A calculation of the amount of literature that should be processed by a scientist when conducting research in the field of Earth science has been made. An approximate estimate of the volume of literary sources processed by a scientist is 10000 works over 20 years. To work with such a large volume of literature it is necessary to use programs of bibliographic managers. The EndNote and Mendelay software are reviewed. The problems of such software packages and their advantages are discussed. The main disadvantage is the lack of support for long-term literature review work. In addition, there is insufficient support for hierarchical systems of semantic-intelligent relationship of articles with problems of the science of the Earth. The limitations of professional software of the bibliography managers forced to develop our own bibliographic manager. Algorithms of its operating bibliographic system, which realized implementation in the Access Microsoft program, are considered. The proposed algorithm can be used in other fields of science as well.

Аннотация.Исследованы составы расплавных включений в главных минералах щелочных пород Гулинского плутона -оливиновый нефеленит, мелилитолит, ункомпагрит, якупирангит.Методом LA-ICP-MS получены данные по редкоэлементному составу расплавов в них.Анализ полученных данных позволяет сделать вывод о

— The first data on the isotopic composition and elemental ratios of nitrogen, carbon, and noble gases in samples from the early stages of the formation of the Guli Complex (Maimecha-Kotui igneous province, Polar Siberia), obtained using the method of stepwise crushing, are reported. The 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratios in the crushing steps vary from the values close to atmospheric (~296) in the meimechite sample to 5000–6000 in pyroxenite and melilitolite; the latter correspond to the estimate for the mantle source of carbonatite from the Guli massif, according to the Ne–Ar systematics. The bulk nitrogen isotopic composition (δ 15 N) in the studied rocks varies from +3.7 to –5.9‰, showing a regular increase in δ 15 N with increasing nitrogen concentration; the range of δ 15 N variations in crushing steps is even wider: from +6.7‰ in pyroxenite to –15.4‰ in meimechite. The data obtained for the ultrabasic rocks of the Guli Massif suggest a significantly lower contribution of the subducted nitrogen of organic origin in comparison with the alkaline–ultramafic rocks of the Kola alkaline province and associated carbonatite, as well as with the Guli carbonatite and some Indian alkaline–ultramafic complexes with carbonatite. The N/ 36 Ar ratios in the trapped mantle component of the ultramafic rocks are 4–8 times lower than that in the associated carbonatite. This, most likely, indicates different fluid sources, or the preferred escape of nitrogen from the fluid phase at the early stages of the formation of the Guli Massif.

We report the first combined investigation (neutron activation, X-ray fluorescence, and electron microprobe analysis) of mineral forms of Au and Ag and noble metal distribution in the sulfide-bearing phoscorites and carbonatites of the Guli alkaline ultrabasic massif (Polar Siberia) and magnetite and sulfide separates from these rocks. The highest noble metal contents were observed in the sulfide separates from the carbonatites: up to 2.93 Pt, 61.6 Au, and 3.61 ppm Ag. Pyrrhotite, djerfisherite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite are the most abundant sulfides and the main hosts for Au and Ag. The latest assemblage of chalcopyrite, Ag-rich djerfisherite, lenaite, sternbergite, and native silver shows significant Ag concentrations. The wide occurrence of K sulfides and presence of multiphase inclusions in pyrrhotite consisting of rasvumite, K‒Na–Ca carbonate, carbocernaite, strontianite, galena, chalcopyrite, sternbergite, lenaite, and native silver suggest that the sulfides were formed at high activities of K, Na, Sr, LREE, F, Cl, and S. Chlorine shows high complex-forming capacity to Ag and could be an agent of noble metal transport in the carbonatites. Crystallization of the early djerfisherite–pyrrhotite assemblages of the phoscorites and carbonatites began at a temperature not lower than 500°C and continued up to the formation of late Ag-bearing sulfides at temperatures not higher than 150°C. The carbonatite-series rocks could be enriched in Au and Ag during late low-temperature stages and serve as a source for Au placers.

Composition of clinopyroxenes in vertical sections of some ore-bearing basic intrusions in the Noril’sk area has been studied by EPMA. These data formed the basis for the calculation of the pyroxene crystallization temperatures using the El Negro monopyroxene geothermometer (Fe-Mg exchange between M1-M2 positions). The results of the calculations allowed estimating the variations of temperature crystallization within the magmatic chambers from early to the late stages. The temperature varies from 1200 for idiomorphic crystals in equilibrium to liquid and up to 400 degrees (in solid intra exchange) for xenomorphic grains and marginal zones of pyroxenes. We reconstructed the regimes of crystallization of the magmatic chamber by this data. The vertical distribution of paleotemperatures of the intrusive chamber there is the evidence of absence vertical move crystals into such magmatic chambers.

