In this chapter, the following three rare-earth complexes with amino acids, Eu(Glu)(Im)5(ClO4)3⋅3HClO4⋅6H2O, Nd(Gly)2Cl3⋅3H2O, and La(Glu)(Im)6(ClO4)3⋅4HClO4⋅4H2O, are synthesized and characterized by element analysis, infrared (IR) spectrum, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The thermodynamic property studies on these complexes are performed. For the first one, Eu(Glu)(Im)5(ClO4)3⋅3HClO4⋅6H2O, the low temperature heat capacity, phase transition, and thermodynamic functions are determined by adiabatic calorimetry. For the second one, Nd(Gly)2Cl3⋅3H2O, the molar dissolution enthalpy and standard molar enthalpy of formation are determined by isoperibol solution reaction calorimetry. For the third one, La(Glu)(Im)6(ClO4)3⋅4HClO4⋅4H2O, the microcalorimetry is used to investigate the interaction between the complex and the Escherichia coli DH5α to elucidate the biological effects of the complex.

A carbon–nitrogen coating approach using melamine–formaldehyde resin as the carbon–nitrogen source is introduced with the aim of obtaining a Li4Ti5O12/CN composite, exhibiting a significant improvement in its electrochemical performance compared to that of pure Li4Ti5O12.

In-situ coating approach using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as carbon source is introduced in this work with the aim of getting high rate Li4Ti5O12/C composite. Li4Ti5O12/C composite, particle size of 50–200nm in diameter, is well dispersed and the carbon layers are 2–4nm in thickness. Li4Ti5O12/C composite delivers much higher electrochemical performance than Li4Ti5O12, in terms of reversible discharge capacity and rate performance. It exhibits high discharge capacities of 172mAhg−1 and 141mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 10C-rate, respectively. 95.7% of its initial capacity is retained after 200cycles at 10C, demonstrating good cycling stability.

Neodymium complex with glycine, Nd(Gly)(2)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O, was synthesized and characterized by IR spectra. The thermal stability of the complex was tested through TG and DTG and a possible mechanism of thermal decomposition was proposed. The heat capacities of the complex were measured by using an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from T = (80 to 380) K, the thermodynamic functions, [H-T - H-298.15] and [S-T - S-298.15], were calculated based on the heat capacity measurements. Two (solid + solid) phase transitions in the ranges of T = (170 to 247) K were observed with the peak temperatures of 184.896 K and 231.217, respectively. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of [Nd(Gly)(2)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O] was determined to be (-3081.3 +/- 1.1) kJ.mol(-1) in terms of an isoperibol solution-reaction calorimeter. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

以碳酸锂、草酸亚铁、纳米二氧化硅为原料,采用机械球磨和固相法相结合的方法制备了Li2 FeSiO4正极材料.考察了球磨工艺对Li2 FeSiO4正极材料电化学性能的影响,结果表明:在丙酮为溶剂,固液比为7∶24,球磨时间12h条件下制备的Li2 FeSiO4正极材料具有较好的电化学性能.

Improving the rate performance is still a major challenge for Li2FeSiO4 cathode material for Li-ion battery. Herein, hollow spherical Li2FeSiO4/C microscale particles, consisting of carbon-coated primary nanoparticles (20–40nm) have been fabricated by a spray drying-assisted method. The particle size of spherical Li2FeSiO4/C is 1–5μm, which is suitable for commercial application. When used as a cathode material for Li-ion battery, the as-prepared Li2FeSiO4/C composite with 16.7wt.% carbon exhibits a high discharge capacity of 165mAhg−1 at 0.2C rate. At 0.5C, 5C and 10C rates, the capacities of 151mAhg−1, 111mAhg−1, and 96mAhg−1 are observed, respectively, indicating superior rate performance. Meantime, good cycling stability is achieved with a capacity retention of 94.5% at a high current density of 2C after 100cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly ascribed to the improved ionic/electronic conductivity arising from the hollow spherical structure and carbon-coated primary nanoparticles. The spray drying process shows a great potential for the large scale production of high quality Li2FeSiO4/C composite.

Carbon source is a very important factor for the quality of derived carbon coating layer. With this regard, phenanthroline is introduced as carbon source in this work with the aim of getting high-rate Li4Ti5O12/C composite. The effect of coated carbon on the structure, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics is studied in details. In comparison with the pristine Li4Ti5O12, Li4Ti5O12/C composite delivers much higher electrochemical performance in terms of reversible discharge capacity, cycling performance, and rate capability. The Li4Ti5O12/C composite exhibits a high discharge capacity of 172 and 145 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 10 C rate, respectively. After 100 cycles at 10 C, 96.6 % of its initial capacity is retained, demonstrating good cycling stability.

A new citric acid-assisted sol-gel process is introduced in this work with the aim of getting Li2FeSiO4/C composite. The effect of carbon coating on the structure, morphological and electrochemical characteristics is studied in detail. The Li2FeSiO4/C composite with 13.6% carbon delivers much higher electrochemical performance, in terms of reversible discharge capacity, cycling performance and rate capability. At 0.2 C and 2 C, it exhibits a discharge capacity of 138 mAh g-1 and 64 mAh g-1, respectively, and after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, 97.1 % of the maximum discharge capacity is retained.

研究草浆碱回收绿液分别消化和苛化制备文石型碳酸钙的方法.结果表明,在消化反应液控制Na2CO3浓度小于20 g·L-1、氢氧化钠浓度25 g·L-1,苛化反应控制氢氧化钠120 g·L-1,绿液中硅含量3 g·L-1,苛化反应温度80℃的条件下,合成了含量较高的文石型碳酸钙,其含量90％以上.

