This article aims to analyse the role of proxy advisors in the context of EU law and the manner in which the relevant provisions have been implemented into Polish, German and Italian law. As these advisors provide advice to institutional investors on how to exercise their voting rights, they may influence shareholder and company decisions, creating a risk of conflicts of interest and justifying the need for transparency in their activities. While this institution plays a significant role in the United States, its importance in Poland appears minimal. The author argues that the provisions concerning proxy advisors generally have no practical application under Polish law and are largely irrelevant.
Once the privilege of a wealthy elite in the 19th century, tourism has evolved into a high volume, trillion-dollar global industry, reshaping economies, societies and the reach of public international law. As it expanded across borders, tourism's transnational character, the potential for adverse effects, and engagement with shared global values have made it a subject of international regulation. Its remarkable growth culminated in the 2019 adoption of the Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics by UN Tourism-the first treaty of its kind adopted and managed by a UN Specialized Agency specifically addressing the sector. This paper examines the legal distinctions between the Framework Convention and its predecessor, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, situating their evolution within broader shifts in international law and global governance. It further examines the institutional, political and socio-economic contexts in which these instruments emerged, arguing that the interplay between soft law and treaty law in tourism governance shows a pragmatic approach to international cooperation, with practical implications for domestic legal frameworks.
Process management (PM), based on compliance with the requirements of the Quality Management System and ISO 9001 standards, is a key predictor of generating business excellence in manufacturing companies. Management of the Procurement, Production, and Sales processes is determinant of the success of supplier relationship management and customer relationship management, which ultimately determines the success of manufacturing companies in establishing efficient and effective supply chain management (SCM). The practice of business excellence manufacturing companies (winners of the business excellence awards) has shown that the interdependence of the relationship between PM and SCM success is the key to generating long-term, sustainable business success in all markets in which the company operates. An empirical study was conducted on a sample of 113 manufacturing companies in the Republic of Serbia. It has been proven that the realization of target performance management processes, Procurement, Production, and Sales, directly affects the realization of target performance management supply chain of manufacturing companies. Internal integration, integration with suppliers, and integration with customers, as determinants of PM success, statistically significantly and directly determine each of the qualitative indicators of target performance of SCM (measured by customer satisfaction): product quality, timeliness of delivery, minimizing complaints, respecting customer suggestions, and price competitiveness.
International and European human rights laws increasingly recognise inclusive education as an essential requirement for a successful exercise of the right to education. This article discusses the normative basis of the child's right to inclusive education, relying on international treaty norms and the European Court of Human Rights' jurisprudence. It claims that states carry main responsibility for creating inclusive educational systems. The findings show that, despite strong legal guarantees, many children, particularly those with disabilities, continue to encounter severe impediments to fair and good-quality education. The article continues by addressing the structural adjustments required to turn inclusive education from a declarative commitment to an enforceable and practical reality.