The determination of the chemical composition of meimechites – which are unique and rarely occurring ultra-high MgO igneous rocks – can be complicated due to their porphyric structure, the presence of acid-insoluble minerals, and wide variation of major and trace element contents. In the present study the optimal analytical strategy based on a combination of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods was suggested for the determination of the elemental composition of meimechites. The preparation of glass beads using a lithium tetraborate and metaborate mixture proved to be suitable for the XRF determination of major oxides. A comparative study of the sample decomposition procedures for the determination of trace elements by ICP-MS clearly showed that fusion with lithium metaborate was the most appropriate sample preparation technique for complete digestion of meimechites. The open beaker HF-HNO3-HClO4 acid digestion was insufficient because the results for Nb, Ta, V, Zr, Cr and Hf were underestimated by 20–80% compared to those determined using the fusion method due to the presence in the rock samples of acid-resistant accessory minerals. It is shown that using analytical data from acid digestion may lead to erroneous interpretation of geochemical data. Supplementary material: Comparing the results obtained by ‘wet chemistry’ and XRF methods; ICP-MS data for meimechite samples; ICP-MS analysis of reference materials are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4226786

Впервые на примере щелочно-ультраосновного Гулинского массива (Полярная Сибирь) в сульфидсодержащих фоскоритах и карбонатитах, выделенных из них магнетитовых и сульфидных концентратов, проведено комплексное исследование (нейтронно-активационный, рентгенофлуоресцентный и рентгеноспектральный зондовый анализы) минеральных форм нахождения Au и Ag и распределения благородных металлов. Установлено, что сульфидные концентраты карбонатитов являются наиболее обогащенными в отношении благородных металлов ― до 2.93 ppm Pt, 61.6 ppm Au и 3.61 ppm Ag. Пирротин, джерфишерит, халькопирит и пирит — наиболее распространенные сульфиды и главные концентраторы Au и Ag. Самый поздний парагенезис, представленный халькопиритом, Ag-обогащенным джерфишеритом, ленаитом, штернбергитом и самородным серебром, содержит значимые концентрации Ag. Согласно широкому распространению калиевых сульфидов и выявленным в пирротине полифазным включениям расвумита, K-Na-Ca карбоната, карбоцернаита, стронцианита, галенита, халькопирита, штернбергита, ленаита и самородного серебра, сульфиды формировались в условиях повышенной активности K, Na, Sr, LREE, F, Cl и S. Хлор, обладающий высокой способностью к комплексообразованию с серебром, мог быть агентом переноса благородных металлов в карбонатитах. Кристаллизация ранних джерфишерит-пирротиновых ассоциаций фоскоритов и карбонатитов начиналась при температуре не менее 500°С и продолжалась до образования поздних Ag-содержащих сульфидов при температуре не более 150°C. Породы карбонатитовой серии на поздних низкотемпературных стадиях могут обогащаться Au и Ag и являться одним из источников при образовании золотоносных россыпей.

The unique and very large PGE–Cu–Ni Noril’sk deposits are located within the Siberian trap province, posing a number of questions about the relationship between the ore-forming process and the magmatism that produced the traps. A successful answer to these questions could greatly increase the possibility of discovering new deposits in flood basalt provinces elsewhere. In this contribution, we present new data on volcanic stratigraphy and geochemistry of the magmatic rocks in the key regions of the Siberian trap province (Noril’sk, Taimyr, Maymecha-Kotuy, Kulyumber, Lower Tunguska and Angara) and analyze the structure of the north part of the province. The magmatic rocks of the Arctic zone are characterized by variable MgO (3.6–37.2 wt %) and TiO2 (0.8–3.9 wt %) contents, Gd/Yb (1.4–6.3) and La/Sm (2.0–10.4) ratios, and a large range of isotopic compositions. The intrusions in the center of the Tunguska syneclise and Angara syncline have much less variable compositions and correspond to a “typical trap” with MgO of 5.6–7.2 wt %, TiO2 of 1.0–1.6 wt %, Gd/Yb ratio of 1.4–1.6 and La/Sm ratio of 2.0–3.5. This compositional diversity of magmas in the Arctic zone is consistent with their emplacement within the paleo-rift zones. Ore-bearing intrusions (the Noril’sk 1, Talnakh, Kharaelakh) are deep-situated in the Igarka-Noril’sk rift zone, which has three branches, namely the Bolsheavamsky, Dyupkunsky, and Lower Tunguska, that are prospected for discovering new deposits. One possible explanation for the specific position of the PGE–Cu–Ni deposits is accumulation of sulfides in these long-lived zones from the Neoproterozoic to the Mesozoic era during magmatic and metamorphic processes. Thus, trap magmatism, itself, does not produce large deposits, but mobilizes earlier formed sulfide segregations in addition carrying metals in the original magmas. These deposits are the results of several successive magmatic events, in which emplacement of the traps was the final event.

