Rationale: Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor which is rarely found in urethra. We hereby report a case of a 44-year-old female who presented with complaints of dysuria. Patient concerns: A 44-year-old female patient presented to the urology outpatient clinic with symptoms of dysuria. The patient described the presence of a protrusion from the urethra during urination. Diagnosis: Urethral leiomyoma. Interventions: Physical examination confirmed a solid urethral mass. CT scan and USG reports indicated that the mass originated from the mid-urethra with vascularity at the base. We performed a complete resection of the urethral mass. The patient was discharged after 3 days of observation. Outcome: During a follow-up after 1 month, the patient reported improved urinary flow and no occurrence of hematuria. The patient recovered well after discharge. Lesson: Urethral leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor that is often misdiagnosed in clinical practice. Diagnosis requires careful clinical examination. Surgical removal usually works well. It is important to remember that in some cases of acute urinary retention, it can be caused by a complete obstruction of a mass in the urethra. Urologists should be more cautious and experienced in handling such cases.

Introduction: The CXC chemokines are unique cytokines that play a vital role in the progression of many cancers. Association between chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (IL8RB) C1208T mutation and cancer risk remains incomprehensive. Methods: We therefore utilized odds ratios and in silico analysis to explore the relationship of IL8RB polymorphism on risk to cancer. Furthermore, we adopted gene set enrichment analysis to investigate the IL8RB expression in prostate adenocarcinoma. Results: A total of 14 case-control studies combined with 5299 cases and 6899 controls were included in our analysis. We revealed that individuals carrying TT genotype had an 14% increased cancer risk compared with those with TC + colon cancer (CC) genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.25, P = .003, I-2 = 35.6). Stratification analysis by race showed that East Asians with TT + TC genotype may have a 25% decreased cancer risk compared with control. Stratification analysis by cancer type revealed that individuals with TT genotype were associated with elevated risk of urinary cancer than control. The expression of IL8RB was attenuated in prostate adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: IL8RB C1208T may be correlated with the risk of cancer, especially prostate adenocarcinoma.

Background. Genetic polymorphisms in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis can influence the susceptibility of cancer. The relationship between mTOR gene variants rs2295080 T/G and rs1883965 G/A and the risk of cancer remains inconsistent. The present study is aimed at comprehensively investigating the association between mTOR polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive assessment using odds ratios (ORs), corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and in silico tools to evaluate the effect of mTOR variations. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) and GSEA analysis were used to investigate the expression of mTOR in urinary system cancer. Results. The pooled analysis involved 22 case-control studies including 14,747 cancer patients and 16,399 controls. The rs2295080 T/G polymorphism was associated with the risk of cancer (G-allele versus T-allele, OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.80–0.98, P=0.023; GT versus TT, OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.81–0.96, P=0.004; GG+GT versus TT, OR=0.87, 95%CI=0.78–0.96, P=0.008), especially for cancers of the urinary system, breast, and blood. Variation rs1883965 G/A was associated with cancer susceptibility, especially for digestive cancer. IHS analysis showed that mTOR was upregulated in prostate and bladder cancer. GSEA revealed that the insulin signaling pathway, lysine degradation pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway were enriched in the high mTOR expression group. Conclusions. The mTOR rs2295080 T/G polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility of urinary cancer. The expression of mTOR is positively correlated with tumor malignancy in prostate cancer.

Abstract Introduction: The CXC chemokines are unique cytokines that play a vital role in the progression of many cancers. Association between chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (IL8RB) C1208T mutation and cancer risk remains incomprehensive. Methods: We therefore utilized odds ratios and in silico analysis to explore the relationship of IL8RB polymorphism on risk to cancer. Furthermore, we adopted gene set enrichment analysis to investigate the IL8RB expression in prostate adenocarcinoma. Results: A total of 14 case-control studies combined with 5299 cases and 6899 controls were included in our analysis. We revealed that individuals carrying TT genotype had an 14% increased cancer risk compared with those with TC + colon cancer (CC) genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05–1.25, P = .003, I 2 = 35.6). Stratification analysis by race showed that East Asians with TT + TC genotype may have a 25% decreased cancer risk compared with control. Stratification analysis by cancer type revealed that individuals with TT genotype were associated with elevated risk of urinary cancer than control. The expression of IL8RB was attenuated in prostate adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: IL8RB C1208T may be correlated with the risk of cancer, especially prostate adenocarcinoma.

目前,输尿管软镜碎石需使用输尿管软镜导引鞘引流液体,以降低肾盂内压力,提高手术视野的清晰度,从而降低感染、肾脏出血及热损伤的发生率,但临床工作中我们会遇到部分患者输尿管软镜导引鞘无法到达合适位置,出现手术时无液体引流的情况.本文旨在探讨我院无引流状态输尿管软镜碎石术患者16例的减压体会.

