The distribution of lithium deposits and lithium resources contained in them are analyzed throughout geological time. The basis for the analysis is data on 164 deposits from around the world with resources estimated above 100 thousand t of Li2O, representing almost the entire explored resource base attractive in the modern and near future conditions to extract this element. The variability of various aspects of their formation in geological time is demonstrated by comparing supercontinent cycles in terms of the quantity and quality of resources in deposits of different types, ages, and tectonic position. It has been established that lithium deposits have an extremely uneven pulsed distribution on the geological time scale. The Kenoran, Columbian, and Rodinian cycles are represented only by the pegmatite-type deposits, the intensity of formation of which decreased in this series. In the Pangean cycle, it increased again, approaching the Kenoran level. In addition, first deposits of a granite type appeared. In the current Amasian cycle, deposits of the granite type quantitatively predominate over the pegmatite type, but they both yield quantitatively to the clay-type deposits only appeared in this cycle. In terms of the resources, all these three types with solid ores are inferior to deposits associated with brines in salars, geothermal and oil-and-gas fields. All deposits from the Kenoran to Pangean cycles were formed in collision belts at the postorogenic stage of their development. In the Amasian cycle, continuity in this aspect was preserved, but deposits of granite and clay types formed in the back zones of active continental margins were also established. Deposits in salars also have these two tectonic positions. Geothermal deposits are known within the framework of collisional orogens and on active continental margins. Oil-and-gas fields have been explored only in the sedimentary covers of ancient platforms. Currently, objects of pegmatite and salar types are of maximum importance for the world economy, and the granite-type deposits are of less significance. All of them are traditional for lithium extraction. In the pegmatite type, the Kenoran deposits have the highest degree of industrial development, in the granite-type deposits of the Amasian cycle. In recent years, single deposits of clay, geothermal, and oil-and-gas field types began to be involved in the exploitation, as well as representatives of the salar type with brine compositions that have not been suitable for conventional technologies.

The distribution of lithium deposits and lithium resources contained in them are analyzed throughout geological time. The basis for the analysis is data on 164 deposits from around the world with resources estimated above 100 thousand tons of Li 2 O, representing almost the entire explored resource base attractive in the modern and near future conditions to extract this element. The variability of various aspects of their formation in geological time is demonstrated by comparing supercontinent cycles in terms of the quantity and quality of resources in deposits of different types, ages, and tectonic position. It has been established that lithium deposits have an extremely uneven pulsed distribution on the geological time scale. The Kenoran, Columbian, and Rodinian cycles are represented only by the pegmatite type deposits, which intensity of formation decreased in this raw. In the Pangean cycle, it increased again, approaching the Kenoran level. In addition, the first deposits of a granite type appeared. In the current Amasian cycle, deposits of the granite type quantitatively predominate over the pegmatite type, but they both yield quantitatively to the clay type deposits only appeared in this cycle. In terms of the resources, all these three types with solid ores are inferior to deposits associated with brines in salars, geothermal and oil-and-gas fields. All deposits from the Kenoran to Pangean cycles were formed in collision belts at the post-orogenic stage of their development. In the Amasian cycle, continuity in this aspect was preserved, but deposits of granite and clay types formed in the back zones of active continental margins were also established. Deposits in salars also have these two tectonic positions. Geothermal deposits are known within the framework of collisional orogens and on active continental margins. Oil-and-gas fields have been explored only in the sedimentary covers of ancient platforms. Currently, objects of pegmatite and salar types are of maximum importance for the world economy, and the granite type deposits are of less significance. All of them are traditional for lithium extraction. In the pegmatite type, the Kenoran deposits have the highest degree of industrial development, in the granite type – deposits of the Amasian cycle. In recent years, single deposits of clay, geothermal and oil-and-gas field types began to be involved in the exploitation, as well as representatives of the salar type with brine compositions that have not been suitable for conventional technologies.

