If we start from the generally accepted definition of the budget that it represents a set of all planned income and expenses of an individual, company or state for a period of one year, we come to the conclusion that the amount of the budget itself depends precisely on the amount of the planned income and expenses. Taxes are a significant source of those budget revenues. Personal income tax as a subcategory of direct taxes is a very important source of tax budget revenues. Automatically, with the increase in the amount of income from personal income tax, there is an increase in the amount of the budget, which should ultimately lead to a decrease in the budget deficit. Whether and to what extent there will be a reduction in the budget deficit due to the increase in income from the aforementioned tax will be investigated in the paper itself.
The importance of managing complex human resources, as well as the prior establishment of a sophisticated human resources model, is reflected in the increasing adoption of similar models by domestic companies. This trend is particularly evident in companies originating from developed countries, such as the United States and Western European nations, where the integrated recognition of human resources as a strategically crucial component in organizational and business culture is well-established. The aim of this paper is to present, analyze, and prove the thesis that strategic human resource management can be a key factor in improving productivity and optimizing business operations. Human resources are not merely a mechanism for resolving administrative issues, but a complex component in the systematization of a company, which, when positioned as a strategically important entity, can influence everything from employee care to the prosperity of the company.
Communication is a central function in organizational performance. The level of information, in fact, is the level of development of the system of every modern organization, including health institutions. In order to be able to independently make decisions, propose solutions and organize their work, employees must have all the necessary information. This topic is especially important in crisis situations, when the working conditions are much more sensitive and require additional empathy in understanding the needs of employees and patients, additional strengthening of trust and unity within the team. On the other hand, fast, accurate, consistent and open communication allows organizations to preserve credibility, reduce the spread of misinformation, protect reputation and maintain public trust in times of crisis. The relationship between communication and conflicts deserves special attention at work. Although conflicts are inevitable in any work environment, their timely recognition and resolution depends on the ability of managers to apply the principles of effective communication. In the following sections of the paper, the basic features of this kind of communication will be presented, obtained by the method of content analysis, as a scientific method for the qualitative processing of the available literature in this field and the analysis and synthesis of the knowledge it contains. The results of the analysis showed that effective communication is necessary to maintain the quality of work of health institutions, especially in crisis conditions.
This research paper examines the impact of financial inclusion factors on the GDP growth rate across 100 countries over the period 2006-2021, using the dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). It analyzes various dimensions of financial inclusion, including access to financial services, usage of financial services, and the quality of financial services. The analysis reveals that access to financial services is a major challenge in many countries, with physical access to financial institutions being the primary issue. The findings also show statistically significant positive relationships between GDP growth and: the number of ATMs, the number of commercial bank outlets per 1,000 square km, and the number of ATMs per 100,000 adults; while negative relationships are observed between GDP growth and: the number of commercial banking institutions, the number of commercial bank branches, the number of commercial bank outlets per 100,000 adults, and the number of ATMs per 1,000 square km. These findings have important implications, including the need to support the development of financial inclusion, improve access to financial services, and enhance financial literacy. It is also necessary to create an enabling regulatory environment and financial infrastructure that support the growth of inclusive financial systems.
The position of the National Bank is determined by constitutional and legal norms. According to those norms, the National Bank of Serbia represents the Central Bank of the Republic of Serbia. The paper also presents views on the legal nature of the National Bank of Serbia. According to some of those views, the National Bank is not part of the state organizational structure, but represents a central issuing bank, which performs monetary and banking-control functions. What gives the National Bank a special character, in addition to significant economic powers, is that it exercises administrative powers, that is, it has the possibility of authoritative representation. Regardless of the fact that the National Bank does not belong to classic state bodies, it is close to them in everything. When it comes to the organizational structure, the paper analyzes the powers of the Governor of the National Bank, the Executive Board and the Council. The paper also presents certain comparative legal solutions related to the organizational structure of the Central Bank. Finally, in the conclusion, in addition to the final review concerning the legal nature of the National Bank, three groups of administrative powers of this bank were pointed out and it was also noted that the conception of its organizational structure is placed on sound foundations.
