Since the last century, marine plastic debris, as a category of pollutants with potential ecological risks, have attracted the attention of researchers. As large as several meters or as small as a few microns, plastics are widely distributed in the marine environment. Compared with dissolved pollutants, it is more difficult for plastics to disperse evenly in marine media for they existed in solid form for a long time in marine environment. However, in recent years, plastic debris have been found in the ocean, polar and deep sea where are far from their sources, which is obviously closely related to the transport of plastics in the marine environment. On the one hand, the distribution and transport of plastics are affected by their material properties and various environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and consider these factors in designation of marine plastic monitoring activities to improve effectively the sampling representativeness by adjusting and standardizing the sampling scheme. On the other hand, understanding the factors affecting the transport and fate of marine plastics is also a necessary prerequisite for predicting whether plastics will accumulate in specific sea areas or layers and where they would accumulate, for inferring the exposure of plastics in marine habitats, and then for predicting the potential risks of plastics to ecosystems and even human health. Base on relevant researches summarized on the transport behavior of plastics（including microplastics）, the factors affecting the horizontal and vertical distribution of marine plastics, and the sampling methods in plastic monitoring activities in seawater and sediments are discussed. According to the research progress related to plastic environmental behavior, the schematic basis and precautions during formulation of plastic debris monitoring activity are analyzed.
The fermentation product of a deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus puniceus A2 was isolated and purified with silica gel column and high-performance liquid chromatography, which isolated 6 compounds. The chemical structures of the 6 compounds were identified as Austocystin I（1）, Austocystin G（2）, 6-methoxyl Austocystin A（3）, Austocystin F（4）, F02ZA-1593B 2 （5）, and Austocystin A（6） by NMR spectrum analysis and compared with literature data. All the isolated compounds were reported firstly in this fungus. Among them, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 6 showed toxic effects on hepatic stellate cells LX2 at the concentration of 20 μmol/L, suggesting that they may have anti-hepatic fibrosis effects.Compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6 inhibited significantly the LPS-induced NO secretion in mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7 at 20 μmol/L, showing anti-inflammatory activity.
Tetrodotoxin（TTX） has an excellent application prospect in the treatment of neuropathic diseases such as sedation, analgesia, anesthesia and detoxification without causing addiction. However, due to its high cost of extraction from puffer fish, it is difficult to be widely applied. There is increasingly evidence that TTX originates from its symbiotic microbes. A strain of TTX-producing Bacillus sp. 3G2 was isolated from the liver of wild puffer fish（Takifugu oblongus）, and 35 ng/mL TTX in fermentation broth was detected by ELISA and colloidal gold assay. Then, Bacillus sp. 3G2 was inoculated in a special dialysis incubator, and continuous culture was achieved by continuous flow and fresh culture medium. The mice biological activity and tetrodotoxin test strips were used to detect TTX in the fermentation broth. The crude TTX was purified by TTX antibody immunoprecipitation and further identified by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）. Our study further corroborated the exogenous hypothesis of tetrodotoxin by means of screening high-quality strains from puffer fish, and preliminarily verify the superiority of dialysis production of tetrodotoxin. Therefor it provided a practical basis for subsequent commercial application.
The concept of standardization guideline for constructing a marine ecological monitoring station present in this paper is to accelerate the process of networking and standardization of long-term, fixed-point and continuous monitoring of marine ecosystem besides designation. Based on the analysis of status and experience of various long-term ecological monitoring networks home and abroad, the research status and existing problems of long-term positional monitoring of marine ecosystems in China were discussed, as well as the significance, principles and objectives of constructing marine ecological monitoring stations. In addition, guidelines of the principles, processes, construction contents and operational maintenance and management of the marine ecological monitoring stations were given. It is of great theoretical and practical significance in promoting the healthy and orderly development of marine ecological monitoring and its network system, enhancing the monitoring and early warning ability and research quality of marine ecosystems.
In order to develop the multi-trophic Integrated Aquaculture System（IMTA）, the composition and spatial characteristics of the annual changes of benthic macroalgae community in the intertidal zone of aquaculture sea area at Xiasanhengshan Island, Shengsi, Zhejiang Province in 2019, were investigated. Results showed that a total of 36 species, including 24, 4 and 8 species of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta, were collected in the research area and the community structure changed significantly with seasons. Sargassum thunbergii, S. fusiforme, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Laurencia composita dominated at all 9 sites in sea area investigated, and S. thunbergii was the dominant species occurred in all seasons. The annual averages of Margalef index（D）, Shannon index（H′） and Evenness index（J′） of the macroalgae are 0.81, 1.85 and 2.33, respectively, with obvious seasonal changes. The Pearson correlation analysis of dominant species showed that G. turuturu and L. composita had very significant correlations with chlorophyll a, temperature and salinity. The biomass of G. livida and Chondrus ocellatus correlated very significantly with dissolved oxygen. Corallina officinalis correlated significantly with dissolved inorganic phosphorus and pH, and S. horneri correlated significantly and inversely with temperature. U. lactuca correlated significantly with COD, pH, salinity and chlorophyll a. The biomass of S. fusiforme had a very significant correlation with chemical oxygen demand. The dominant species with commercial value of S. fusiforme, S. thunbergia and U. lactuca can be used as candidate species in the IMTA system. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the development and optimization of the fish-shell-algae integrated ecological aquaculture model in future.