The analysis of altimetric data in combination with bathymetry and gravimetry materials in the north-eastern and southern sectors of the Pacific Ocean, as well as detailed data on the underwater relief, the structure of the sedimentary cover, the composition and absolute age of basalts obtained within the area of domestic geological exploration for ferromanganese nodules (the Clarion-Clipperton zone) is carried out. Structural trends formed by local cone-shaped local structures of presumably volcanic nature, grouped along transform faults belonging to various stages of the kinematics of the Pacific Plate, have been traced in the structure of the oceanic lithosphere at various scale levels. The first trend corresponds to the extension of the fault system corresponding to the spreading system on the crest of the East Pacific rise before the restructuring of its planned geometry in the Paleocene-Eocene, the second coincides with their extension after the change in the relative movement of the Pacific Plate. The trends are characterized by planned disagreement, and an increase in the number of seamounts is observed in the areas of their intersection. Within the area of detailed studies, obvious signs of volcanic-tectonic activity were revealed: high dissection of the underwater relief, hills of different heights with steep slopes, whose volcanic nature is confirmed by differentiated basalts raised from their slopes, the absolute age of which indicates the multistage outpourings that occurred in an intraplate environment. The angular velocity of rotation of the spreading axis and the linear velocity of its advance with changes in the kinematics of the Pacific plate are estimated and possible reasons for changes in its relative motion are considered. An improved scheme of adaptation of the spreading zone to a change in the direction of relative plate movement is proposed, acc0ording to which an essential factor of intraplate volcanic-tectonic activity is the relaxation of stresses in the plate caused by external influence on it.

Геопротал «Металлогения» обеспечивает организованный доступ к каталогу метаданных, интерактивному картографическому приложению, веб-приложениям «Крупнейшие месторождения мира» и «Металлогениическая зональность докембрия» и связанным с ними веб-сервисам. Он находится в свободном доступе и предназначен для широкого круга пользователей: ученых, геологов-практиков, аспирантов, студентов и других специалистов, использующих ГИС-технологии в области анализа геологической, но особенно – металлогенической информации. Геопортал предоставляет общедоступную возможность использовать уже размещенные на нем ресурсы и публиковать собственные пространственные метаданные, данные и геосервисы, что обеспечивает их эффективный поиск и делает намного более доступными кругу заинтересованных специалистов во всем мире.

Based on the analysis of satellite altimetry and deep-water geological and geophysical surveys, it was established that there is a close connection between underwater volcanoes and tectonics on the crest of the East Pacific Rise, on its western flank and in the deep-water basin. Underwater volcanoes are characterized by different sizes; their basalts are characterized by variable degree of differentiation. The aggregated results denote the existence and relevance of studying the major problem of the volcanic-tectonic activity of the oceanic lithosphere at different stages of its evolution.

Выполнен проект по созданию современной технологии долгосрочного экологического мониторинга состояния воздушной среды в разных природных условиях на основе беспроводных сенсорных сетей. При проведении работ спроектирован аппаратно-программный комплекс мониторинга и изготовлена аппаратура, состоящая узлов сети и уникальных газовых датчиков. В результате получена распределенная, самоорганизующаяся и устойчивая к отказам отдельных элементов сеть из миниатюрных вычислительных устройств с автономными источниками питания. Узлы такой системы транслируют сообщения друг через друга, обеспечивая значительную площадь покрытия при малой мощности передатчика. Испытаниясистемы в условиях г. Москвы показали, что систему можно использовать для мониторинга загрязненности воздуха крупных городов. В более экстремальных условиях система успешно испытана в Арктике на Кольском полуострове: в подземном руднике Карнасурт в Ловозерском массиве и на поверхности Хибинского массива. Установлено, что разработанная технология экологического мониторинга позволяет с большой дискретностью и точностью проводить наблюдения даже в непосредственной близи от зоны взрывных работ.

A method is proposed for identifying seamounts in the northwest sector of the Pacific based on the following criteria: a closed, close to isometric contour of the isobaths at the base of a structure, its quasi-conical shape, and angles of slope exceeding 5° within the limits of the closed contour. A catalog of the mountains has been compiled, consisting of 1995 objects and their quantitative characteristics. The catalog data were statistically processed, and the following was calculated: the correlation between the number of seamounts from the radius of their base and volume, the distribution of the number of mountains, and the total volume within the study area. It is shown that seamounts are characterized as multiscale, and they are located very unevenly: areas with and without their accumulation are distinguished, and the composition of volcanic rocks is typically isotopically and geochemically heterogeneous. It is concluded that currently there is no single geodynamic model that can explain the revealed phenomena in their entirety. At the same time, the data suggest that the nature of some magma chambers that feed intraplate volcanoes is caused by transformation of energy in the lithosphere as a nonlinear open system.

