Throughout history, states have controlled economic and social activities in various ways. Initially, command and control orders were used, but the state has recently relied on market incentives. Increased regulation during the coronavirus pandemic is inevitable. The effects of regulation can bring gains and losses to individual actors. Research has shown that excessive economic regulation results in loss of efficiency and large amounts of redistributed income. Many researchers also believe that regulation creates a monopoly force rather than restraining it. In times of great plagues, the question arises: What is the relationship between the value of human life and economic activities in a particular society of a historical period? These topics are examined through the analysis of cases of major epidemics that have changed the social and economic paradigm; Athenian plague of 430 BC, medieval Black Death, and COVID 19 pandemic, with particular reference to mortality, loss of working-age population, their impact on the economy, and the adoption of some post-epidemic regulations, which must consider broader institutional changes, as well as new living conditions, gave the new economic circumstances.
In this paper, the sector productivity of the Bosnia and Herzegovina economy is analyzed by measuring the labor productivity for three different moments in the Beili economy (years 2012, 2017 and 2020). Despite the long-standing problem of low productivity, the issue with labor productivity has been neglected in Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic policies. Due to the importance of productivity for sustainable economic growth, this paper can serve as a warning to economic policymakers that they need to address the problem of low productivity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The current study provides an insight into the productivity of economic activities (NACE Rev.2) by measuring the rate of change in labor productivity in 2017 compared to 2012, in 2020 compared to 2017, and 2020 compared to 2012. Data from the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina were used: 1. Gross value added by activities and gross domestic product, chain-linked at prices 2015 (ESA 2010), and 2. According to CEA, the annual average of persons in paid employment (NACE Rev.2). The labor productivity was calculated for different disaggrega tions in the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the primary, quaternary and quinary sectors, there was a decrease in labor productivity in 2017 compared to 2012. However, in 2020, compared to 2017, there was an increase in labor productivity in the primary, quaternary, and slightly in the quinary, while there was a decrease in the secondary and tertiary sectors. In 2020 compared to 2012, there was a decrease in labor productivity in all fives aggregate sectors. Due to the limitations of measuring the productivity of only one input (labor), the limitations and guidelines for future research were presented in the paper after the discussions.
The past few years have seen an increase in domestic or foreign investors deciding to invest their financial resources in sports, specifically in football clubs. This article aims to determine the profitability of investments in the sports industry, football, and football clubs. To determine the profitability and self-sustainability of large sports systems, it is necessary to analyze the structure of revenues and expenditures to determine the factors and their impact on each segment of the financial structure of the sports organization. The analysis of the structure of the revenue and expenditure sides of the budget will be used to detect the importance of certain factors in sports organization operations. It is known that, in terms of expenditure, there are "less and more costly" sports, that is, sports that can achieve their sports results with lower budgetary expenditures and those sports and competitions that require higher financial sums to achieve their sports goals. Of course, depending on the competition level, revenues and expenses of sports organizations grow. As football is the sport with the most significant number of followers globally, the topic of this paper is precisely football and football clubs, both in the Republic of Croatia and in the most attractive and best football leagues. A comparison of revenue structures will also answer the question of self-sustainability in financial terms. This refers to the analysis of the extent of stable revenues that the football club manages directly, their share in total revenues, how dispersed the revenues are, and the like. The management must answer all these questions to manage the sports organization well.
This article identifies, presents, and analyses the applications of the leading nonparametric DEA (data envelopment analysis) methodology in the assessment of the impact M&A transactions in European banking had on bank efficiency. The main goal of this paper is to identify all the relevant published studies in this area thus far and present and analyze the findings regarding the impact of M&As on banks' efficiency. Another goal of this article is to provide a theoretical background to the processes of M&As in banking and the leading nonparametric DEA methodology. This paper conducts a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement guidelines with stringent selection criteria to include relevant Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) studies on the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on bank efficiency in Europe. The authors have surveyed the two largest scientific databases, i.e., Scopus and Clarivate Web of Science databases, with the keywords "DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS", "BANK": "MERGER", and "ACQUISITION": The PRISMA method has led the authors to 7 relevant papers regarding the impact of M & M&A on bank efficiency in Europe. The ultimate goal of this paper is to raise awareness to academic members, researchers, and analysts globally to employ the DEA methodology more often when it comes to measuring the effects and impact of M&A transactions in banking.
Many authors believe that journalism is becoming a female profession due to the commercialization of the media. That means improving market needs, higher ratings, more advertising, and more money to owners. Women journalists in traditional journalism have a much more fragmented and contradictory professional identity than men. Many authors suggest that managerial positions in the media are changing in favor of women, noting the visual media's tendency towards fostering youth, feminization, and sexualization. The transformation of journalism into feminist journalism has happened because the owners are focused on consumers and the market. The scope of this paper is to recognize the causal nexus between the representation of women on national televisions and their income. One hundred eighty-nine women employees of news programs of three national televisions answered an anonymous survey. Collected data were synthesized and correlated on their age, salary, education, managerial position, or better-paid jobs. The survey results will show whether the mobilization of women in the television industry has resulted in their better position and good monetization of their contribution to the growing industry or whether women are only lower-paid workers in homojournalism. This paper aims to determine the position of women in the television industry, the division of labor and the form of employment, and trends in divergence, based on microdata from the survey on age, salary, and education. According to the survey results, 42% of female television workers receive the average Croatian salary. Only 0.9% have managerial income.