Based on the analysis of satellite altimetry and deep-water geological and geophysical surveys, it was established that there is a close connection between underwater volcanoes and tectonics on the crest of the East Pacific Rise, on its western flank and in the deep-water basin. Underwater volcanoes are characterized by different sizes; their basalts are characterized by variable degree of differentiation. The aggregated results denote the existence and relevance of studying the major problem of the volcanic-tectonic activity of the oceanic lithosphere at different stages of its evolution.

Выполнен проект по созданию современной технологии долгосрочного экологического мониторинга состояния воздушной среды в разных природных условиях на основе беспроводных сенсорных сетей. При проведении работ спроектирован аппаратно-программный комплекс мониторинга и изготовлена аппаратура, состоящая узлов сети и уникальных газовых датчиков. В результате получена распределенная, самоорганизующаяся и устойчивая к отказам отдельных элементов сеть из миниатюрных вычислительных устройств с автономными источниками питания. Узлы такой системы транслируют сообщения друг через друга, обеспечивая значительную площадь покрытия при малой мощности передатчика. Испытаниясистемы в условиях г. Москвы показали, что систему можно использовать для мониторинга загрязненности воздуха крупных городов. В более экстремальных условиях система успешно испытана в Арктике на Кольском полуострове: в подземном руднике Карнасурт в Ловозерском массиве и на поверхности Хибинского массива. Установлено, что разработанная технология экологического мониторинга позволяет с большой дискретностью и точностью проводить наблюдения даже в непосредственной близи от зоны взрывных работ.

Выделение локальных щелочных провинций во многом связано с представлениями о их образовании в результате долговременной активности крупного мантийного плюма.Следствием такого представления является возможность оценки пространственной зональности химической магматизма провинций.В этой связи представляет интерес хотя бы качественно оценить насколько близка геохимия магматических проявлений в центре провинций и на их границах.Одной из возможностей такой оценки представляет предложенная типизация проявлений карбонатитового магматизма в щелочных массивах мира, выполненная в работах Вулли [3; 4] на основе разработанной ими базы данных «World Carbonatite» [5].Ими проведена систематическая типизация комплексов щелочных магматических фаз, ассоциирующихся с карбонатитами.Выделено 12 устойчивых ассоциаций.Позднее мы повторили эту работу и несколько детализировали ее, выделив 24 ассоциации [2].Эти группы-ассоциации можно объединить в более крупные единицы -10 классов, которые практически соответствуют классам, выделенным Вулли.Результаты представлены в таблице 1, где указано количество массивов, попадающих в каждую из групп.Видно, что результаты достаточно близкие.Отличия отмечены главным образом в детальности выделения петрографических ассоциаций

The project includes the development of informational and analytical system based on new innovations of microelectronics and telecommunication to provide advanced monitoring, which includes a network of rock and soil gas emission sensors (WSN) and internet webpage based on modern WEB-GIS technologies

Variations in the contents of Fe and Mn and a number of trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb, Th, U, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nb, and Mo) were simultaneously measured in microlayers in samples of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the surface of three guyots of the Magellan Seamounts by means of synchrotron micro-XRF analysis on a VEPP-3 accelerator facility at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Micro-scale periodic variations were detected in the contents of most trace elements. The high and low contents of Co, Ni, and Mo in the crusts display also a larger scale periodicity.Based on the previous dating of ferromanganese crusts from the Magellan Seamounts and recent estimates of crust growth rates, we determined the geochronological position of maxima in the stratigraphic section and time intervals between trace element extrema. It was shown that micro-scale periodic variations in trace element contents in all the samples analyzed by us are similar despite the significant differences in the absolute contents of trace elements. The similar trace element variations suggest that this periodicity could be related to global changes in climatic conditions in the ocean.The analysis of correlations between trace elements and manganese, the major component of the crust, revealed the persistency of geochemical associations for all the age stages of crust formation. This can be considered as evidence for the hydrogenous origin of ferromanganese materials on the seamounts. Some specific variations in trace element contents observed in layer III were attributed to the contribution of volcanic processes during the respective stage of development.

