The nonequilibrium evaporation of a high-temperature SnS + Dy2S3 solution leads to the implementation of a VLS-like mechanism of growth of γ-Dy2S3 helical single crystals.

The article compares the market value of Russian and American fixed capital in general and by type of economic activity. The multiple backlog of Russia in specific and especially in gross indicators is shown. The required investment (based on PPP for investment in fixed assets) necessary to bring the capital/labor ratio of the workplace in the Russian Federation up to the level of the United States in the economy as a whole and its sectors, the impact of more active implementation of the investment program on the Russian employment structure is calculated. The potential of reducing the net international investment position of the Russian Federation and restructuring of monetary policy as factors in the activation of the investment process is considered.

This article describes Russia’s current model of economic development and considers why recent attempts to upgrade this model have proved unpromising. The main goal of medium-term economic development should be to create a relatively independent national economic system (in terms of critical technologies) to ensure national sovereignty from the global economy. It is concluded that the Russian economy requires greater strategic management by using the potential of the market mechanism as a counterweight to the excessive reliance on market methods with fragmented elements of indicative planning, as is currently the case.

A series of internal-pressure failure tests of steel thin-walled cylindrical shells (vessels) is carried out to measure the crack growth rate in the course of breaking current-conducting strips. The experiments use a specially designed measuring setup based on a precision converter of the signals from resistance thermometers and Terkon thermocouples interfaced with a computer. The crack velocity is measured during straight-line crack propagation and crack branching.

— The article presents a cognitive model for the support of decision-making in pursuing innovation economic policy with regard to the primary and agricultural sectors of the Russian economy. The methodological basis of the approach is the study of a directed graph representing the formalization of a cognitive scheme describing the interaction of many factors in a complex system of socio-economic relations at the level of the national economy. The results obtained by simulation modeling of five scenarios for the economic development of the Russian economy are discussed. The role of innovation and institutional changes and accomodative monetary policy in ensuring sustainable economic growth is shown.

The dynamics of long-term investment by primary economic activities is considered in general and in detail by manufacturing. Russian and American investment programs are compared in terms of gross and specific indicators. The quality of economic growth, as seen through the 2000s Russian investment pattern, mismatched the long-term goals of domestic economic development. In addition, the current phaseout of investment activity is largely an effect of the inadequate investment policy of those years. The existing institutional system orients the Russian economy toward building into the global pattern as a supplier of natural and partly agricultural resources, dooming manufacturing to stagnation at best. The authors prove that stimulation of industrial policy is fundamentally based on a state approach: investing with long-term strategic interests in mind and considering the potential of market relations (efficient resource management) would finally launch large-scale investment programs, providing conditions for the creation of a national innovative economy.

<p align="justify">В статье рассматриваются динамика ввоза и вывоза капитала в РФ, основные направления и эффективность его инвестирования. Демонстрируется экономическая неоправданность вывода значительнх финансовых ресурсов за рубеж. Доказывается наличие в РФ серьезных финансовых ресурсов, достаточных не только для эффективного противодействия западным санкциям, но и для существенного ускорения национального экономического развития. </font>

New enantiomerically pure Schiff bases have been synthesized starting from (–)-3-bromocamphor and ethylenediamine, and their palladium chelates have been obtained.

The main results of tests performed on VVER-1000 fuel elements with high burnup of fuel in a channel of the MIR channel reactor for LOC accident conditions are examined. The experimental setup contains one fuel element, which is arranged along the central axis. The aim of the tests is to determine the parameters of cladding depressurization. In the experiment, questions concerning fragmentation, axial displacement, and possible escape of fuel to outside the cladding were studied and the properties of the cladding material and fuel, which were subjected to the extreme parameters, were determined. The main parameters and the results of two experiments are presented. The conditions under which fuel-element depressurization occurred are determined.

