Retained placenta (RP) is a syndrome that affects all species of domestic animals, including bovines. Retained placenta can lead to life-threatening complications and is considered an emergency in theriogenology practice. Various factors underlie the occurrence of RP, including defects in the immunological rejection of the placenta, disorders in myometrial contractions, infections, disorders in the release or function of proteolytic enzymes in the placenta, induction of parturition, preterm birth, abortion, stillbirth, excessive body weight, senility, bacterial andfungal toxins, inbreeding, abnormal hormonal environment at peri-parturition, injuries of the placenta, elective caesarean, environmental stressful conditions, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disturbances, and breed.Depending on the underlying cause(s), different measures have been suggested to prevent RP, such as feeding a balanced ration, proper immunisation against diseases, supplying a dry and clean environment for parturition,using breeds with a low incidence of dystocia or RP. There are several methods for treating the disease, including manual removal of membranes, injection of collagenase into the umbilical arteries of the retained membranes,uterine lavage, hormone therapy, antibiotic therapy and others. This review highlights the effective means of management of RP in cattle.
Urinary tract infections in dogs are common in veterinary practice and one of the main reasons for the use of antimicrobial drugs. They are mostly caused by bacterial infections, while viral, fungal and parasitic infections account for less than 1% of cases. In practice, treatment usually starts with antimicrobial drugs selected based on existing clinical experience, without knowing the specific pathogen or its sensitivity to a particular drug. The aim of this study was to present the local prevalence andantimicrobial resistance of the most common bacterial pathogens of dog urinary tract infections isolated from samples obtained in the city Split, Croatia and its surrounding areas. From January 2019 to July 2024, 897 urine samples were analysed bacteriologically, of which 307 were positive. Of the total number of bacterial isolates, 194 (62.8%) were Gram-negative bacteria and 115 (37.2%) were Gram-positive. The most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens were E. coli (45%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. (13.9%), Proteus sp. (10%), beta-haemolytic Streptococcus sp. (9.7%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp. (7.4%), Enterococcus sp. (5.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (4.2%) and Klebsiella sp. (2.6%). Data on local susceptibility and resistance patterns of the most common uropathogens can help clinicians in the selection of antimicrobial drugs and can serve as a basis for antimicrobial resistance monitoring in the coming years.
This review paper briefly overviews various methods used to detect and identify Salmonella, a common foodborne zoonotic pathogen in veterinary medicine. Salmonella bacteria is mainly found in food products and, when ingested, causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to the ongoing presence of pathogenic Salmonella in food production systems, it poses a serious public health threat. Therefore, a constant need remains to enhance identification and detection methods capable of identifying this pathogen and preventing outbreaks. The conventional and widely-used culture-based method can be considered the gold standard. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, as is traditional serotyping by slide agglutination. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers faster detection with higher specificity by identifying Salmonella antigens or antibodies. However, some laboratories prefer other methods due to limited sensitivity and the time it takes to establish an immune response. Therefore, methods like subtyping or advanced molecular techniques have evolved over the years: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide rapid and accurate identification of Salmonella.Unlike PCR-based methods that target specific genes, NGS provides a sequence of complete genomes. Mass spectrometry andFourier transform infrared spectroscopy are also used, while biosensors are still in the early stages of technological development. This paper discusses the progress of identification and detection approaches for Salmonella, emphasising their basic principles, applications, and performances, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Raw feeding of dogs and cats is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. The raw material for such feed is muscles, offal and bones from mammals, fish or poultry. The production of such pet food is regulated by the European Commission legislation and should be carried out in a facility approved by the competent authority. Although proponents of such a diet point to the positive effects on the health and condition of the animals, studies have shown that raw pet food often contains pathogenic microorganisms. In the analysis of 28 samples of frozen raw pet food, we detected Salmonella spp. in 21.4% of the samples, Enterobacteriaceae more than 5000 cfu/g in 85.7% of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes more than 10 cfu/g in 39.3% of the samples, while Campylobacter spp. was below the limit of quantification in all samples. Of the eight samples containing poultrymeat, Salmonella spp. was detected in five of them (62.5%), indicating that poultry is a high-risk raw material for Salmonella contamination. Meanwhile, meat from domestic ungulates was identified as a high-risk source for Listeria monocytogenes, with that bacteria detected in 9 out of 20 (45%) of the samples containing this type of meat. The results indicate that hygienein the production of raw pet food is unsatisfactory in most cases, that such food poses a risk to animal health and can be an indirect source of infection for humans via animal excretions and contaminated surfaces.
Two cases of local skin reactions to intramuscular application of enrofloxacin in a reticulatedpython (Malayopython reticulatus) (6 years, 5.5 kg) and a Burmese python (Python bivitatus) (3 years, 25 kg) are presented. The reticulated python was treated for a swelling of the upper jaw, while the Burmese python had respiratory symptoms. The first python was treated with meloxicam for 7 days, but since the swelling did not go down, the local veterinarian consulted a reptile expert. Instead of the recommended marbofloxacin, the animal received an intramuscular injection of enrofloxacin, and swelling and a sterile abscess appeared at the injection site, with local pinkish skin discolouration. After marbofloxacin therapy was continued, the swelling disappeared. The white spotpatch at the site of the single application of enrofloxacin is still present after3 months. The Burmese python received enrofloxacin and bromhexine hydrochloride intramuscularly for 14 days. Sterile abscesses and skin discolouration occurred at 3-4 sites of enrofloxacin application. Initially, the scales around the site of enrofloxacin application became pale and matte, later appearing as though the scales had melted or fused. Even 5 years later, a slight spherical bulge with a hard-elastic consistency can be felt. The treatment was carried out in another local clinic.Intramuscular application of enrofloxacin in pythons can lead to the formation of a sterile abscess at the injection site and long-term discolouration of the skin above that site, although some prescriptions warn of possible skin discoloration, but only after subcutaneous administration of enrofloxacin.