肾盂腺癌是泌尿系肿瘤中罕见的恶性肿瘤,杭州市临安区第一人民医院泌尿外科2016年12月20日收治1例右肾盂腺癌合并结肠多发腺瘤的患者,报道如下. 1 病例简介 患者男性,69岁,因"右侧腰部胀痛伴血尿3天"入院.查体:右肾区叩痛阳性,左肾区叩痛阴性,腹部无压痛及反跳痛,膀胱区无压痛.余查体未见明显异常.实验室检查:血常规+C反应蛋白:C反应蛋白为65mg/L、血红蛋白112g/L;生化:尿素氮8.13mmol/L、肌酐123umol/L,尿常规:白细胞3+、隐血3+、蛋白质3+,糖类抗原19-9(CA199):274.8U/mL(参考范围<27U/mL);心电图及胸片未见明显异常;2016年12月20日泌尿系CT平扫(见图1):右输尿管上段及肾盂内多发结石伴肾盂重度扩张积水;左侧输尿管上段结石伴输尿管上段及肾盂扩张积水;双肾多发结石;前列腺增生伴钙化.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in different physiologic and pathophysiologic processes and plays important roles in the etiology of cancer. The −174G>C polymorphism of the IL-6 gene influences IL-6 transcription and has been implicated in cancer risk. However, published data have been conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of 29,377 cancer cases and 37,739 controls from 50 published case–control studies was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the association between −174G>C polymorphism and cancer risk. Overall meta-analysis indicated that no association was found between −174G>C genotypes and cancer risk. However, the positive association was found in bladder cancer (OR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.93–9.71 for CC vs. GC, OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.39–5.68 for CC vs. GG, and OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.32–3.64 for CC vs. GG/GC), and among Asians (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.07–4.06 for CC vs. GG, and OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.02–4.74 for CC vs. GG/GC) and Africans (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07–2.42 for GC vs. GG). This meta-analysis showed the evidence that the −174G>C of the IL-6 gene was a low-penetrance susceptibility gene for bladder cancer. Further larger, perferably prospective studies are needed to confirm this relationship.

目的 研究CD14基因-260A/G位点多态性与前列腺癌易感性的关系.方法 提取168例前列腺癌患者和208例对照组的外周血DNA标本,应用聚合酶链反应-连接酶特异检测技术(polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction,PCR-LDR)分析前列腺癌患者CD14 -260A/G位点多态性,比较不同基因型和前列腺癌易感性的关系,并探讨不同基因型与前列腺癌患者年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟、饮酒及肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 总体来说CD14基因-260A/G多态性与前列腺癌易感性之间无显著相关性(P=0.284,OR=1.27,95% CI=0.82~1.94);饮酒(P=0.003)和肿瘤家族史(P＜0.001)与前列腺癌的发生密切相关;在分层分析中,年龄＜70岁的男性携带CD14-260G(AG+GG)等位基因者能增加前列腺癌的易感性(P=0.011,OR=2.93,95%CI=1.28~6.70).结论 CD14基因-260A/G位点多态性在总体上与前列腺癌易感性无显著相关性,但在年龄小于70岁男性中,携带有CD14-260G等位基因者患前列腺癌的危险性却明显增高.

Objective To investigate the associations between-1304T ＞ G polymorphism in the promoter of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) gene and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility in the Han population in Jiangsu and Anhui.Methods A case control experiment was performed,consisting of 174 cases of newly diagnosed PCa and 252 cancer-free healthy controls.The peripheral blood genome DNA was extracted.The polymorphism of MKK4-1304 locus was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) technique.The associations between the susceptibility to PCa and different genotypes were compared.Results TT,TG,and GG genotypes were identified in the promoter of MKK4 gene (-1304T/G).Logistic regression analysis revealed there was no significant difference at MKK4-1304 site between TG,GG,and TG + GG genotypes and TT genotype ( OR =0.775,95％ CI =0.516-1.164; OR=0.650,95％ CI =0.216-1.956; OR =0.763,95％CI =0.514-1.135,respectively).However,in the stratification analysis,the decreased risk of PCa was associated with the-1304G variant genotypes (-1304TG/GG),particularly in the subgroups of subjects older than 70 years ( OR =0.575,95％ CI=0.348-0.951) and no-smokers (OR=0.477,95％ CI=0.252-0.906).Conclusion The MKK4-1304 polymorphism is not related directly to the susceptibility to PCa in the Han population in Jiangsu and Anhui.

