Diversos estudios han analizado la relación entre trabajo remunerado/no remunerado, brechas de género y salud mental durante la pandemia. En Chile, se ha abordado principalmente desde un enfoque cualitativo, centrado en la experiencia de cuidados de las mujeres. Asimismo, aún se sabe poco sobre cómo hombres y mujeres conciliaron trabajo y familia durante el confinamiento prolongado. Este estudio analiza dicha conciliación en la población laboralmente activa utilizando datos representativos de las Encuestas de Bienestar Social (muestreo probabilístico bietápico y estratificado) y la CASEN en Pandemia (muestreo probabilístico, estratificado, por conglomerado y multietápico), con una muestra combinada de 3.383 personas ocupadas. A través de un análisis de conglomerados sobre el uso del tiempo en trabajo remunerado y no remunerado, se identificaron cinco perfiles que fueron caracterizados a nivel individual, familiar, laboral y de bienestar psicológico, estimando diferencias de grupos mediante χ2 o análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados revelan una desigual distribución del trabajo no remunerado, con mayor carga para las mujeres, y que quienes enfrentan alta demanda en ambos tipos de trabajo tienden a arreglos laborales (empleo independiente, jornadas parciales o híbridas) y familiares (corresidencia con familia extendida), presentando a su vez menor bienestar psicológico. Estos hallazgos permiten comprender mejor la doble y triple presencia, es decir, simultaneidad de responsabilidades laborales, domésticas y de cuidado, y subrayan la necesidad de que políticas como la Ley de Conciliación de Vida Personal, Familiar y Laboral enfrenten de forma efectiva las persistentes brechas de género y su impacto en la calidad de vida.
This study aimed to analyze significant differences in psychomotor development over four months across three assessments in three groups of children: those in foster families (Group 1), those in institutional care (Group 2) —both of whom had been separated from their biological families due to maltreatment— and children in biological families without history of maltreatment or alternative care (Group 3). A non-experimental quantitative approach with a longitudinal design was employed. The sample consisted of 90 children, 30 in each group, under 36 months of age. Two Argentine tests were utilized: the National Screening Test (PRUNAPE) and the Child Development Observation Instrument (IODI) to assess development at three different time points: upon admission to alternative care and after two and four months of staying there. Groups 1 and 2 scored significantly lower on expected developmental milestones in fine motor, gross motor, language-communication, personal-social, and socio-emotional areas, and had the highest at-risk scores in communication, motor, and socio-emotional domains. However, after two and four months in foster care, Group 1 achieved developmental outcomes comparable to those of children in biological families. In contrast, Group 2 scored significantly lower on expected milestones and higher on at-risk milestones. Foster care facilitates contextual changes that promote resilience following maltreatment.
The objective of this research was to characterize female sexual function and identify associated variables. A cross-sectional predictive study was conducted with the participation of 674 Colombian women over the age of 18 (M = 26.63, SD = 9.03), using a non-probabilistic sample. The Female Sexual Function Index, the Sexual Desire Inventory, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. The results indicate that the highest frequency of sexual dysfunction is found among women with a homosexual orientation (68.8%), those who are separated (73.1%), and those with a low educational level (65.6%). Statistically significant differences were found through ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U test between sexual dysfunction and the variables of occupation and educational level: women engaged in elementary occupations and those whose highest completed education level is high school show the highest percentages of sexual dysfunction. Through a binary logistic regression analysis, it was identified that, out of the 11 variables included in the model, lack of dyadic partner desire, low sexual desire towards attractive individuals, living in urban areas, not having a partner, having a low educational level, and not having dependents contribute to the presence of sexual dysfunction. These findings have implications for the assessment, prevention, and timely intervention of difficulties related to female sexual behavior.
El artículo indaga en los factores predictores de la elección de carreras feminizadas o masculinizadas en estudiantes de secundaria en Chile, en particular el sexismo ambivalente, la autoeficacia percibida y los antecedentes educativos de las familias. Se utilizaron regresiones logísticas binarias que analizaron la variable dependiente "elección de carrera de las/os participantes", codificada como variable dicotómica según la matrícula femenina y masculina reportada por el Servicio de Información de Educación Superior (2021). Se consideraron carreras feminizadas/masculinizadas a aquellas que superan el 70% de matrícula de mujeres/hombres. Para el análisis estadístico se evaluaron 4 modelos de regresión logística, (1) para carreras feminizadas con solamente mujeres, (2) para carreras feminizadas con solamente hombres, (3) para carreras masculinizadas con solamente mujeres y (4) para carreras masculinizadas con solamente hombres. Para los análisis que consideraron mujeres, las variables autoeficacia percibida y acceso de la madre a educación superior son las más significativas en la elección de carreras, especialmente la última. Los resultados muestran que variables como sexismo y autoeficacia percibida son significativas en la elección de carreras para el caso de los hombres, especialmente la última. Se concluye que las variables predictoras de la elección de carreras masculinizadas o feminizadas son diferentes en hombres y en mujeres, identificando de manera precisa aquellas que favorecen la persistencia de desigualdades basadas en el género, no solo de acceso a la educación superior en general, sino que, de acceso a determinadas áreas profesionales que restringen el derecho a la igualdad de oportunidades educativas.
Punitive attitude is defined as the evaluation that people have towards the hardening of punishments for crime. Although this concept has received considerable attention in recent years, its measurement methods are subject to criticism, since the instruments used vary considerably in the number of items, the topics they address are diverse and their reliability and validity characteristics are not usually reported. This paper aims to assess the reliability and report evidence of validity of the Armborst Punitive Attitudes scale (2017), both based on its internal structure and its relationship with another variable of interest. Through 2 studies, reliability and validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis with rival models. The results indicate that the scale presents adequate levels of reliability and fits a unidimensional model. An abbreviated scale is proposed, reporting evidence of convergent validity with authoritarianism. The results are discussed in relation to the usefulness of this instrument and proposals for improvement.
