This paper address the question whether farmers who are participated in contract farming are more productivity and efficient in growing contract crop than the non-contract farmers. In this regard, 600 households from three villages have been surveyed from the state of Bihar in India. Cob-Douglas production function has been used in log-linear form to measure the farm productivity. The result suggested that contract farmers are able to achieve average high yield compared to non-contract one. Land and cost of seed are the major factors which helped contract farmers to attain higher level of productivity in growing the contract crop.
We analyze economic development in India for the period 1950-2020, in three sub-periods: 1950-1980, 1980-2000 and 2001-2020. We have into account production by sector and its effects on employment and productivity. We present a comparison of data with other economies, as China, Japan and some European countries, regarding some indicators of development and welfate. We include references to some interesting econometric models of Employment by sector in India and in other countries and we focus on the trends to diminution of Farm Employment and increase in Non Farm Employment. We highlight the important effects of industrial production on general productivity of workers, real income per capita and poverty diminution, as well as the positive effects, on development, of increase of schooling and social capital. For the next decade: 2021-2030, we conclude that there are good opportunities for advances on economic development in India and that good economic policies addressed to foster international investments and cooperation for the creation of Non Farm Employment in India may have a positive impact both for urban and rural areas.
Based on an extended IS-LM model incorporating the exchange rate in the money demand function, this paper finds that fiscal expansion is related with a raise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to appreciate and that monetary expansion is related with a rise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to depreciate. Except for the prediction of the ineffectiveness of fiscal expansion on real output, other predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model are applicable to Argentina.
The negative interest rate policy (NIRP), which is an unconventional monetary policy, is increasingly being diagnosed for symptoms of secular stagnation as some central banks exploit anticipatory inflation to achieve full employment. Notwithstanding, the efficacy of the unconventional monetary policy (UMP) is precarious and rather ambivalent. This paper argues that NIRP is unsuitable for structural (long-term) macroeconomic problems and that its adoption generates inconsistent and precarious results that are transient and potentially harmful.
We analyze the evolution of Female Employment by sector in Spain for the period 1970-2020, with particular focus on the effects of the financial crisis, since year 2007, on labor opportunities, real wages and female quality of life. We analyze the evolution in Spain compared to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States for the period 1965-2018. We find that the crisis of 2007, together with the lack of enough economic policies of support to Spanish Industry, both from the European Union and from the Spanish Governments, has caused a diminution of real value-added of Industry per capita, and stagnation or deterioritation of real wages, rates of employment and other indicators of quality of life. In year 2020, with the negative impact of the pandemia of Coronavirus on Tourism, the need to foster industrial development of Spain is of uppermost importance to increase Employment in Services, which are very important both for women, and men, and to favour better working conditions and quality of life. We analyse social visibility of relevant women who are outstanding in many fields of activity. We find gender gap in social visibility. Although there are yet many unfair situations, we may highlight several positive contributions that are helping to increase equality of opportunities for women.
