Monitoring veterinary antibiotic residues in milk is crucial for ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and mitigating the risks of antimicrobial resistance. This structured qualitative evaluation assesses recent advances (2021–2025) in electrochemical platforms experimentally tested for antibiotic detection in milk matrices. A targeted search in the Web of Science Core Collection identified 16 records, 10 of which met predefined inclusion criteria requiring quantitative validation of milk and reporting analytical performance parameters. The extracted data included target antibiotics, electrode configuration, electrochemical technique, detection limit (LOD), linear range, recovery, precision, and comparison with chromatographic reference methods, when available. The analyzed studies revealed a predominance of tetracycline class antibiotics and single-analyte detection strategies. Advanced nanocomposite and aptamer architectures often achieve subnanomolar detection limits, while simpler modified electrode systems report nanomolar to micromolar sensitivities that remain compatible with international maximum residue limits (MRLs). The increase in structural complexity does not necessarily lead to improved reproducibility, scalability, or field application. Although several platforms show agreement with HPLC or LC-MS/MS, chromatography remains the definitive benchmark due to its structural specificity and multi-residue capacity. Future research should give priority to multiplex detection, matrix tolerance, reproducible manufacturing, and portable integration.
This work proposes the synthesis of cetyl alcohol (CA) via the selective hydrogenation of methyl palmitate (MP). To this end, -based catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method, where X and Y represent the nominal mass percentages of Cu and Ru (with a total metal loading ranging from 2,00 to 12,00 wt.%), exploiting the synergy between the hydrogenating properties of Ru and the promoting capability of Cu. DRX analysis revealed that the catalysts exhibit a predominantly crystalline structure corresponding to the anatase phase. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that a 5,00 wt.% Cu loading leads to an increase in acid sites; however, for Cu loadings exceeding 5,00 wt.%, the concentration of acid sites decreases due to the accumulation of CuO phases. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on the amount of Brønsted acid sites. Evaluation of catalytic performance revealed a synergistic effect between the Cu, Ru, and CuO phases formed upon the addition of Cu to Ru/TiO2. Among all the catalysts studied, 5Cu-2Ru/TiO2 exhibited the highest selectivity towards CA (approximately 17%) at a conversion level of 20.4%, which is attributed to the greater abundance of Brønsted acid sites. This work proposes the synthesis of cetyl alcohol (CA) via the selective hydrogenation of methyl palmitate (MP). To this end, -based catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method, where X and Y represent the nominal mass percentages of Cu and Ru (with a total metal loading ranging from 2,00 to 12,00 wt.%), exploiting the synergy between the hydrogenating properties of Ru and the promoting capability of Cu. DRX analysis revealed that the catalysts exhibit a predominantly crystalline structure corresponding to the anatase phase. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that a 5,00 wt.% Cu loading leads to an increase in acid sites; however, for Cu loadings exceeding 5,00 wt.%, the concentration of acid sites decreases due to the accumulation of CuO phases. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on the amount of Brønsted acid sites. Evaluation of catalytic performance revealed a synergistic effect between the Cu, Ru, and CuO phases formed upon the addition of Cu to Ru/TiO2. Among all the catalysts studied, 5Cu-2Ru/TiO2 exhibited the highest selectivity towards CA (approximately 17%) at a conversion level of 20.4%, which is attributed to the greater abundance of Brønsted acid sites.
The high demand for starch is driving the search for new sources and more efficient extraction methods. In this context, Oxalis tuberosa, an Andean tuber with a starch content of 56–60%, represents a promising source due to the limited information available. The objective of this study is to explore ecological alternatives for the extraction of starch from O. tuberosa, evaluating the use of ultrasound, the wet method, and the alkaline method to optimize the process. In addition, starch yield was calculated using gravimetry, thermal behavior was analyzed using thermogravimetry, and structure was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction. Starch recovery, calculated based on the reference starch content on a dry basis, reached 53% (w/w) when the tubers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 0.33% w/v) and ultrasound for 1 h. In addition, after water loss at 100 °C, it exhibited good thermal stability up to about 300 °C, IR spectra showed no changes in its characteristic bands, and crystallinity was of type B, characteristic of tuber and root starches. These results suggest a great potential for different applications in different industries, since O. tuberosa starch presents characteristics comparable to those of commercial starches.
This study evaluated the physicochemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of starches from three varieties of quinoa (white, red, and black) (Chenopodium quinoa) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) to determine their potential industrial applications. The starches were extracted using an alkaline solution. The rheological and viscoelastic properties were evaluated using 4% (w/v) starch suspensions. White quinoa starch exhibited the highest yield (34.80% w/w) and amylose content (23.90% w/w), while kiwicha starch had the lowest amylose content (15.05% w/w). The quinoa and kiwicha starch pastes exhibited thixotropic behavior, which best fit the Hahn model (R² > 0.73 and MSE < 0.0003). The starch pastes in a steady state exhibited pseudoplastic behavior (n < 1), and the kiwicha starch paste required the highest initial stress (4.21 Pa) to flow. The starch pastes exhibited elastic behavior (G' > G''). Kiwicha and black quinoa starches showed greater emulsifying capacity (99% at 300 mg of starch/mL). In conclusion, the quinoa and kiwicha starch pastes exhibited thixotropic behavior that stabilizes quickly, more elastic behavior, a low initial stress to begin flowing, and high emulsifying capacity, suggesting their potential application in industries requiring specific gelling, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties.
This study compares the properties and agronomic effectiveness of two organic fertilizers with different compositions: one derived from fresh animal manure (biol A) and the other from fruit-processing waste generated by juice shops (biol B), both obtained through strict anaerobic fermentation for 30 days. Physicochemical parameters, heavy metal content in the residual biomass, and the beneficial yeast microbial load of both biols were analyzed. Effectiveness was determined through foliar application at two dilution levels: 1:10 and 1:20 biol:water (v/v). Statistical analysis included ANOVA and X-R control charts. Biol A showed noteworthy concentrations due to its high content of P₂O₅ (2070 mg L⁻¹), K₂O (29,600 mg L⁻¹), and CaO (12,780 mg L⁻¹), but considerable levels of Pb in the biomass (22.75 mg kg⁻¹). Biol B showed concentrations of P₂O₅ (1820 mg L⁻¹), K₂O (25,480 mg L⁻¹), and CaO (10,530 mg L⁻¹), a higher yeast microbial load (7.43 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹), and lower Pb content than biol A (1.43 mg kg⁻¹). In maize (Zea mays) trials, biol B at a 1:10 dilution (T1) resulted in the greatest growth after 21 days (height: 30.27 cm; stem diameter: 1.34 cm; leaves: 6.00 leaves), outperforming the control and biol A. It was concluded that substrate composition influences significant variations in biol properties; however, these differences are not as pronounced in agricultural practice. Biol B stood out for highlighting the potential of fruit residues for the production of safe and efficient biols.