Since 2001 RIAR has been conducting irradiation tests in the MIR reactor under the design basis lossof-coolant accident (LOCA) and reactivity-initiated accident conditions (RIA), which are targeted at obtaining experimental data on the VVER-1000 fuel performance under these conditions. Each experiment confined itself to examination of fuel, fuel-cladding interaction and analysis of gaseous fission products release from irradiated fuel. Several experiments were carried out under both the RIA and LOCA conditions with the use of the VVER1000 fuel rods operated at nuclear power plants and attained a burnup of 40 to 70 MWd/kgU. The irradiation experiments were followed by post-irradiation examinations. In order to conduct irradiation testing of fuel in the loop facilities of the MIR reactor under the VVER-1000 primary circuit conditions, it was necessary to develop appropriate test methods, manufacture fuel test rigs and related engineering equipment. 1. RIA tests: testing methodology and experimental data The existing database for the VVER-1000 fuel performance was obtained during the experiments conducted under the power pulse conditions in pulse reactors IGR and BIGR. These experiments were carried out with narrow power pulses with a use of capsules with stagnant water as coolant at a room temperature and air pressure. Such operating conditions were consistent with the world’s best practices relevant to testing of light water reactor fuel under the RIA conditions. A peak radial average enthalpy (hMAX) is used as a parameter for assessing safety criteria (cladding failure, fuel fragmentation and fuel melting) in such experiments. Table I summarizes the main operating parameters for the VVER fuel rods tested in RIA simulation experiments in power pulse reactors [1]. However, in view of the fact that the conditions of pulse reactor tests are substantially different from the actual initial parameters of fuel rods and the reactor coolant, the obtained experimental data could be excessively conservative on the one hand side, but on the other hand side they may not account fully a real situation in the event of RIA initiation. This fact gave an impetus for conducting RIA simulation experiments on fuel rods in water at a temperature and pressure which were almost identical to their actual ones. TABLE I: Main parameters of RIA tests attained in power pulse reactors. Number of fuel rods under testing Fuel burnup, MW day/kg U Power pulse halfwidth, ms Peak radial average enthalpy, 10J/kg IGR 8 50 750 – 900 2.5 – 11.1 BIGR 8 50 2 4 4.87.8 4 60 2 4 5.26.9 18 IGORR Conference 2017 2 Recently, such irradiation tests have been performed on the PWR and BWR fuel rods in power pulse reactor NSRR with the use of test capsule containing high-temperature stagnant water as coolant[2, 3] and on the VVER fuel rods in the loop test facility of the MIR nuclear research reactor in the coolant flow. To conduct irradiation tests on the VVER-1000 fuel rods in the MIR research reactor under the design-basis RIA conditions, a method of neutron pulse generation was developed relevant to a separate test channel in the reactor [4]. Feasibility of this neutron pulse generation method was demonstrated by means of experiments. Fuel rods are subjected to MIR reactor tests as a part of test assembly comprising three fuel rodlets. The test fuel assembly consisted of two irradiated fuel rodlets and one reference un-irradiated fuel rod. Triangular or trapezoid pulsed neutron flux is created by removing hafnium screen from the test channel that is intended for shielding test rodlets in the initial condition. Pulse transfer is stopped when the research reactor is shut down at a target time. A screening device (see FIG.1) consist of absorber screen and compensator to prevent addition of positive reactivity into the reactor core during pulse generation.Neutron pulse width depends on the speed of screening device movement (from 0.3 to 0.5 m/s) by the hydraulic power drive. An array of fuel rodlets remains immovable so it can be instrumented to monitor the process parameters. Shown in FIG. 2 are variations in the temperature of fuel stack and radial average enthalpy during the RIA simulation experiment in the MIR test channel relevant to different parameters of neutron pulse [4]. For purposes of comparison, calculated temperatures and enthalpy for the VVER-1000 fuel are given here in the event of one control rod ejection. FIG. 2 implies that a satisfactory variation of the main parameters can be achieved for the VVER-1000 fuel by selecting the appropriate pulse parameters during the pulse irradiation test in the MIR reactor. The design-basis RIA simulation experiment was conducted at design parameters on the rodlets re-fabricated from mother fuel rods which had burn-up of 50, 60 and 70 MWd/kg U. TABLE II gives main specifications of rodlets. Main parameters of RIA simulation experiments are summarized in TABLE III below. 1 – test channel vessel; 2 – hydraulic power drive; 3 – pressure gage; 4 – fuel rods; 5 – in-reactor direct-charge detector; 6 – movable absorber screens; 7 – flow spreader; 8 – thermocouple attached in the center of fuel stack, 9 – thermocouple in the coolant; 10 – cladding attached thermocouple FIG. 1. Fuel Test Rig. R ea ct o r co re 4 1

The long-term dynamics of industrial output and the specifics of industrial growth in the Russian Federation are considered. Trends toward simplification of the production structure are identified, showing that the quality of economic dynamics, which the existing model ensures, does not correspond to the long-term goals of Russian economic development. The authors prove that the hope for the beneficial effect of market forces, artificially set against consciously formulated goals of economic development, has failed and led to attenuation of the investment process. Since production growth rates with a roughly four-year lag depend on the growth rates of capital investments, which critically depend on the current market situation, a sharp decrease in the growth rates of investments in recent years has set rigid limitations on economic development at least until 2020. The authors conclude that it is necessary to activate substantially investment progress, including state-run development programs, and analyze the financial potential of investment sources such as an increase in the rate of accumulation and repatriation of domestic capital. It is estimated that the current financial resources will be sufficient at least for the launch of this process if not for the full-fledged creation of an innovative economy in Russia.

