The rapidly developing field of MXene-based room-temperature NO2 gas sensors is characterized by significant heterogeneity in material synthesis, treatment methods, and sensor design. This variation complicates the identification of best technological practices and hinders direct comparison of reported performance metrics. This study addresses this challenge by performing the first comprehensive meta-analysis of 1243 individual sensor measurements from 61 published, peer-reviewed papers. The analysis establishes comparable key performance metrics for quantitative synthesis, including normalized sensing response, breakpoint, and sensitivity, and identifies a wide range of explanatory variables, with modifier type, intercalation, synthesis approach, surface state, and post-synthesis treatment being the most influential factors, and a smaller contribution from morphology, while device-level parameters such as electrode material are secondary. The resulting multidimensional analysis yields a quantitative assessment of structure-property-performance drivers and exposes systematic gaps in current sensor design. Beyond consolidating a fragmented literature, this work establishes a methodological blueprint for translating data heterogeneity into generalized design rules, accelerating the rational development of high-performance MXene-based chemical sensors.
Tri‑functional electrocatalysis is crucial for coupling rechargeable zinc‑air batteries with water splitting (WS), enabling self‑powered hydrogen production and versatile energy conversion. Although numerous catalysts demonstrate excellent half-cell activities toward the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction, their practical application in battery-driven water electrolysis remains challenging. The major bottleneck is multiscale mismatch, which involves conflicting adsorption energetics at atomic sites, unstable gas‑liquid‑solid interfaces at electrodes, device degradation under alternating charge‑discharge and electrolysis modes, and voltage‑power imbalances at the system level. This review goes beyond conventional material summaries by constructing a catalyst-electrode-device-system framework to systematically examine how electronic modulation, defect engineering, heterostructure design, single-atom site tuning, and self-supported electrode construction influence intrinsic activity, mass transport, interfacial durability, and overall cell performance. Importantly, the actual operating point of the coupled system is determined by the intersection of the battery discharge curve and the electrolyzer polarization curve, rather than by isolated half‑cell metrics alone. Finally, we highlight future opportunities including operando characterization techniques, AI‑driven catalyst screening, standardized device evaluation protocols, and system-level co‑design for practical renewable energy devices.
Aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) often suffer from water crystallization and suppressed ionic transport under subzero conditions as well as narrow electrochemical stability windows. Here, we report a hybrid electrolyte based on 1 M LiNO3 in [EMIM][DEP]0.1-(H2O)0.9 that combines the non-flammability of ionic liquids with the high ionic conductivity of water. Strong [DEP]-(H2O) hydrogen bonding disrupts the water network, lowering the freezing point from -24°C to -56°C while maintaining an ionic conductivity of 1.295 × 10-3 S cm-1 at -35°C. Meanwhile, ionic-liquid enrichment at the anode forms a water-restricted interphase that widens the apparent electrochemical stability window from 1.4 to 2.15 V, as supported by experimental characterization and molecular dynamic simulations. In a LiMn2O4/LiTi2(PO4)3 full cell, this hybrid electrolyte delivers 90 mAh g-1 at -35°C and 0.2 C and retains 90% of its initial capacity after 700 cycles at -35°C and 0.5 C, with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.86%. Adding 0.05 M ZnSO4 further stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface, enabling 80% retention after 1400 cycles at 4 C. These results demonstrate a practical route to safe aqueous batteries with low-temperature adaptability and long cycle life.
Prolonged implant-associated bone infection (IBI) fosters an immunosuppressive niche by disrupting the essential immunometabolic reprogramming required for macrophages to support antibacterial immune responses. Mechanistically, our work demonstrates that prolonged infection substantially impairs macrophage immune function by triggering a profound downregulation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) to stifle glutaminolysis-fueled anaplerosis. Glutaminolysis-fueled dysfunction weakens glutamine-derived mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) bursts in macrophages, leading to severe deterioration of IBIs. Herein, we present a hierarchically selective therapeutic system (mGls@HEV-MTP) for glutaminolysis-fueled restoration in macrophages via hierarchical infection-to-macrophage selective GLS1 mRNA delivery. The mGls@HEV-MTP, surface-integrated with mannose-functionalized antibacterial peptide (MTP) via an acid-cleavable hydrazone bond, exploits its acid-responsive property to decorate bacterial surfaces with mannose residues and ensure acid-triggered prerelease of mGls@HEV for selective macrophage uptake in the acidic infection niche. This nano-immunotherapeutic platform orchestrates bactericidal macrophage repolarization by restoring GLS1-driven glutaminolysis-fueled anaplerosis and simultaneously marking invading pathogens with an immune-recognition signal, addressing both immunosuppression and poor immunogenicity in the infection niche. Notably, this work reveals the importance of glutaminolysis-fueled anaplerosis in sustaining macrophage antibacterial immunity and provides a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for IBI eradication.
Scaling up aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries with long cycling stability and calendar life (i.e., long rest periods at open-circuit potential) remains challenging, particularly with the use of a thick Zn foil anode. A more practical and scalable approach involves adopting a lean-Zn configuration with a current collector. Due to the limited Zn availability, lean Zn anodes experience different failure mechanisms, manifested as Zn pulverization in cycle life and galvanic corrosion during calendar life. Unfortunately, these issues have long been overlooked. Herein, we introduce benzotriazole (BTA), a well-known corrosion inhibitor, as an electrolyte additive in aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) electrolytes. BTA modifies the electric double layer (EDL) structure on the Zn anode, alleviating the mismatch between Zn2 + mass transport and reduction kinetics. This leads to the formation of dense, flat zinc deposits rather than the Zn pulverized structures, significantly reducing contact loss during stripping. On the other hand, the strong chemisorption of BTA on the Cu substrate effectively blocks electron transfer pathways responsible for galvanic corrosion, reducing capacity fade during calendar aging. When paired with a MnO2 cathode, the lean-Zn anode enables the full cell to retain 90.3% of its capacity over 600 cycles at a negative: positive (N:P) ratio of 3:1.
