We knew that classical thermal assumptions, such as Fourier's law, were no longer valid at very small scales. Here, we highlight thermal effects occurring in the absence of a heat source and at a much larger scale (sub-millimeter scale) during the flow of Newtonian fluids such as water. The emergence of cold and hot non-equilibrium temperatures is the strong indication that non-diffusive processes govern microflows. We relate this mechano-caloric conversion to the excitation of shear elastic modes existing in confined liquids. We establish a linear relationship between flow-induced temperatures and the applied pressure gradient within a low pressure range (<1 bar). These results are consistent with non-extensive models incorporating parameters that allow for a spatiotemporal mesoscopic description, suggesting a phonon-like propagation of thermal waves in mesoscopic liquids.
We prove the $C$, $F$ and $A$ irreversibility theorems in de Sitter spacetime for quantum field theories that are obtained as renormalization group flows from ultraviolet conformal fixed points. The proof is based on strong subadditivity of the entanglement entropy, de Sitter invariance, and the Markov property of conformal field theory.
We present a fermionic gauge theory for deconfined quantum criticality on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice and reveal its shared low-energy field-theoretic structure with the square lattice. Starting from an $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ $\pi$-flux parent state, we construct a continuum theory of Dirac spinons coupled to an $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ gauge field and adjoint Higgs fields whose condensates drive transitions to a staggered-flux $\mathrm{U}(1)$ spin liquid and a gapless $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ Dirac spin liquid. While the Shastry-Sutherland lattice permits additional symmetry-allowed fermion bilinears compared to the square lattice, the quantum field theories are identical up to additional irrelevant terms. Consequently, the Higgs potential structure and the leading low-energy theory coincide with the square-lattice case at the quantum critical point. The $\mathrm{SO}(5)$ critical point is expected to realize conformal deconfined criticality: we analyze it in a large-flavor expansion, calculate its critical exponents, and identify the Yukawa coupling between the fermions and Higgs fields as the relevant perturbation that destabilizes it, consistent with pseudocritical behavior observed in recent Monte Carlo studies. We show that the emergent $\mathrm{SO}(5)$ order parameter acquires a large anomalous dimension at the critical point, leading to strongly enhanced Néel and VBS susceptibilities—a hallmark of fermionic deconfined quantum criticality consistent with numerical studies. Our results place recent numerical evidence for a gapless $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ Dirac spin liquid on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice within a controlled field-theoretic framework and demonstrate that fermionic deconfined criticality on the square lattice—including critical exponents and stability—extends to frustrated lattices with reduced symmetry.
We investigate topological phase transitions in a family of deformed \mathbb{Z}_3 ℤ 3 toric-code wavefunctions prepared from a cluster state by local deformations and projective measurements. Their norms map to the Q=3 Q = 3 Potts model for single-parameter deformations and to a three-state Ashkin–Teller-like (AT _3 3 ) construction with two independent four-spin couplings in the general case. Projected entangled-pair-state (PEPS) and variational uniform matrix-product-state (VUMPS) calculations identify the toric-code (TC) phase and phases in which electric ( e e ) anyons are confined or condensed. These phases are separated by critical structures with central charges c=4/5 c = 4 / 5 , 8/5 8 / 5 , and isolated c=1 c = 1 antiferromagnetic (AFM) endpoints. A normalized finite-distance e e -anyon pair-state norm provides a Fredenhagen–Marcu-type check of the confinement boundary, while the topological data of the quantum double D(\mathbb{Z}_3) D ( ℤ 3 ) imply a topological entanglement entropy \gamma=\log3 γ = log 3 throughout the gapped toric-code phase. Relative to the \mathbb{Z}_2 ℤ 2 case, the absence of sign-change folding leaves the AFM endpoints unfolded, and the extreme deformation reaches square ice with an emergent U(1) U ( 1 ) one-form symmetry, Hilbert-space fragmentation, and exact scar configurations.
We analyze the stability properties of a family of anti-de Sitter flux compactifications of the tachyon-free non-supersymmetric heterotic string in ten dimensions. In contrast with simpler such solutions, the solutions include two independent unbounded fluxes, leading to richer instability phenomena. In particular, when the two fluxes are sufficiently close in magnitude, the perturbative spectrum develops tachyonic modes, which can be projected out by an orbifold action. When the fluxes are far apart, tachyonic modes are absent and the geometry displays inverse scale separation, where a factor of the internal manifold becomes parametrically larger than the anti-de Sitter factor. Still, non-perturbative instabilities in the form of brane nucleation are always available decay channels, and tend to drive the two fluxes closer together, eventually triggering the tachyonic instability when present.