We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ab initio total-energy calculations to characterize surface and interfacial structure of Co-Si(111) system. It has been found experimentally that two different types of the (2×2) surface structures occur. The coexistence of two phases is demonstrated by the example of STM image of the surface formed at the early stages of cobalt silicide formation under moderate annealing temperatures (500°C). The measured height difference between the adjacent (2×2) reconstructed patches equal to about 1.0Å (as determined from the filled-state STM images). In addition, the shift of the atomic rows by half of the row spacing is observed. Two adatom models of the (2×2) surface structures are developed. According to our data, these structures are assigned to CaF2-type CoSi2 and CsCl-type CoSi with a (2×2) array of Si adatoms on their surfaces. If the latter is the case, it has а coherent double interface CoSi/CoSi2/Si(111) with a two-layer CoSi2. Both of these interfaces are characterized by the eightfold cobalt coordination and incorporate a grown-in stacking fault.

We report scanning tunneling microscopy observations of solid-phase epitaxial growth of ultra-thin CoSi2 and CoSi films at heating temperatures in the range of 350–600°C using a disordered ‘(1×1)’ phase of Co/Si(111) as a pre-existing template. It is found that depending on the growth conditions two types of epitaxial cobalt silicide films can be formed. At coverages below ~2 ML (1 ML=7.83×1014atoms/cm2) of Co, CoSi2 phase grows in the form of flat two-layer patches spreading over the surface at elevation of the temperature. It consists of precisely two the completely filled Co layers and four Si layers above the interface. At coverages higher than ~2 ML of Co, the layer-by-layer growth of CoSi phase with the CsCl-type crystal structure also takes place. The CoSi phase consists of one or more Co-Si double layers, which are located on top of the second Si-Co-Si triple layer of CoSi2, i.e., it has а coherent double interface CoSi/CoSi2/Si(111). According to experimental findings and ab initio total-energy calculations, the structures with the eightfold coordination of interfacial Co atoms and lateral unit cells of the silicide layer and substrate mutually rotated by 180° prove to be the most stable ones.

The Si(111)-hex-7×3-In reconstruction has been attracted considerable attention due to its superconducting properties occurring in the one-atom-layer metal film. However, the 7×3 periodicity is a characteristic feature of this surface only at room temperature. Upon cooling to low temperatures the 7×3 structure transforms reversibly to the 7×7 one that should not be ignored while considering superconductivity in this system. In the present study, atomic structure of the low-temperature one-atom-layer Si(111)7×7-In phase has been evaluated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) technique. Basing on the LEED observations, it has been found that the 7×7-In surface incorporates plausibly eight In atoms per 7×7 unit cell (i.e., ~1.14ML In). AIRSS demonstrates occurrence of a set of various surface structures with very close formation energies. Some of their counterparts can be found in the experimental STM images.

Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations, it has been found that codeposition of Bi and In onto Si(111)7×7 surface, followed by 250–550°C annealing, induces formation of a set of the ordered (Bi, In)/Si(111) stable structures, including 2√3×3, 5×5, √7×√7 and 2×2. Under appropriate conditions, the structures can occupy almost the entire surface, except for 2√3×3 which is formed only locally. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy has demonstrated that the 5×5 and √7×√7 structures are semiconducting, while the 2×2 is metallic. The 5×5, √7×√7, and 2×2 structural models have been proposed on the basis of DFT calculations and comparison of simulated and experimental STM images.

A two-dimensional compound made of one monolayer of Tl and one monolayer of Sn on Si(111) has been found to have a sandwichlike structure in which the Sn layer (having the milk-stool arrangement) resides on the bulklike terminated Si(111) surface and the Tl layer (having the honeycomb-chained-trimer arrangement) is located above the Sn layer. The electronic band structure of the compound contains two spin-split surface-state bands, of which one is nonmetallic and the other is metallic. Near the Fermi level the metallic band is split with the momentum splitting Delta k(parallel to) = 0.037 angstrom(-1) and energy splitting Delta E-F = 167 meV. The steep dispersion of the band when crossing the Fermi level corresponds to an electron velocity of approximate to 8.5 x 10(5) m/s, which is comparable to the value reported for graphene. The 2D Fermi contours have almost circular shape with spin texture typical for hexagonal surfaces.