In this paper, a potassium-deficient K0.66V3O8 with nanobelt morphology was synthesized by a facile and large-scale hydrothermal method and its electrochemical performance as cathode material for Li- ion battery was investigated. As indicated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the nanobelts show a width of ~80 nm and a length of less than one micrometer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) test indicates good reversible Li ion insertion/extraction behavior. When used as a cathode material for Li- ion battery, the nanobelts exhibit a high initial discharge capacity of 268.9 mAh g-1 during 1.5~4.0 V at 15 mA g-1. After capacity fading in the first several cycles, it maintains the capacity of 180 mAh g-1. At 75 mA g-1, the K0.66V3O8 nanobelts still show the reversible capacity of 197.5 mAh g-1 with the capacity retention of 70.8% after 25 cycles.

Comprehensive experimental teaching was regarded as an important way to improve practical ability and innovation ability of students in colleges.The problems of comprehensive experimental teaching in applied chemistry of our school were analyzed.The simulated scientific research process was applied in specialty experiment teaching and a new comprehensive experiment consisting of synthesis,characterization and performances research of Li4Ti5O12 was proposed.It played a very important role in training highly qualified personnel with applications and research ability.

Using ethanol as solvent,ethanol extraction of tea saponin from defatted oil-tea camellia seed cake was studied.The effects of extraction temperature,extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on tea saponin yield were investigated by single factor experiment,and the extraction parameters were optimized by response surface methodology.The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 77.0 ℃,extraction time 1.5 h,liquid-solid ratio 5∶ 1.Under these conditions,tea saponin yield was 15.99%.

The heat capacities of rare earth complexes, Nd(Gly)(2)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O and Pr(Ala)(3)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O were measured with a high-precision automatic adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from 80 to 357 K for Nd(Gly)(2)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O, and from 80 to 374 K for Pr(Ala)(3)Cl-3 center dot 3H(2)O. The thermodynamic functions (H-T-H-298.15) and (S-T-S-298.15) relative to the reference temperature 298.15 K of the two compounds were calculated based on experimental heat capacity data. Possible mechanisms of thermal decompositions were proposed according to the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Based on the measurements of dissolution enthalpies using a solution-reaction isoperibol calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpies of formation were calculated in terms of a designed Hess thermochemical cycle.

The desilicating process during reed pulping was described and the effect of the desilicating agents such as white lime and Al(OH)3 on black liquor hardness was discussed.The effect of the dosages of white lime,Al(OH)3 and NaOH on the desilicating rate was studied by means of response surface methodology,and their optimal dosages were as follows: white lime,Al(OH)3 and NaOH were 2.70%,0.57% and 8.0%,respectively,and the desilicating rate reached 95.9%.Meanwhile,black liquor hardness was not affected by the addition of the desilicating agent.

Calcium carbonate whiskers were successfully prepared in the MgC12-Ca(OH)2-CO2 system by a intermittent bubbling method and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that aragonite style calcium carbonate whiskers with well morphology, large aspect ratio and smooth surface can be obtained by controlling technical conditions such as reaction temperature, concentration of Ca(OH)2 and amount of additives and under the conditions of CO2 flow velocity of 3.4ml/min/gCa(OH)2, flow of CO2 to air ratio of 1:4, stirring speed of 240 r/min.

Li2FeSiO4/C and Li1.97Mg0.03FeSiO4/C composites were successfully prepared by a solid-state method. Both samples were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the charge-discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectra measurement, respectively. It was found that the Li1.97Mg0.03FeSiO4/C composite exhibited an excellent rate capability with a discharge capacity of 144mAh g-1 at 0.2C and 97mAh g-1 at 5C, and after 100 cycles at 1 C, 96% of its initial capacity was retained.

It was found that the dissolubility of tea saponin in absolute ethanol increased quickly with the increasing of the temperature when the temperature was low.Whereas it changed very little if the temperature increased again when it was above 50 ℃.The tea saponin was extracted from tea seed meal by changing the temperature.The yield of tea saponin could reach 13.87% under the condition of the absolute ethanol with ratio of liquid to solid 5∶ 1 extracting at 75 ℃ for 1h and then cooling crystallization to obtain the product.The above process solved the problems existed nowadays,which can use the conventional equipment to extract tea saponin by countercurrent extraction,so to work continuously.

Li2FeSiO4/C and Li1.97Mg0.03FeSiO4/C composites were successfully prepared by a solid-state method. Both samples were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the charge-discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectra measurement, respectively. It was found that the Li1.97Mg0.03FeSiO4/C composite exhibited an excellent rate capability with a discharge capacity of 144mAh g-1 at 0.2C and 97mAh g-1 at 5C, and after 100 cycles at 1 C, 96% of its initial capacity was retained.

The quality of causticizing calcium carbonate and the alkali recovery rate are depended on silicon content of green liquor. The experi-mental results revealed that the particle size, the content of chlorohydric acid unsolvable compound and residual alkali in causticizing calcium carbonate increase obviously with the increase of silicon content in green liquid, and the content of calcium carbonate in white mud and the alkali recovery rate are reduced with the increase of silicon content in green liq-uid. The quality of causticizing calcium carbonate can meet the require-ments as papermaking filler when the silicon removal rate of the green liquid is more than 60%.

The contents of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide in white mud were determined by thermogravimetric analysis,and the effect of gas flow rate in the furnace,temperature rise rate,the mass of the sample,the amount of calcium metasilicate and calcium hydroxide on the measurement results were investigated.The results demonstrated that the above factors have little effect on the determination results.the contents of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide in white mud determined by thermogravimetic analysis proved to be accurate and with a good reproducibity in terms of recovery rates.The recovery of standard addition ranged from 88.6% to 101.3%,and the coefficient of variation were in the range of 1.0% to 3.7%.