement. Future studies are needed to develop a better version that is more unimpeded by gender bias, and to resolve the variability of the items.
Parents of children with Down syndrome in Riau, Indonesia, encounter distinct psychological challenges, and the influence of demographic factors warrants further exploration. This study investigates the mediating role of demographics in the psychological well-being of 351 parents, employing a cross-sectional, quantitative design with purposive sampling. Standardized scales assessed psychological well-being, self-acceptance, stigma, and social support, which were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Lower self-acceptance significantly and directly correlated with poorer psychological well-being (β = −.1491, p = .0016), while higher parental education significantly predicted greater self-acceptance (β = .0119, p < .001), which in turn positively impacted well-being. Notably, older children were significantly associated with reduced social support (β = −.0101, p = .0010), and lower social support directly linked to reduced psychological well-being (β = −.1526, p = .0015). In theoretical terms, the study contributes by elucidating the indirect pathways through which demographic factors shape parental well-being within the Indonesian context. Practically, the findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive interventions focused on enhancing self-acceptance, providing accessible educational resources, and strengthening adaptive social support networks tailored to the evolving needs of parents of children with Down syndrome in Indonesia.
While remote working conditions became more prominent post COVID-19, they have influenced a shift in the subjective well-being (SWB) of remote employees. The impact of the associated job stress has been underexplored in Indonesia. Drawing on the job demands-resources model, this research investigates the underlying mechanisms of job stress in explaining the relationships between work-life conflict, workforce agility, and SWB among remote employees. A total of 350 permanent employees who work fulltime remotely in several organization in Indonesia (65.7% women, M-age = 26.19 years; SD = 3.66) participated in the study. Data were collected using scales measuring work-life conflict, workforce agility, SWB and job stress, distributed online via Google Forms. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques with the IBM SPSS AMOS program. The results showed that work-life conflict and workforce agility were associated with subjective well-being ( β = -.32 and .79, p < .001; respectively). Furthermore, job stress fully explains the relationship between work-life conflict and subjective well-being (CI -.46 – -.12) and partially explains the association between workforce agility and subjective well-being (CI .62 – .87). The findings have implications for how organizations and counsellors can assist remote employees in enhancing their well-being by managing their stress, promoting workforce agility, and overcoming work-life conflicts.
Recidivism remains a persistent challenge in criminal justice, highlighting the need for effective, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies. Despite current programs, many offenders relapse into criminal behavior due to unresolved psychosocial issues. This study examines the effectiveness of the Paradigm Shift Module (PSM), based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), in enhancing self-awareness among criminal offenders—a key factor in behavioral transformation. A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest measures was employed. A total of 80 offenders were selected through purposive sampling and divided into two groups: a treatment group that received the PSM intervention and a control group with no intervention. The Paradigm Shift Instrument (PSI), developed by the researcher, was used to assess self-awareness across three subconstructs: attitude, trait, and behavior. The PSI demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with a content validity index (CVI) of ≥ 0.95 and a Cronbach’s alpha of .955. Statistical analysis, including paired sample t-tests and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), revealed significant improvements in the treatment group. Attitude scores increased from M = 1.85 to M = 3.27 (t = -22.910, p < .05); trait from M = 1.89 to M = 3.23 (t = -20.916, p < .05); and behavior from M = 1.89 to M = 3.21 (t = -21.547, p < .05). The MANCOVA results confirm a significant treatment effect, while age and recidivism history showed no significant influence. The findings indicate that the PSM is a promising and effective intervention for fostering self-awareness, supporting rehabilitation, and reducing the likelihood of reoffending among incarcerated individuals.
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent mental health issue among adolescents, with difficulties in emotional regulation identified as a significant predictor of such behavior. A set of neurocognitive skills known as executive function (EF) is also linked to NSSI. This study investigates the relationship between executive function problems and NSSI behavior, explicitly examining the mediating role of emotional dysregulation. Participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique, with the final sample consisting of 211 Indonesian adolescents aged between 12 and 18 (M = 14.57, SD = 1.42). The measurement instruments included the Teenage Executive Function Inventory (TEXI), the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF), and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). Mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro for SPSS (model 4), revealed that emotion dysregulation significantly mediated the relationship between EF problems and NSSI. The indirect effect of EF problems and NSSI through emotion dysregulation was statistically significant (B = 0.203, 95% CI [0.0805, 0.3741]). Adolescents with lower EF are more prone to emotional difficulties, thus increasing the risk of NSSI. The study provides implications that help elucidate the dynamics of the NSSI phenomenon among adolescents. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need for interventions targeting both cognitive and emotional regulation skills to reduce NSSI in adolescents and promote overall mental health and well-being.
