Since declaring independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland’s peace initiatives have promoted governance, social cohesion, and development. This study examines strategies, including reconciliation processes, inclusive decision-making, and the integration of traditional and modern governance. The research draws upon works by Omaar (2004), Ridout (2012), Mohamed (2024), Fernández Garcia (2017), Richards (2016), Hersi (2018), and Ingiriis (2021) to analyze Somaliland's peacebuilding approach. Recognizing the role of the clan system in social organization has been crucial to Somaliland's success. By incorporating traditional leadership into modern governance, Somaliland has built resilient social structures that emphasize dialogue and community participation. The 1993 Grand National Reconciliation Conference established power-sharing agreements and decentralized governance to address historical grievances. Somaliland's focus on civic engagement, including women, youth, and marginalized groups, has strengthened social cohesion beyond clan affiliations. The 2001 Constitution and regular elections have institutionalized accountability. However, Somaliland faces challenges from regional security threats and internal clan divisions. Despite these obstacles, Somaliland has demonstrated effective post-conflict reconstruction through community-driven initiatives and inclusive governance. These experiences offer lessons for regions that face similar challenges in achieving sustainable peace.
This study investigates the factors that influence the level of hope among South Korean baby boomers aged 62 to 70. Using data from 198 participants, the research analyzes how life quality, social participation, and economic satisfaction contribute to their hope level. Multiple regression analysis revealed that all three variables had significant positive effects, with life quality emerging as the strongest predictor. The study suggests that improving life quality and promoting social engagement are key strategies for enhancing hope in old age. Policy implications and limitations are also discussed
The capacity to peruse English is fundamental for scholastic and expert achievement, especially for EFL understudies. Be that as it may, perusing cognizance in EFL settings is often frustrated by restricted jargon, deficient openness to legitimate texts, and an absence of key understanding procedures. This study analyzes the effect of unequivocal perusing methodology guidance in tending to these difficulties and advancing understudy independence. It centers around systems like skimming, filtering, foreseeing, and summing up to assist understudies with exploring complex texts autonomously. A semi-trial configuration was utilized with 48 undergrad EFL understudies in a college establishment program. Members were separated into a trial bunch (EG), which got procedure-based guidance, and a benchmark group (CG), which followed conventional techniques. North of 12 weeks, the EG participated in organized perusing exercises consolidating system preparation, while the CG kept a guideline educational program. Information assortment included pre-and present tests on evaluate appreciation, intelligent diaries from the EG, and semi-organized interviews for subjective experiences. Quantitative examination showed a huge improvement in the EG's understanding scores, with a mean increment of 20%, contrasted with a peripheral 7% in the CG. Subjective discoveries showed improved understudy independence, with EG members exhibiting more prominent trust in moving toward understanding undertakings. Moves remembered troubles for applying systems to new or specialized texts, accentuating the requirement for consistent practice and backing. This study highlights the groundbreaking capability of technique-based perusing guidance in EFL settings. Incorporating mental and metacognitive systems into the educational plan can enable understudies to beat understanding troubles and become autonomous students, with suggestions for educational program advancement, educator preparation, and long-haul procedure use.
The contestations of Abyei by Sudan and South Sudan has continued to brew conflicts for the two sisterly states. While the conflicts emanate from the lack of clarity of eligible voters from the Abyei Protocol, 2004 of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 2005, the contestations graduated into the cacophony tunes of nationalism. The Government of South Sudan being led by the ruling party, SPLM and to the greatest extent, by the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGoNU) argues Abyei as part and parcel of South Sudan and this can be confirmed by the conduct of a referendum for self-determination. Although this argument is being tweaked on the Abyei protocol that spelt out the voters as resident of Abyei and which the Ngok Dinka believe to be them since they permanently stay in Abyei, Misseriya Arabs, who seasonably graze their cattle at river Kiir consider themselves as voters in the Abyei plebiscite. Thus, this has caused contestations, tensions and conflicts in the Abyei area. Though the protocol has designated the Chief Administrator of Abyei Area, the ultimate goal was to conduct a referendum for self-determination alongside Southern Sudan referendum on 9th January 2011. The paper argues that failure to conduct the Abyei referendum the same day with Southern Sudan referendum is to do with zero-sum interest of Government of Sudan to retain Abyei so as to own hydrocarbon resources. Abyei has enormous crude oil which the Government of Sudan doesn’t want to loss again like the way its lost 90% of its oilfields to South Sudan. This economic interest driven by centripetal politics has led the two sisterly countries to collide over Abyei ownership leading to sporadic conflicts in the region from 2011. While the Government of South Sudan insists that Abyei belong to nine Ngok-Dinka chiefdom who are members of greater Dinka of South Sudan and who are only eligible to vote, the Government of Sudan has categorically rejected this, leading to the cul-de-sac. While other attempts were made including the ruling of Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) of awarding the people of Abyei to South Sudan and oil resources to Sudan, this did not help in resolving the Abyei debacle. The paper has used qualitative research design with a case study of Abyei and other drawn examples from contested areas such as Kashmir. It process-traces the Abyei contestations between Sudan and South Sudan. The study concludes that although Abyei remains a disastrous and highly contested spot amongst the contested lands in the world, contested lands don't have to remain contested and the two Governments of Sudan and South Sudan must immediately resolve Abyei status to eschew sporadic conflicts, deaths and destruction of properties.
Abstract:The Languages of Ethiopia: Aspects of the Sociolinguistic Profile provides a comprehensive exploration of the country's linguistic diversity and the intricate sociolinguistic dynamics that shape language use across various domains. The volume covers the historical development of languages in Ethiopia, the influences of language policy, and the complexities of multilingualism in both rural and urban contexts. This review critically evaluates the book’s thematic organisation, analytical depth, and its contribution to sociolinguistic research, particularly regarding language contact, identity, and policy implications. While the book offers valuable insights into Ethiopia’s linguistic landscape, this review highlights areas where deeper empirical investigation and updated data could enhance understanding. The work is recommended for linguists, sociolinguists, policymakers, and anyone interested in the intersection of language, society, and culture in Ethiopia.
