The rapidly increasing global population and industrialisation are the main causes of the problem of water contamination. Issues with heavy metals are the main cause of this contamination. At least 20 metals are considered toxic and one of the most toxic is lead (Pb). Even though lead is being used in various industries, 86% of lead is remarkably used in battery industries, contributing to lead pollution. Water is utilised extensively during the battery-making process, particularly for washing battery parts for recycling. Hence, the process water becomes heavily contaminated, majorly with Pb compounds. Accordingly, treating Pb-containing effluent is mandatory for humanity and industrial survival. The conventional purification techniques were not sophisticated and resulted in waste and complex effluents harmful to the environment, demanding more advanced purification systems. A non-destructive separation, known as membrane separation, is a well-established technique for treating wastewater containing heavy metal ions and producing high-quality treated effluent. Polymeric membranes are of primary interest, as they can be easily modified and compatible with different materials like polymers and nanoadditives to improve membrane performance. The performance is primarily evaluated based on porosity, hydrophilicity, permeability, rejection capacity and anti-fouling nature. This study compiles research on polymer nanocomposite membranes for lead removal from the last five years.
An empirical exploration into the effects of time duration, voltage supply, concentration and flow rate on the membrane average fiber diameter and surface pore size distribution were done using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central compact design (CCD).The average fiber diameter and average surface pore diameter of the membrane (i.e.110 nm and 130 nm, respectively) were obtained at optimum input parameters of 45 min, 10 wt.%, 12 kV and 1.0 mL/h for time duration, concentration, voltage supply, and flow rate, respectively.The optimization study shows that the predicted versus actual values of both membrane fiber diameter and surface pore diameter are at R 2 = 0.96.In addition, the effect of glutaraldehyde on membrane crosslinking was also assessed for further studies.The results from FESEM images of the fabricated PVA nanofiber membranes using the optimized parameters revealed that the membranes showed smooth morphological structures without formation of beads.The thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results displayed an improvement in thermal stability after membrane crosslinking.From this study we have observed that the membrane average fiber diameter and surface pore diameter can be controlled by varying the electrospinning parameters and can be utilized for wastewater treatment application.
This paper deals with various fertilizer influences to draw solutions to the neat CTA/CA, MA/CTA/CA, and the Al2O3/MA/CTA/CA nanocomposite (NC) modified membrane. Also, the applicability of the neat CTA/CA, MA/CTA/CA, and The Al2O3/MA/CTA/CA nanocomposite (NC) modified membrane display high water flux when it used to desalinate brine water sample collected from the brine mid-stream from Mersa Matruh area, North-Western Coast of Egypt. The salinity of the collected sample is 12760 mg/L and PH (8.5) and used as FS, and 1M from different fertilizer draw solutes (DFDS) include KCl, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, and K2HPO4 used as DS. The results reveal that the flux was KCl and NH4Cl (17.8 L/m2.h) and followed by (NH4)2SO4 (17.1 L/m2.h) and K2HPO4 (16.6 L/m2.h) using the natural saline water as FS using Al2O3/MA/CTA/CA NC modified membrane. The reusability test of the synthesised Al2O3/MA/CTA/CA NC modified membrane showed good sustainability during the 1260 min continuous test. The FO application displayed a great potential to be interested in brine wastewater desalination and enhanced water source sustainability to use in agriculture fertigation.
: Four distinctive Ceramic membranes have been synthesized using bentonite and Egyptian clay with the expansion of melamine. The addition of melamine (~ 1% by wt.) enhanced the porosity, density, the thermal stability and water permeability of the membranes made from bentonite or Egyptian clay while decreasing the chemical stability of either bentonite or Egyptian clay membranes. The most noteworthy level of decrease in COD (94.7%) is acquired for the concentration of 200ppm with saturating flux of 4.63 E-05 (m 3 /m 2 .s) utilizing (B+M) membrane. The cost of the four manufactured clay membranes was assessed based on raw materials used in the present investigation.
Ammonia in gaseous form is one of the major pollutants in waters and wastewaters. Of all the processes studied so far for the removal of dissolved ammonia from aqueous solution, hollow fiber membrane contactor-based processes have shown great potential. This method has shown to be effective to substantially reducing ammonia concentration to an acceptable value economically and efficiently. Mathematical analysis is presented in this report for the removal of ammonia dissolved in an aqueous phase to a recovery/stripping solution in a hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC). The membrane contactor is considered to consist of the lumen side (allowing aqueous flow) and shell side (allowing the flow of the stripping/recovery solution). An approximate analytical solution is derived for the simplified model that does not include radial diffusion of solutes (only axial mass flux is included). The predicted results of this solution are compared with the experimental data and with the numerical results in the literature over a range of operating conditions. The flow rates of the feed solution covered: 2.01 x 10 -9 to 4.7 x 10 -6 m3/s, initial concentration: 50 – 800 ppm and pH values of the solution containing ammonia: 8 - 11. The agreement is very good between the profiles of the simplified analytical solution and the earlier published experimental data. In addition, the results obtained by the analytical solution are close to the numerical solution of the complete model over a good range of operating conditions.
