柞伯鼎铭文中的"共"当读为"供",意为以下奉上、供其职事,引申为辅佐、有所奉献."用昏无殳"的"殳"当为动词,即"以杸殊人",是说昏国在南方以殳这种兵器为害一方,即蛮横用兵、侵扰边境,"无殳"一词和多友鼎中的"放(方)兴"、应侯视工鼎中的"非良"意思近同,近出铜器兒方彝铭文也证明了这一点,而"广伐南国"的主语是"昏",并不指周公南征.铭文中的"蔡侯"当为传世文献中的"蔡武侯",这为确定器物年代提供了重要线索.综合分析柞伯鼎的器型纹饰、字体、人物关系以及相关历史背景,将其年代定在西周晚期的厉王时期较为合适.通过对相关铭文体例和文献的分析,并不能排除周公南征的可能,铭文内容仍隐约透露周公曾南征的事迹.
The environmental adaptability of dwellings not only shows up in the adaptation to geology, topography, climate and other natural environments, but also in the adaptation to the ethnic, historical and social environments. The Northwestern Sichuan Plateau is located in the northwestern part of Sichuan province, where the land is sparsely populated, with high mountains and deep valleys. It has long winter and no summer throughout the year, with spring and autumn coming in succession. Frequent seismic activity often causes geological hazard such as landslide.It’s home to twenty-five ethnic groups, mainly Tibetans, therefore has a integrated and diversified culture. The livelihood of Tibetan people is agriculture-based, with animal husbandry as a secondary industry. Their common religious belief is Buddhism. The environmental adaptation of traditional Tibetan stone masonry dwellings in Northwestern Sichuan Plateau is mainly manifested in the following aspects: firstly, they are usually located in flat and sunny terrain with shelter from the wind and a small cultivating radius, and are often close to water supplies; secondly, the stone masonry dwellings are often three-storey or four-storey, with each floor serving different functions;thirdly, they are made with local materials, including local stone with good load-bearing capability,insulation and durability, and loess with strong viscosity as adhesive; fourthly, the remarkable integrity and stability manifested in their structure and form of wall reflect the need for earthquake resistance and safety; fifthly, the stone walls and setting of doors and windows serve defensive function besides cold-resistance; lastly, their function division, form and decoration highlight the distinctive characteristics of the Tibetan culture.
In July 2018, a blue-and-white pear-shaped vase with flaring lip decorated with dragon and pearl patterns was unearthed at the archaeological site on Zhengfu Street in Qingyang District, Chengdu. Through comparison with domestic and foreign materials, it can be determined that it was fired in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. Over the years, a small amount of Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white porcelains have been found in Chengdu, Ya’an, Santai and other places,indicating that Sichuan is also one of the important distribution areas of Yuan Dynasty blue-andwhite porcelains in China. Although the war between Song and Yuan which broke out in the late Southern Song Dynasty caused great damage to the social economy of Sichuan, the political stability and economic recovery since the early Yuan Dynasty provided the prerequisite for the circulation of non-local porcelain and other commodities into Sichuan. Chengdu has been the political, economic and cultural center of Sichuan since ancient times. In the Yuan Dynasty, crucial military and political government agencies were set in the city. The possibility that this vase was owned by a high-level agency or a special group of people cannot be ruled out.
The epitaph of Xu Meiren discovered in the last century is an important document reflecting the social conditions in early Western Jin Dynasty, containing wealth of political information. The epitaph is more informative than records in historical documents. Take Jia Nanfeng for example, according to Jin Shu（ "The Book of Jin"）, she became the crown princess in the eighth year of Taishi period, while in the epitaph it’s recorded as the sixth year of Taishi period.This event is closely related to the political situation of the Western Jin Dynasty, so it’s necessary to clarify the actual year. Starting with the etiquette system of the Western Jin Dynasty, the article points out that "betrothal" and "conferment" are different ceremonies in the Western Jin Dynasty,therefore Jia Nanfeng was officially conferred crown princess in the eighth year of Taishi period.The inconformity between the epitaph and historical documents is because they recorded different timelines: Jin Shu recorded the time when she was conferred the crown princess, while the vague information in the epitaph of Xu Meiren was to flatter Jia Nanfeng. As for the specific date when Jia Nanfeng became the crown princess, both the historical records and the epitaph retain true information of her marriage despite their difference, which in fact reflects different perspectives of history. Previous historical studies confused the concepts of "betrothal" and "conferment",and arbitrarily claimed that the epitaph was falsely written, which led to the failure to clarify the complexity of this political event. It is a reminder to the researchers that only by combining epitaphs with handed-down documents and taking full account of the background of writing can we restore the historical facts through all the twists and turns.
The White Pagoda in Guang’an was built by An Bing, a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty. It is a pavilion-style pagoda with nine floors and a quadrangular plan.Located on the shoal by the Qujiang River, the lower five floors are stone structure while the upper four floors are built with bricks. On the basis of detailed survey, mapping and three-dimensional scanning, this paper re-examines its year of construction, and systematically studies and analyzes the following aspects: its plane and facade structures, the form and material of its imitations of wooden Dougong, the imitations of wooden beams, columns and waist eaves, the style of Sumeru terrace, as well as the Buddhist statues and carving decorations. Using the typological method of architectural archaeology, we’ve classified the Tang-Song period brick or stone pagodas in Sichuan and Chongqing into 3 types: dense-eave towers, pavilion-style pagodas and dense-eave pagodas with pavilion features. By comparing the White Pagoda with the Tang-Song period brick or stone pagodas, ancient buildings of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the stone carvings in Song tombs of Sichuan and Chongqing, this article analyzes the evolution of stylistic characteristics,and confirms that the Guang’an White Pagoda is an important physical evidence for the evolution of architectural styles during the Song Dynasty in the Sichuan-Chongqing area. Based on the comprehensive and scientific evaluations of the White Pagoda, especially its values in the study of architectural history and Buddhist arts, this paper provides suggestions on future maintenance of the pagoda, and put forth the proposal of systematic collation of historical and cultural heritages concerning An Bing.