Recently, a C>T polymorphism (rs1434536) in a miR-125b binding site in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of bone morphogenetic protein membrane receptor type IB gene (BMPR1B) has been found to contribute to cancer susceptibility. To investigate whether it plays an important role in the development of prostate cancer in southern Chinese Han population, we performed a case-control study. 247 prostate cancer and 278 control subjects were included in the cancer association study and dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to test the binding ability of miR-125b to BMPR1B-C or -T vectors. The effect of CT/TT genotype on prostate cancer risk was found to be significant for localized disease (OR=1.60, 95% CI=1.01-2.53, P=0.044) and among subgroups of aged>70 years (OR=1.90, 95% CI=1.15-3.15, P=0.015) compared with CC genotype. Moreover, C-allele gave a reduced luciferase activity relative to T-allele in dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our findings show that rs1434536 in the 3'UTR of BMPR1B gene affects the binding ability of miR-125b to BMPR1B mRNA and contributes to the genetic predisposition to localized prostate cancer and patients aged>70 years.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the correlation between the polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer (PCa) in the Chinese Han population in Nanjing.METHODS:We performed a case control study on 187 cases of PCa and 237 cancer-free healthy controls. Peripheral blood genome DNA was extracted from the subjects for analysis of the polymorphism of the TRAIL-716 locus by polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR). The correlations between the susceptibility to PCa and different genotypes were compared.RESULTS:An SNP (-716A/G) was found in the promoter of the TRAIL gene. AA, AG and GG genotypes were identified. Logistic regression analysis suggested that AG, GG and AG + GG genotypes had no significant correlation with the risk of PCa (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.54 -1.47; OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.69 -1.27; OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.54 - 1.41).CONCLUSION:The TRAIL-716 polymorphism is not directly related with the genetic susceptibility to PCa in the Chinese Han population of Nanjing.

Objective:To investigate the potential association between the polymorphism in promoter of TRA1L-716 genotypes and risk factors(PSA,Gleason score and TNM clinical stage) of prostate cancer.Methods:The polymorphism of TRAIL-716 sites was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction(PCR-LDR) technique using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood.The association between the risk factors of prostate cancer and different genotypes was evaluated.Results:The TRAIL-716G variant allele(AG+GG) was associated with lower PSA value of prostate cancer(adjusted OR=0.04;95%CI=0.01-0.14).It was also noted that the TRAIL-716G variant allele was associated with lower Gleason score and earlier TNM clinical stage of prostate cancer patients(adjusted OR=0.07,0.08; 95%CI=0.02-0.29,0.03-0.21,respectively).Conclusions:The results demonstrated that the TRAIL-716 A to G variant influenced the PSA value.Gleason score and TNM clinical stage of prostate cancer.The TRAIL-716G variant might have a protective effect in the prognosis of prostate cancer.

Objective To isolate and clone K1 gene of HHV-8 and investigate its expression both in endothelial(EC) cells and prostate cancer(PC-3) cells.Methods A pair of PCR primers for k1 gene including Xho I and Xba I restriction enzyme cut sites was designed according to the sequence registered in GenBank.Then the genome of HHV-8 was taken as template and K1 gene was amplified with PCR.Subsequently,amplified gene fragments were digested with the two enzymes mentioned above.A Flag sequence was introduced to facilitate the detection of K1 protein after identification with nucleotide sequences analysis,and then cloned into pCI-neo vector to generate recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid designated as pCI-K1,recombinant pCI-K1 was transient transfected into EC and PC-3 cells.The expressions of pCI-K1 mRNA and protein in the two cell lines were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.Results Nucleotide sequences analysis indicated that the isolated and cloned pCI-K1 sequence length was 928 bp.The isolated K1 sequence was 100% homology with K1 gene registered in GenBank.The specific bands were both detected at the expectant place by RT-PCR and Western blot.Conclusion K1 gene could be correctly expressed in EC and PC-3 cells.

Objective:To investigate the expression protein of HHV-8 K13 in human endothelial and prostate cancer cells respec-tively,and evaluate the effect on the proliferation of the two cell lines.Methods:The recombinant plasmid PEF-K13-Flag-IRES / Puro was transiently trancfected into EA.HY926 cells and PC-3 cells.The expression of K13 protein in both cells was analyzed by Western blot.The function of K13 protein in cell cycle and cell proliferation were measured by flow cytometry and MTT assay,respectively.Results:The specific band of K13 protein was detected at the expected place by Western blot.In addition,the results of the flow cy-tometry and MTT assay showed that the HHV-8 K13 protein could significantly inhibit the proliferation in human endothelial and prostate cancer cells.Conclusion:HHV-8 K13 protein might inhibit the growth of human endothelial and prostate cancer cells.