Families caring for schizophrenic individuals experience pressure due to their associated roles and responsibilities, a situation known as subjective burden. Cultural values influence decision-making related to caretaking behavior, including that based on the Javanese value of rasa rumangsa as an adaptive coping mechanism in caregiving contexts. Social support is a factor that helps to reduce the subjective burden of families taking care of schizophrenic individuals. This study examines social support as a mediator in the role of rasa rumangsa in relation to such subjective burden. The quantitative research used surveys for the data collection method, with 112 carer families of schizophrenic individuals chosen for the study by purposive sampling. The questionnaires used were 1) the Rasa Rumangsa Scale; 2) the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL); and 3) the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). The hypothesis was tested using Jamovi version 2.6.13 with the medmod module, following Model 4 of Hayes' simple mediation framework. The results indicate that social support fully mediates the relationship between rasa rumangsa and the subjective burden of families caring for individuals with schizophrenia (indirect effect: ß = -.1137, p < .05, 95% CI = -.2186, -.0105). The implication of studying rasa rumangsa as a cultural coping mechanism can be an alternative way of explaining its relationship with the subjective burden of such families. In addition, the findings could also be used to develop mental health programs to improve social support, which will ultimately reduce the subjective burden.
The Seurembek tradition is a collective Qur’an recitation practice with deep spiritual and social meaning for the local Muslim community in Pidie Regency, Aceh. This practice not only functions as a form of worship but also as a space for social interaction that strengthens community ties and provides meaning to life for its practitioners. This study aims to examine the contribution of the Seurembek tradition to individual psychological well-being and community resilience through a positive psychology framework. A descriptive, qualitative approach was employed, with data collection conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving Seurembek practitioners, religious leaders, and local community members. The research findings indicate that Seurembek strengthens several dimensions of psychological well-being, including providing meaning and purpose in life, increasing positive emotions, and fostering intense social connectedness. In addition, this practice plays an essential role in strengthening community resilience to various social and spiritual pressures by fostering solidarity, social cohesion, and collective coping mechanisms rooted in religious and cultural values. This finding confirms that preserving the Seurembek tradition has strategic value for improving mental health and social resilience, grounded in local wisdom. The implications of this research open opportunities to develop contextual and culturally oriented positive psychology interventions for Muslim communities in Indonesia.
Recent research provides support for the tripartite framework of meaning in life (MIL). The Three Dimensional Meaning in Life (3DM) Scale is a self-report instrument based on the tripartite framework including coherence, purpose, and significance. The present research tested the psychometric properties of the 3DM with Arabic-speaking adults. This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 516 (428 female) participants in the study through online (e.g., social media) and offline (e.g., contacting academicians at different universities in Egypt) data collection. The confirmatory factor analysis replicated the original three-factor solution to the 3DM. The factor loadings of the three-factor model from .61 to .92. The 3DM subscales had good internal consistency scores ranging from .78 to .85. The bifactor model of the Arabic 3DM did not evidence the unidimensional measurement of the 3DM. The findings demonstrate that the Arabic 3DM is a valid and reliable measure. Future research should examine different types of validity and temporal stability of the 3DM, cultural dimensions on MiL, and similarities and distinctions between the tripartite frameworks across diverse populations among Arabic-speaking people.
Cyberbullying and suicidal ideation are ongoing social issues in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence between cyberbullying and suicide ideation, as well as the role of depression as a mediator variable. A quantitative research approach was used, and 454 adolescents in Indonesia aged between 18 to 25 years old (mean age = 19.3) were recruited through a purposive sampling by completing a questionnaire consisting of the Cyberbullying Survey (CBS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI II), General Help Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI). The Jamovi 2.5.3.0 software analyzed data through descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and mediator analysis. The findings of the study showed that there was a significant effect on the role of depression as a mediator in the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidal ideation. Additionally, 384 (84.6%) of the female respondents reported having experienced cyberbullying, compared to only 70 (15.4%) of the male respondents. Depression as a mediator variable has a partially mediated effect. The effective indirect contribution is 59.7%. Other variables account for 40.3% of the results. The findings revealed that depression serves as a significant mediator in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation. This study provides critical insights into the role of depression in the context of cyberbullying and offers proactive guidance for preventing the negative mental health impacts of cyberbullying among adolescents.
Online learning systems are currently the primary approach to delivering information and facilitating learning for postgraduate students, replacing traditional in-person methods in many contexts. To succeed academically in this environment, students must adapt to these systems, a process heavily influenced by personal attributes such as grit and self-efficacy. These factors play a crucial role in helping students navigate the unique challenges of online learning, including increased workloads and technological demands. This study examines the role of academic self-efficacy in mediating the influence of grit and moderating the influence of academic stress on academic achievement. The study approach is quantitative, employing a simple random sampling technique with data collection through a online questionnaire. The data analysis methods include descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The participants were 382 Master’s students, consisting of 131 men (34.3%) and 251 women (65.7%), with an age range of 22-28 years. Most participants belonged to the Makassar ethnic group (33.0%), with the remaining 67.0% comprising individuals from various other ethnic groups, both within and outside South Sulawesi. The results show an average academic self-efficacy score of 3.36 (SD = 1.08). The findings indicate that academic self-efficacy functions as a perfect mediator in the effect of grit on academic achievement (β= .130; t = 6.366 > 1.96) and as a moderator in the effect of academic stress on academic achievement (β = .027; t = 5.850 > 1.96). Therefore, academic self-efficacy is a major psychological resource that drives academic performance, with the structural model explaining 72.4% of the variability in academic achievement. The study implications support the development of a theoretical model as a basis for implementing programs to improve academic self-efficacy and support students’ academic performance in an online environment.
