This narrative review explores the role of Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems (BAS/BIS) in narcissism, focusing on neurocognitive mechanisms and clinical applications. Narcissism is now viewed as a heterogeneous construct, encompassing grandiose and vulnerable dimensions that differ in reward/punishment sensitivity and affective regulation. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) offers a valuable framework to understand how individual differences in BAS/BIS shape motivational and self-regulatory processes. Synthesizing empirical, neuropsychological, and personality research, we find that heightened BAS responsiveness consistently links to reward-seeking, approach motivation, and grandiose narcissism, while elevated BIS sensitivity correlates with threat monitoring, avoidance, and vulnerable narcissism. Prefrontal–limbic networks and implicit self-esteem processes mediate these associations. The evidence suggests that narcissism arises from dynamic interactions among motivational systems, self-evaluation, and regulatory control—rather than a fixed trait. Clinically, BAS/BIS profiling may improve subtype differentiation and guide tailored interventions, with relevance across diverse populations.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects an estimated 3% of adults worldwide (Fayyad et al., 2017). Current national and local prescribing guidelines recommend methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine as first-line pharmacological treatments for adults with ADHD (JFC, 2025; NICE, 2019; SBUHB, 2022). However, the limited availability of direct comparative studies creates uncertainty regarding the optimal initial treatment choice. This critical review evaluates the evidence underpinning current prescribing recommendations and examines the relative merits of methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine as first-line pharmacological treatments for adults with ADHD.
Cancer happens when cells grow uncontrollably, forming tumors that can spread and affect other organs and body functions. It’s one of the deadliest diseases today, claiming millions of lives each year. Treating cancer effectively is challenging due to differences in the disease's behavior, access to healthcare, and other social and economic factors. This review aims to highlight recent progress in cancer drug research, drawing from studies. Information was gathered from trusted sources like PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The review covers a wide range of developments, including new drug targets, plant-based therapies, chemical compounds tested in labs or living systems, and drugs originally developed for other conditions that have shown potential against cancer.Overall, this article brings together key findings from recent studies to provide a clear overview of emerging strategies and treatments in the fight against cancer, focusing on effective drug targets, plant-derived compounds, drug repurposing, and innovative chemical agents.
A growing movement of scientists, philosophers, and spiritual thinkers is turning their attention to water, not only as the basis of biological life, but also as a potential mirror of human consciousness. This shift goes beyond the material understanding of water as a resource and raises questions about its deeper role in the human experience. Could water, which flows through every cell of the body and every ecosystem on Earth, also serve as a medium for energy, memory, or consciousness? The human brain is composed of roughly 73%-75% water, meaning hydration dictates every aspect of consciousness, from daily focus and mood regulation to neurological waste clearance. Cognitive performance had previously been reported to decline at or above a 2% body water loss. The level of reduction in cognitive performance can depend on environmental and individual factors (e.g. level of fitness, acclimatization, and dehydration tolerance) and it appears that as the level of dehydration increases, efficiency of cognitive processing decreases. In long distance walkers and runners, increased water intake has been associated with increased visual attentiveness and short-term memory. In women, aspects of mood (i.e. vigor, alertness, fatigue, calmness, confusion, happiness) were negatively affected during fluid deprivation. Children may also have decrements in cognitive functioning as a result of inadequate water intake. Recently we have learned that even mild dehydration – a body water loss of 1–2% - can impair cognitive abilities. This amount of dehydration equates to about 1½-3 lbs of body weight loss for a 150 lb person, which could occur through routine daily activities. Since many individuals experience fatigue later in the day when their workout time approaches, this could be important for fitness professionals to discuss with their clients. We are presenting some in vivo experimental data regarding MRET treated water effects on the brain tissues in this article. These experimental findings may share a light on the possible MRET activated water effect on brain physiology and consciousness.
The outline of the Antarctic snow and ice sheets is similar to that of a fat head tadpole. However, it was a newly formed in the past 36 Ma something like the 3D print by nature with the birth sequence from the big end of fat head (East Antarctic) to the small end of tail (Antarctic peninsula) covering the ancient Antarctic plate which drifted from the close equatorial area to the South Pole. The more interesting of the fat head tadpole of snow and ice sheets is its aging sequence which would begin from the small end of its tail (Antarctic peninsula) to the big end of fat head in the next 1～2 centuries predicted by the authoritative scientists. It would be just opposite to the birth sequence of it. Therefore, the fat head tadpole of snow and ice sheets would disappear thoroughly in the next 1～2 centuries in the future due to the actual threating global warming.
