In recent years, the role of regional actors has increased against the backdrop of the global transformation of the world order and they begin to pursue independent policies, greatly reducing their dependence on the world's superpowers. In the Middle East, Iran and Saudi Arabia are becoming the most active actors. The article is devoted to the problem of relations between Iran and Arab countries (special attention is paid to Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Syria) in the last two decades, in the era of global transformation of the world order. In this context, it is important to note the strengthening role of the BRICS as a new important world pole, to which several Middle Eastern countries, including Iran, have joined. These processes have helped to reduce the intensity of conflicts in the region. Among the countries considered, Iran has historically had the closest relations with Syria. Iran made considerable efforts to support and reinforce Assad's government which was ultimately overthrown due to a combination of circumstances. Until recently, Iran's relations with Saudi Arabia have been tense, reaching a peak of confrontation during the Syrian war. In 2023, the two countries achieved normalization of relations, but in 2026, after the start of American-Israeli aggression against Iran, they again sharply deteriorated. The relations between Iran and Algeria (a BRICS candidate country) developed quite well during the period under review, and are expected to strengthen further in the future.
Trade liberalization initiated by the WTO has accelerated the flow of globalization in both developing and developed countries, affecting various economic sectors. However, the influence of globalization on export competitiveness, both in developing and developed countries, has not yet found a clear common ground. Therefore, this study examines the association between globalization and export competitiveness in the fruits and nuts sector, comparing 55 developing and 16 developed countries over the period 2003–2023. Secondary data was used in this study and the data were arranged in the form of panel data consisting of 55 developing countries and 16 developed countries between 2003 and 2023. The data were analyzed using a dynamic panel model estimated through the two-step System GMM approach, complemented by a pooled interaction regression. The results of the analysis show that globalization has a positive influence on export competitiveness in the fruits and nuts sector for developed countries, but has a negative influence on developing countries. Developed countries tend to be able to compete well when the flow of globalization increases, but developing countries suffer from weak mastery of technology and low quality of human resources.
The present article endeavors to provide a comprehensive review of contemporary research in the domain of success factors in ‘color revolutions.’ Despite the plethora of recent studies that seek to delineate the subsequent wave of research in the theory of revolutions, there is a paucity of literature that addresses the success factors in ‘color revolutions’ in conjunction with the mechanism of influence of these factors. This article aims to address this lacuna in the existing scholarship. A thorough analysis of contemporary works reveals that researchers worldwide, within the framework of the theory of revolution, have identified ten key factors contributing to the success of these events. Those factors encompass the role of unarmed revolutions, the ‘power of numbers,’ the impact of global democratization, the absence of violence, external influences, the erosion of loyalty among security forces, the role of the mass media, the duration of rule in an authoritarian regime / incumbent duration, the absence of natural resources, and the ethnic composition of the population.
The article is devoted to the philosophical understanding of the current issues of global development and the responsibility of philosophers for the state of affairs in the modern world. The article is based on interviews with three world-renowned and highly influential world-class philosophers who each served as President of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) for five years; and now they are Honorary Presidents of this international philosophical organization. The publication of such an article is an extraordinary event, since it presents the most authoritative opinions on current global issues that concern not only philosophers, but also specialists in the field of global studies fr om various scientific and professional backgrounds.
The possible consequences of the decisions taken at the recent Conferences of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change COP26 (Glasgow 2021) and COP28 (Dubai 2023), for the world energy and future climate change are examined. A set of scenarios of anthropogenic impacts on the global climate system is proposed, including the full implementation of the Glasgow decisions on decarbonisation of the world economy, reduction of methane emissions and reforestation, as well as alternative scenarios for world energy development based on low options for changes in world population, in order to prevent dangerous global climate change. The global carbon cycle and climate models developed at MPEI have been used to simulate changes in the chemical composition and thermal radiation balance of the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the global average air temperature for each of the scenarios. It is shown that only the full implementation of the full range of measures proposed in Glasgow to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the planet's climate system, while maintaining the current growth rates in energy consumption and world population, will be able to keep warming below 1.5° C with reference to pre-industrial levels, but there are serious doubts about the practical implementation of the proposed program of decarbonisation of the world economy. At the same time, our findings suggest that the development of natural demographic processes can restrain growth and ensure a decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations even before the end of this century. In this case, the increase in global average temperature can be limited to a marginally safe level of 1.8 degrees above the pre-industrial period, without a large-scale restructuring of the world's energy sector. However, it is virtually certain that the 1.5 °C threshold will be exceeded within the next decade, and that the period of 1.5 °C temperature overshoot will last for more than a century. Already by the end of this century, global temperatures will have to be brought back down by explicitly removing carbon dioxide fr om the atmosphere: an immense task that will require a build-up of a negative-emissions economy.
