The issue of peasant land tenure with rent in the Russian Empire and attempts to eliminate it in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries is considered. Attention is paid to the activities of the Russian authorities aimed at legislatively resolving problems related to the peculiarities of land tenure relations with rent in the Western Territory. The relevance of the study is due to the need to summarize the material accumulated by historiography on this topic, as well as the lack of elaboration of plots related to attempts by representative institutions of the beginning of the 20th century - the State Duma and the State Council - to eliminate or even to streamline the peasant land tenure with rent relations in the Russian Empire. The novelty of the study is in reviewing of the new sources, allowing to enter into scientific circulation data that clarify the idea of measures to regulate the rule of peasant land tenure with rent in the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. Particular attention is paid to the consideration by the State Duma and the State Council of draft laws on the right to development and “On common ownership in cities and towns of Western and Belarusian provinces”, designed to regulate peasant land tenure with rent interests. It has been proved that the initiative of the State Duma to eliminate the rest of the peasant land tenure with rent in the Western Territory has not actually been implemented.
The socio-economic status of the Middle Urals in 1992, the first year of the implementation of the well-known program of "shock therapy" is considered. The selected topic seems relevant and of practical importance in the context of studying the mechanism for implementing large-scale reforms. The study was conducted on archival material. It is stated that in the history of modern Russia 1992 is a special period in its socio-economic significance. It is argued that the forms and methods of implementing "shock therapy" in Russia have left a deep, controversial and generally disturbing impression in the memory of most of its population. It is declared that the "shock therapy" of the 1990s in Russia in its essence was very similar to the new economic policy of the 1920s. It is shown that in the end of 1991 the USSR economy was in a state of deep systemic crisis and with virtually no reserves, on the verge of a complete collapse. It is noted that in 1992 the level of per capita consumption of food and non-food products by the majority of the population of the Sverdlovsk region continued to decrease. It is proved that the Sverdlovsk region in the Soviet period of the XX century was turned into a region with a hypertrophied industrial sector of the economy. It is concluded that the influence of long-term socio-economic mechanisms launched in 1992, will be experienced by the Russian society for a very long time.
The article is devoted to the characterization of some problems of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) during the late XIX - early XX centuries. The issues of livestock breeding dynamics in this territory are considered. Attention is paid to the characteristics of the structure of the Kuzbass herd in the indicated period. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the volumes of the Kuzbass herd in cabinet and state-owned villages of the Kuzbass region are presented. The question is raised about the characteristics of the agricultural districts of the Kuzbass region. The model farm of Kuzbass is being reconstructed at the time of 1913. The novelty of the study is that for the first time based on the processing of statistics, the state and dynamics of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) in the late XIX - early XX centuries are presented. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research, based on the analysis of statistical data, is undertaken for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of rural territories at present. The authors conclude that the degree of development of a particular agricultural sector in the region was determined by factors of a natural-geographical and climatic nature, as well as household needs.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the mythopoetic structure of the documentary drama “The Sun Rises” related to the genre of verbatim and staged at the Moscow Art Theater (author M. Durnenkov, director V. Ryzhakov) for the 150th anniversary of M. Gorky. The relevance of the study is due to the need for further research on the social and aesthetic function of the verbatim - a play created on the basis of editing written documentary sources. A significant difference between the object of study and other forms of the “new drama” is that the verbatim text uses sources from the end of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The modern reception of M. Gorky’s personality and work is not represented in it, there are no interviews with the participants of the performance and the audience, which, in general, complicates its perception, but at the same time increases its emotional component. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it is indicated on the plot-compositional unity of the text of the play created by editing various documentary sources. The conceptual content of the verbatim “The Sun Rises” is revealed: the formation of the myth of M. Gorky and the artist, who was born in the public mind at the intersection of the writer’s conflicting opinions about himself and his work with assessments of his creative personality by contemporaries and descendants. The object of study was the transcript of the text of the play, which used various types of documentary sources: the correspondence of M. Gorky with correspondents, literary and critical reviews of his works, reflecting the state of literary criticism of a certain historical period, memoirs of contemporaries in which real facts from the life of the writer are included by memoirist in the historical context, as well as fragments of the dramatic works of M. Gorky and his journalism.
The article discusses the features of the presentation of the clothing and jewelry system in one of the works of Cao Xueqing, "Red Tower Dream", recognized by the top of Chinese literature. It is noted that the analysis of this novel is addressed in different aspects by researchers both in China and in Russia. This article is devoted to the study of clothing and jewelry as a symbolic system in the novel. 173 different words and phrases that are used to designate clothes and jewelry were identified in 44 chapters of the first 80. Using several fragments of the description of the clothes and jewelry of the heroes as an example, their social and some personality characteristics were analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the peculiarities of the presentation of the costume of a man and a woman in a novel reflecting the realities of ancient China. It is shown that the details of clothing and jewelry of the heroes of the novel testify to their estate, wealth and occupation. It is noted that the original descriptions of the costume and jewelry in the novel may differ from the translated version, so the Chinese reader, based on linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge about the culture of clothing in ancient China, can provide a more accurate and complete picture of the social characteristics of the characters than the Russian-speaking reader.