Objectives To identify predictors for repeat biopsies in Chinese men with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels or other risk factors for prostate cancer. Methods The study included 129 patients who underwent transrectal sonography-guided repeat biopsies. Potential predictors, including age, body mass index, symptoms, digital rectal examination (DRE), total PSA, free PSA, free/total PSA ratio, prostate volume, PSA density, PSA velocity, PSA doubling time, and volume/biopsy ratio, were subjected to univariate analysis. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify major independent predictors for repeat biopsies, and a scoring system for predicting cancer was devised. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to test the sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system. Results Thirty-four patients (26.36%) had cancer. On univariate analysis, the DRE (P = .002), total PSA (P = .020), five/total PSA ratio (P < .001), prostate volume (P < .001), PSA density (P = .003), and volume/biopsy ratio (P < .001) were significant predictors of cancer. On multivariate analysis, the DRE, total PSA, free/total PSA ratio, and volume/biopsy ratio were independently significant predictors, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 4.61 (1.62-13.07), 1.02 (1.00-1.04), 0.87 (0.78-0.96), and 0.56 (0.43-0.79). Using ROC analysis, we determined a cutoff value of 2.5 for the scores, at which the sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system for predicting positive repeat biopsy results were 76.50% and 74.70%, with an area under the curve of 0.816 (P < .001). Patients with scores of 3 to 5 had higher cancer detection rates than those with scores of 0 to 2 (52.00% versus 10.13%; P < .001). Conclusions Key predictors may exist to help formulate a scoring system to identify Chinese men who need repeat prostate biopsies. More studies are required to learn its applicability to broader populations.

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) plays a pivotal role in antiproliferative, antitumor and antiviral activities. The +874 polymorphism in IFN gene region reportedly affects cancer risk. However, pertinent studies offer conflicting results. To derive a more precise estimation, we performed a meta-analysis based on 1,929 cases and 2,830 controls from 17 published case–control studies, assessing the strength of the association using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Our meta-analysis showed the evidence that IFN-γ +874 T/A was not associated with increased cancer risk in ethnicity and source of controls. However, stratified analysis by cancer type indicated a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer (AT vs. TT: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02–1.19, P = 0.961 for heterogeneity). Further prospective researches with a larger single study are required to evaluate any association with other types of cancer or in other populations.

前列腺癌的发生和许多因素相关,具体的分子机制还不清楚。非编码微小核糖核酸(miRNAs)作为目前研究的热点在许多肿瘤发生、发展、浸润和转移、以及治疗靶点方面都有新的发现。然而与前列腺癌相关的miRNAs的研究还比较少,主要局限于前列腺癌中miRNAs表达谱分析、单个miRNA功能、致瘤性miRNAS和肿瘤抑制性miRNAs的研究。作者就miRNAs和前列腺癌关系研究的最新进展作简要概述。

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in different physiologic and pathophysiologic processes and plays important roles in the etiology of cancer. The −174G>C polymorphism of the IL-6 gene influences IL-6 transcription and has been implicated in cancer risk. However, published data have been conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of 29,377 cancer cases and 37,739 controls from 50 published case–control studies was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the association between −174G>C polymorphism and cancer risk. Overall meta-analysis indicated that no association was found between −174G>C genotypes and cancer risk. However, the positive association was found in bladder cancer (OR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.93–9.71 for CC vs. GC, OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.39–5.68 for CC vs. GG, and OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.32–3.64 for CC vs. GG/GC), and among Asians (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.07–4.06 for CC vs. GG, and OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.02–4.74 for CC vs. GG/GC) and Africans (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07–2.42 for GC vs. GG). This meta-analysis showed the evidence that the −174G>C of the IL-6 gene was a low-penetrance susceptibility gene for bladder cancer. Further larger, perferably prospective studies are needed to confirm this relationship.

Objective:The association between ribonuclease L（RNASEL）gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk has been widely reported,but the results of these studies remained controversial and underpowered.We performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies to evaluate the association between Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms in the RNASEL gene and prostate cancer risk.Methods:Odds ratios（ORs）with 95%confidence intervals（CIs） were estimated to assess the association between RNASEL polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk.Results:A significantly increased prostate cancer risk was found for the Arg462Gln polymorphism in Africans（Gln/Gln vs Arg/Arg:OR=2.50,95%CI=1.28-4.87;Gln/Gln vs Gln/Arg+Arg/Arg:OR=2.54,95%CI=1.30-4.95）,but not in Europeans and Asians.Additionally,the Asp541Glu polymorphism was associated with increased total prostate cancer risk（Glu-allele vs Asp-allele:OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01-1.07;Glu/Glu vs Asp/Asp:OR=1.22,95%CI= 1.03-1.46;Glu/Glu vs Glu/Asp+Asp/Asp:OR=1.09,95%CI=1.02-1.16）.In the stratified analysis for the Asp541Glu polymorphism,there was a significantly increased prostate cancer risk in Africans and Europeans,and in hospital-based prostate cancer cases.Conclusion:The meta-analysis results showed evidence that RNASEL Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk and could be low-penetrance prostate cancer susceptibility biomarkers.