С помощью микроанализа (micro-XRF-SR), выполненного на ускорительном комплексе ВЭПП-3 ИЯФ СО РАН удалось одновременно измерить вариации содержаний Fe, Mn и ряда микроэлементов (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb, Th, U, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nb, Mo) в микрослоях образцов кобальт-марганцевых корок, поднятых с поверхности трех разных гайотов Магеллановых гор. Обнаружена микропериодичность в изменении содержаний большинства микроэлементов. Для Co, Ni, Mo установлены также более крупные периоды формирования высоких и низких содержаний этих микроэлементов в корках. На основе предыдущих работ по датированию железомарганцевых корок Магеллановых гор и современных оценок скорости роста корок, было определено геохронологическое положение максимумов на стратиграфической шкале и временное расстояние между экстремумами концентраций редких элементов. Показано сходство микропериодичности колебаний содержаний микроэлементов во всех исследованных образцах, несмотря на значительное различие в абсолютных концентрациях микроэлементов. Сходство колебаний содержаний микроэлементов доказывает, что эта периодичность может быть обусловлена глобальными вариациями климатических условий в океане. Анализ корреляционных связей микроэлементов с главным компонентом корок – марганцем – выявил постоянство геохимических ассоциаций для всех возрастных этапов формирования корок. Это, вероятно, является доказательством гидрогенного происхождения железомарганцевых образований на поверхности подводных гор. Отдельные колебания, содержаний микроэлементов (выявленные в слое III) объясняются вкладом вулканогенных процессов на этом этапе развития.

Samples of ferromanganese crusts dredged from Ita-MaiTai guyot (Magellan seamounts, Pacific Ocean) were studied. They are made up of a complete stratigraphic section of different-age layers, including unique oldest relict layers in some samples. The study of trace, rare-earth, and noble element (including Pt and Pd) distribution showed that old layers differ from young ones in terms of Co, TR, S, As, and P. In addition, composition of the crusts significantly varies depending on the spatial position of sample in the guyot. In some zones, crusts enriched in trace elements were generated both in the Pleistocene and Paleogene. Significant variations established in trace element composition of different-age layers indicate that trace element composition of the crusts notably evolved with time, which could be caused by productivity of biocenosis or change in the formation depth of crusts on the guyot due to vertical tectonic movements.

In order to elucidate possible processes leading to platinum accumulation in ferromanganese deposits, we analyzed published data on the interaction of dissolved platinum species in different valence states with iron and manganese oxyhydroxides under oceanic conditions and experimentally studied the kinetics of sorption of inorganic and organic complexes of platinum (II) and platinum (IV) on synthetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and natural materials (marine colloids, and ferromanganese crust samples). The role of dissolved and suspended particulate aquatic organic matter in the sorption accumulation of platinum was evaluated. Possible reasons for the preferential (compared with other noble metals) accumulation of platinum in oceanic ferromanganese deposits were discussed.

Statistical study of volcanic rocks from oceanic islands and seamounts in the Atlantic Ocean based on approximately 6000 analyses (data from the authors’ databank) makes it possible to recognize rocks close to the parental melts (approximately 2000 analyses). This set is demonstrated to include a unique group of high-potassium (K2O/Na2O > 1) rocks, whose K2O/Na2O ratio is several times higher than in the mantle and calls for the explanation of the mechanism that increased the K2O concentration during the melting of the mantle and for the identification of an additional K2O source in the mantle and a process responsible for K and Na differentiation. A new model is proposed to account for the genesis of high-potassium melts-fluids, whose ascent brings about extensive mantle metasomatism. The genesis of high-potassium fluid is related to solid-state reactions at deep mantle levels.

A collection of layered ferromanganese ores (27 samples) from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was studied. Trace element and PGE contents were determined layer-by-layer (up to 10 microlayers) in 13 of these samples.