The process of modelling public space in the People’s Republic of Poland between 1945 and 1989 proceeded in a number of stages. Initially, the process involved promoting figures associated with the communist movement; subsequently, it shifted to balancing regime-aligned names with neutral ones, before, by the 1980s, ideological designations were increasingly supplanted by those unaffiliated with the system. The practice of modelling public space through the designation of school patrons intensified in the1960s, driven by the ‘One Thousand Schools for the Millennium’ project, a high-priority political initiative that fundamentally altered the educational landscape and the appearance of many Polish cities. The ceremonial aspects of such designations were instrumental in fostering ideological attachment to the patron, from the formal naming ceremony and symbolic identification to the integration of the patron’s legacy into the daily life of the school. General conclusions drawn from the Kielce case study indicate that both the selection of neutral or correlative patrons and the timing of these designations were representative of national trends.
Praktyka studiowania na zagranicznych uniwersytetach sięga średniowiecza, podobnie jak idea tworzenia przez studentów różnego rodzaju stowarzyszeń. Miało to miejsce również w okresie międzywojennym. Wówczas szczególną popularnością cieszyły się korporacje akademickie. Jedna z nich, znana jako „Samogitia”, działała w Czechosłowacji, w Brnie (wcześniej w Wiedniu i Pradze). Skupiała polskich studentów z Żmudzi w Republice Litewskiej. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę odtworzenia działalności tej korporacji oraz jej składu osobowego w okresie funkcjonowania w Brnie. Działała ona w latach 1930–1936, aż do momentu, gdy większość polskich studentów ze Żmudzi opuściła miasto. W opracowaniu wykorzystano m.in. materiały przechowywane w Archiwum Morawskim w Brnie.
This article is devoted to issues related to the process of learning about the history of disciplining soldiers through intimidation with rifles in order to prevent combat behaviour considered ‘unworthy’. The subject of discussion is the situation that arose on the eastern front of the Great War in the area of fighting near Rawka and Bzura in June (‘May’) 1915, when one of the Russian units abandoned its positions. This event may have been a reaction to the German army's massive use of artillery and chemical weapons on the section of the front occupied by this unit. Russian source documents that provide insight into this situation are analysed here. These include, in particular, two orders to fire on soldiers of their own army if they attempted to leave their designated combat positions without permission, and the report by the commander of the 54th Opolcheniye Infantry Brigade on the reasons for that squad's withdrawal from its position on the Bzura River. The issue of the secrecy surrounding these two orders, which at the time seemed unusual and beyond the scope of routine warfare, is also problematised. Indirectly, the article attempts to capture the hitherto poorly researched phase of the formation of the strategies of Russian (and later Soviet) barrier troops, which, were during WWI, and with particular intensity after July 1942 during WWI, and still are now experienced over time.