Выделение локальных щелочных провинций во многом связано с представлениями о их образовании в результате долговременной активности крупного мантийного плюма.Следствием такого представления является возможность оценки пространственной зональности химической магматизма провинций.В этой связи представляет интерес хотя бы качественно оценить насколько близка геохимия магматических проявлений в центре провинций и на их границах.Одной из возможностей такой оценки представляет предложенная типизация проявлений карбонатитового магматизма в щелочных массивах мира, выполненная в работах Вулли [3; 4] на основе разработанной ими базы данных «World Carbonatite» [5].Ими проведена систематическая типизация комплексов щелочных магматических фаз, ассоциирующихся с карбонатитами.Выделено 12 устойчивых ассоциаций.Позднее мы повторили эту работу и несколько детализировали ее, выделив 24 ассоциации [2].Эти группы-ассоциации можно объединить в более крупные единицы -10 классов, которые практически соответствуют классам, выделенным Вулли.Результаты представлены в таблице 1, где указано количество массивов, попадающих в каждую из групп.Видно, что результаты достаточно близкие.Отличия отмечены главным образом в детальности выделения петрографических ассоциаций

The project includes the development of informational and analytical system based on new innovations of microelectronics and telecommunication to provide advanced monitoring, which includes a network of rock and soil gas emission sensors (WSN) and internet webpage based on modern WEB-GIS technologies

The information resource (IR) “The Magellan Seamounts (The Pacific Ocean)” was produces. This IR embodied original results of field works and GIS-technologies of morphometric data’s processing and published materials on the geomorphology and geology of Magellan seamount’s guyots. The IR includes the website, the geoinformation system in the ArcGIS Online, and the database on 26 guyots. The IR is located on http://guyot.ocean.ru/ and provides researches with especial information about the morphology and geophysics of guyots and about the composition and distribution of ferromanganese crusts.

Summary The information resource (IR) “Magellan mounts (The Pacific ocean)”, situated in http://guyot.ocean.ru/, is created on the base of the universal portal of P.P.Shirshov Oceanology Institute RAS for the collection and storage of oceanologic information. IR includes a website, a geoinformation system in the ArcGIS Online, and a database (DB). The website, the geoinformation system, and DB are all interconnected. The program platform of portal is the configuration, included server Linux/Unix, HTTP-server Apache, server DB MySQL, integrated necessary programming languages and server applications. The portal design is form by the template using the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) technology. Website include sections “Regional characteristic”, “What are guyots?”, “Database”, “Scientific ships expeditions”, “Bibliography” and the information about the project and institutes-runners. The General Bathymetric Carte of Oceans GEBCO (http://www.gebco.net) is the base of NE Pacific relief. Data in DB are presented by the text, tables and large-scale bathymetric, geological and geophysical maps. IR in addition to data collection performs the functions of guyots different morphometric characteristics calculation, interpreted with using of spatial data GIS-methods analysis.

Samples of ferromanganese crusts dredged from Ita-MaiTai guyot (Magellan seamounts, Pacific Ocean) were studied. They are made up of a complete stratigraphic section of different-age layers, including unique oldest relict layers in some samples. The study of trace, rare-earth, and noble element (including Pt and Pd) distribution showed that old layers differ from young ones in terms of Co, TR, S, As, and P. In addition, composition of the crusts significantly varies depending on the spatial position of sample in the guyot. In some zones, crusts enriched in trace elements were generated both in the Pleistocene and Paleogene. Significant variations established in trace element composition of different-age layers indicate that trace element composition of the crusts notably evolved with time, which could be caused by productivity of biocenosis or change in the formation depth of crusts on the guyot due to vertical tectonic movements.