By 1992, there were 3187 maternal and child health (MCH) care centers and 34 children's hospitals in 87.9% of China's villages, staffed with 58,379 gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians; 60,000 midwives; and 460,000 country doctors and birth attendants. From 1949 to 1990, the infant mortality rate declined from about 200/1000 to 31.42/1000, and the maternal mortality rate dropped from 1500 per 100,000 women to 94.7 per 100,000 women. By 1992, deliveries attended by trained midwives constituted 84.1% nationwide, and hospital deliveries made up 52.7% nationally. The childhood immunization coverage rate is over 85%. The family planning policy was established in 1979 to promote later age at marriage, encourage delayed childbearing, and support fewer but healthier births. China advocates 1 child per couple; however, certain minority groups may have 3 or even 4 children. At the town level, family planning sub-stations were established throughout the county to disseminate information about family planning, provide technical services, distribute contraceptives, and train family planning service workers. The maternal mortality rate remains unacceptably high at 114.9 per 100,000 women in rural China. Inadequate nutrition of children is as high as 21%. In remote areas the fertility rate, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate remain comparatively high. In 1992 a total of 759,989 cases of STDs were reported throughout the country. By the end of 1992, testing for HIV among 1.61 million people revealed 969 HIV-positive and 12 AIDS cases. About 15 million men have accepted male sterilization in Sichuan. By 1992 a total of over 156.6 million women were using IUDs and sterilization, whereas only 31.7 million husbands used male methods such as the condom and sterilization. Extensive IEC activities are being carried out that stress the advantages of male methods. In 1992 the IUD and sterilization accounted for 90.8% of the total. By 1993, the sale of contraceptives in the marketplace (in hospitals, drug-stores, pharmacies and others) accounted for 14% of the total.
Based on present reality,objective existing demographic laws,and analysis on 2010 census and other recent data,we propose to start as soon as possible the preparation in 2015 and implementation of the universal two-child policy in 2016 in nationwide rural and urban areas. More specifically,we suggest that in the less developed rural areas,while universally allowing farmers to have their second child,the family planning program may encourage adequate spacing to avoid birth heaping; in the urban and more developed rural areas where late-childbearing and low fertility have become a normal social practice,the universal two-child policy should be implemented with no need to encourage birth spacing. We demonstrated that the universal two-child policy will not only satisfy people's desires for two children but also absolutely not-causing birth heaping,and it is a win-win policy for both the nation and people. As compared to the current fertility policy,the universal twochild policy is much better in some aspects of future demographic and socioeconomic conditions,and it is much more useful to strengthen the balanced socioeconomic development in China.
The changes in labor supply and demand are important factors affecting economic growth.The purpose of this paper is to predict and analyze the trends in China’s labor supply and demand during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period and the longer period in the future.The scale and structure of the annual new entrants of labor force are predicted by accounting the numbers who are leaving from various stages of education.while trends of labor demand are predicted according to employment elasticity from the experience of industrialization of developed countries. The results show that, during the 13 th FiveYear Plan period.the scale of the new added labor would decrease slightly, with an average annual increment of around 15.68 million. At the same time.labor demand would increase steadily, with annually 15.42 million employment opportunities. Labor supply and demand would be roughly balanced; however,there would be increasing structural contradictions of the labor market.Based on the analysis of labor supply and demand,we provide an estimation of the unemployment scale of the 40’s and 50’s generations,migrant workers and college graduates,and discuss policy suggestions on promoting employment of college graduates.
Little is not unexpected from China’s 2010 Population Census.The fertility continues to be far below the replacement even taken into account all the possible"statistical errors".Population aging has been accelerating in both numbers and rates.The proportion of urban population has been soaring to hit the line of 50 percent.The population
Demographic methods and techniques are powerful tools to quantitatively analyse and understand the phenomenon of population. However, the scientifi c methods and techniques are likely to draw wrong conclusions, and they may even become the amulet of a fallacy, if they are used undeservedly. In recent years, misuse and abuse of demographic methods appear quite often in population studies, which are harmful to the seriousness and the accuracy of population statistics. Taking a new study of the fertility level with the P/F ratio method for the 2010 national population census as an example, this paper displays how a scientific method could produce a series of misleading conclusions when the assumptions were ignored and the precondition were not satisfi ed. Therefore, researchers should be wary of misuse and abuse of demographic methods in population studies.
