Tetanus is a devastating toxin-mediated neurological disease that continues to exact high mortality in resource-constrained settings despite an effective and inexpensive vaccine. With just 10 cases diagnosed in the UK each year, few neurologists will encounter the condition over the course of their career. Nonetheless, a working knowledge of its clinical features, staging and management remains important, given the positive clinical outcomes that can be achieved through prompt recognition and aggressive treatment, even in older, comorbid patients. Here, we describe two cases of generalised tetanus in adults presenting to the apex hospital for infectious diseases in Metro Manila, the Philippines, and outline practical steps for clinical management.
Primary diffuse leptomeningeal melanomatosis (PDLM) is an exceptionally rare and aggressive central nervous system melanocytic tumour, often masquerading as inflammatory or infective leptomeningeal disease. A woman in her early 60s presented with hydrocephalus and diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement, initially treated as neurosarcoidosis. This progressed, despite immunosuppression, and repeated lumbar punctures yielded no cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (‘dry taps’). Intradural biopsy identified a melanocytic neoplasm with a GNA11 mutation. Fewer than 25 cases of isolated PDLM have been reported, and misdiagnosis is common. MRI typically shows T1-hyperintense leptomeningeal lesions but CSF is often non-diagnostic. Repeated failure to obtain CSF is a potential clinical clue to extensive leptomeningeal tumour infiltration. PDLM should be considered in atypical, treatment-refractory leptomeningeal disease. Recognising its characteristic imaging features and obtaining early biopsy are important to avoiding diagnostic delay.
Personality traits and disorders are frequently encountered in outpatient neurology. This can significantly influence the clinical consultation and the patient's neurological presentation and management. We offer practical guidance for neurologists to understand personality-related presentations better, along with clinical pointers to distinguish lifelong traits from changes secondary to neurological disease and advice on managing structured consultations with empathy. Recognising this interplay between personality and neurological care will support neurologists to deliver targeted, compassionate and higher quality care, improving patient engagement, safety and overall therapeutic experience.
