A step-resolved framework explains how catalytic environments regulate adsorption, dehydrogenation, chemical conversion, C–C cleavage and desorption to shape glycerol electrooxidation selectivity, activity and stability.
A chemistry-centered framework for Ga-based liquid metal biomimetics, linking multiscale material design and interfacial reactions to matter simulation, energy conversion, information processing and cross-habitat adaptation.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become a mainstream technology for high-end displays. In full-color OLED displays and white-light illumination applications, the performance of red, green, and blue (RGB) emitters directly affects the efficiency, color purity, and operational lifetime of OLED devices, which collectively determine their overall performance and commercial viability. In this review, we systematically summarize the development of small-molecule RGB OLED emitters and their molecular design strategies, with a particular focus on their device operational stability and the key challenges associated with practical applications. We further discuss the key factors governing the operational lifetime of RGB OLED devices and summarize integrated strategies for achieving high efficiency, excellent color purity, and prolonged operational stability. We believe that this review will provide valuable insights into the design of stable RGB emitters and devices and stimulate further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) hold great promise for low-carbon energy systems, yet their commercial viability is hindered by performance bottlenecks, particularly at the cathode catalyst layer (CCL). Central to the performance of PEMFCs is the triple-phase boundary (TPB), where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs. However, achieving an ideal TPB is complicated by ionomer-induced poisoning, oxygen mass transport resistance, proton conduction discontinuities, and water management challenges. This review discusses the challenges associated with the TPB, focusing on ionomer poisoning, oxygen mass transport, proton conduction, and water management, and highlights the strategies to optimize each of these issues. It also covers recent advances in material strategies, including ionomer molecular engineering, surface functionalization of carbon supports, and catalyst design, aimed at improving TPB formation and maintaining optimal transport conditions. The study emphasizes the importance of optimizing the TPB for improving the efficiency and durability of PEMFCs, providing insights into designing next-generation low-Pt catalysts with enhanced performance.
Anions are efficient catalysts when combined with organosilanes as pro-nucleophiles or with base-embedding electrophiles, the latter is an emerging catalytic deprotonation strategy which disentangles turnover from acidity–basicity constraints.
