Cele współpracy rozwojowej obejmują płaszczyznę oddziaływania pomocowego na rzecz społeczeństw innych państw. Obszary działania, w szczególności humanitarne, charytatywne i edukacyjne odpowiadają także działaniom realizowanym przez osoby prawne Kościoła katolickiego, jako formy działań w obszarze ich misji. Analiza podjęta w pracy obejmuje ocenę, czy konstytucyjna zasada współdziałania państwa i kościołów oraz innych związków wyznaniowych dla dobra człowieka i dobra wspólnego rozpościera się na obszar międzynarodowy. Przyjęto, że mimo działań warunkowanych rozwiązaniami krajowymi, osoby prawne Kościoła katolickiego są władne do realizacji celów współpracy rozwojowej, zaś te działania rozpościerają się na wymiar międzynarodowy (mimo relacji państwo-Kościół w Polsce).
The term „Gentile Reform” originates from the neo-idealist philosophy of Giovanni Gentile, who served as Minister of Education in Mussolini’s government in 1923. The Kingdom of Italy passed a series of laws that constituted a comprehensive educational reform. The purpose of this article is to present the following legal acts in English translation: Royal Legislative Decree n. 1679 of 31 December 1922 [Regio Decreto Legge 31 dicembre 1922, n. 1679], Royal Decree n. 1753 of 16 July 1923 [Regio Decreto 16 luglio 1923, n. 1753] and Royal Decree n. 3126 of 31 December 1923 [Regio Decreto 31 dicembre 1923, n. 3126].
This article examines the increasing threats from the misuse of civil aviation, especially in hybrid warfare, global terrorism, and illegal activities, while also exploring the moral and religious dilemmas related to force against civilian aircraft carrying innocent passengers. It reviews the international legal framework governing force against intruders on civil aircraft and identifies gaps in current aviation law. The research uses a comparative legal approach, analysing agreements like the Chicago and Beijing Conventions, as well as national laws from countries such as the US, Russia, and Iran that have experienced civil aircraft intrusions. Additionally, it considers religious and ethical perspectives, especially Christian Just War Theory, to evaluate the legitimacy of force against hijacked or weaponised civilian aircraft. The study also includes case studies like the September 11 attacks, the downing of Korean Air Flight 007 by the Soviet Union, Iran Air Flight 655, and MH17 to analyse historical precedents.
The article examines the legal regulation and current state of development of the institution of prison chaplaincy in Ukraine in the context of European integration processes. The emphasis is on the significance of the Roadmaps approved in 2025 as strategic documents that determine the reform of the rule of law and the provision of fundamental human rights. The importance of guaranteeing freedom of conscience and religion for prisoners and convicts as a component of the democratic development of the state is substantiated. The historical prerequisites for the formation of the institution of prison chaplaincy, starting from the 1990s, as well as its institutionalisation in the 21st century, are analysed. The role of religious organisations in the formation of systemic pastoral care and their cooperation with state bodies is highlighted.
In the digital age, selfies have transformed from mere self-portraits into powerful tools for connection. This article discusses the phenomenon of taking selfies with the Pope, exploring how pontiffs of the digital era – Benedict XVI, Francis, and Leo XIV – have embraced this smartphone practice to engage with the faithful. This research examines the evolution of papal imagery, highlighting the shift from formal portraits to casual smartphone snapshots taken by the public. Commemorative photos with John Paul II still adorn many Polish homes, as cherished memories. Unlike selfies, these posed photographs captured encounters with the Pope, whose presence bridged the distance, while media portraits of Polish Pope maintained an air of reverence. It has changed since the advent of smartphones. This article traces how selfies with the Pope moved from novelty to expected practice and shows how the Pope’s closeness to people extend into digital spaces. Desk research of online news media reveals how outlets reported on self-portraits featuring the Pope and how the Pope’s image is shared in the digital realm. As many offline religious practices find expression online, the Pope's visibility in digital spaces aligns with the Church's commitment to walking alongside its people.
