BackgroundEffective individualized tools to predict cumulative live birth rates are lacking for patients with ovarian endometriomas undergoing In Vitro Fertilization or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy. This study aimed to construct and validate a nomogram model for predicting the cumulative live birth rate in this specific population.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 194 patients with ovarian endometriosis who underwent ethanol sclerotherapy followed by In Vitro Fertilization or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection between January 2020 and December 2024. All patients were randomly divided into training (n = 135) and validation (n = 59) cohorts in a 7:3 ratio. Independent risk factors for the cumulative live birth rate were identified through a comprehensive three-stage screening process that included univariate regression, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The nomogram model was constructed using the selected variables, and its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility were assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, calibration curves, and Decision Curve Analysis.ResultsA total of 194 patients were included, with an overall cumulative live birth rate of 50.0% (97/194). Multivariate regression analysis identified four independent predictors of the cumulative live birth rate: previous live birth history, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocol, number of oocytes retrieved, and cyst diameter. The nomogram constructed using these variables exhibited good discriminatory ability in both the training and validation cohorts, with areas under the curve of 0.849 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.782-0.912) and 0.853 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.754-0.952), respectively. Bootstrap validation (500 iterations) confirmed the stability of the model. Calibration was acceptable (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P>0.05), and decision curve analysis indicated a favorable net benefit across a threshold probability range of 10-50%, demonstrating its clinical utility.ConclusionsThis study developed and validated a parsimonious nomogram model that accurately predicts the cumulative live birth rate in patients with ovarian endometriosis undergoing In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after ethanol sclerotherapy. Based on four key predictors (previous live birth history, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocol, number of oocytes retrieved, and cyst diameter), the model demonstrates excellent and robust predictive performance. It serves as an intuitive and reliable clinical tool to support individualized counseling and shared treatment decision-making.

Background:Ovarian endometriomas impair ovarian reserve and fertility in women of reproductive age. Ethanol sclerotherapy is a fertility-preserving alternative to surgery. Nonetheless, predicting cumulative live birth rates after in vitro fertilization remains challenging. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning model for predicting the cumulative live birth rate in women with endometriomas who underwent alcohol sclerotherapy followed by assisted reproduction. Methods:This retrospective cohort study included 194 patients with ovarian endometriomas who underwent ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy before in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles between January 2020 and December 2024 at our institution. Patients were allocated to the training (135 patients, 70%) and validation (59 patients, 30%) groups. Feature selection used univariate logistic regression (p < 0.10) to identify 19 predictors, which were refined using the Boruta, Recursive Feature Elimination, and maximum relevance minimum redundancy algorithms. Features identified by all methods were selected as the final predictors. Four machine learning algorithms (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine) were compared using discrimination, calibration, and utility metrics. SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis was used to interpret the model. Results:The cumulative live birth rate was 50.0% (97/194). Five predictors were identified: antral follicle count, progesterone level on gonadotropin starting day, downregulation, cyst diameter, and previous live birth history. The Extreme Gradient Boosting model showed optimal performance, with an AUC of 0.830 (95% confidence interval: 0.719-0.941), sensitivity of 0.783, specificity of 0.750, and Brier score of 0.176. SHapley analysis revealed​ that a higher antral follicle count and downregulation positively impacted birth prediction, whereas elevated progesterone levels and larger cyst diameters had negative effects. Conclusion:We developed an explainable Extreme Gradient Boosting model for predicting cumulative live birth rates in women with ovarian endometriomas after ethanol sclerotherapy and assisted reproductive technology. SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis identified key predictors and revealed their non-linear contributions to outcomes, providing transparent explanations for predictions. This interpretable machine learning approach offers a clinical decision-support tool for patient counseling and treatment optimization, advancing beyond traditional methods in capturing reproductive outcomes.

Background:To effectively control the spread of HIV, this study evaluated contact tracing implementation among newly diagnosed individuals in Yunnan Province, China-a region heavily affected by HIV. Methods:From January to June 2020, contact tracing targeted newly diagnosed HIV cases to identify sexual/drug-injecting partners. Factors correlated with index cases, close contacts, and positive testing outcomes were analyzed. Results:Among 5,695 new HIV cases, 1,612 (28.3%) received tracing counseling, revealing 2,226 close contacts. Of the 1,612 index cases, 182 were recently infected, while 1,430 had been infected long-term. Of the 2,226 close contacts, 910 underwent HIV antibody testing, with 17.8% (162/910) testing positive. Notably, 132 of these contacts were newly diagnosed with HIV, representing 14.5% of those tested. The detection rates for both positive and newly diagnosed infections were higher among contacts identified by recently infected index cases than among those identified by long-term infected index cases. A multivariate analysis showed that HIV index cases of other ethnicities (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.688, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.495-1.905), the divorced (aOR = 1.430, 95%CI: 1.237-1.654), those traced through voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) (aOR = 1.707, 95%CI: 1.077-2.705) and those exposed to commercial sex (aOR = 1.437, 95%CI: 1.257-1.642) were more likely to receive tracing counselling. Among close contacts, those who were Han Chinese (aOR = 1.231, 95% CI: 1.012~1.498), married (aOR = 1.738, 95% CI: 1.339 ~ 2.255), had a high school education or higher (aOR = 2.809, 95% CI: 1.849~4.267) or were exposed to positive spouses or regular sex partners (aOR = 2.403, 95% CI: 1.741~3.317) were more likely to undergo HIV testing. A higher positive testing rate was observed among men (aOR = 2.608, 95% CI: 1.740~3.911), ethnic minorities (aOR = 1.645, 95% CI: 1.098~2.465), individuals aged 40-49 (aOR = 2.733, 95% CI: 1.497~4.990) and individuals exposed to positive spouses or regular partners (aOR = 2.215, 95% CI: 1.411~3.477). Conclusion:HIV recent infection testing is instrumental in enhancing the efficiency of contact tracing efforts. The variability in contact tracing uptake among diverse populations underscores the necessity for tailored strategies. These findings provide strong support for optimizing HIV prevention and control strategies, facilitating more precise disease management objectives.

Background:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) exacerbates mortality and morbidity in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but limited research has been conducted on incidence of HBV in people with HIV (PWH). Methods:We herein conducted a retrospective cohort study of PWH in Yunnan province, China. PWH who underwent antiretroviral therapy (ART) and whose status was initially negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were enrolled and followed-up with from 2004 to 2024 to analyze chronic HBV infection incidence and associated factors. Results:A total of 40 086 HBsAg-negative PWH underwent at least 1 follow-up test, contributing to a cumulative observation time of 221 049.8 person-years (PYs). Of the included individuals, 894 chronic HBV infections were identified, corresponding to a HBsAg-emia incidence of 2.23%, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0.40 per 100 PYs (95% CI: 0.38-0.43). We ascertained that individuals who acquired their infection as an injectable drug user (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR, 1.50]) and who exhibited low ART adherence (aHR, 1.46) were primarily associated with a higher incidence of chronic HBV infection. Those individuals who were enrolled post-2014 (aHR, 0.81) were linked to a lower incidence of HBV, indicating a 19% relative reduction in chronic HBV infection compared to those enrolled pre-2014. Conclusions:The reduction may have been linked to factors such as introduction of hepatitis B vaccination, a decrease in proportion of HIV infections transmitted through injectable drugs, and improved effectiveness of ART. We posit that our efforts should focus in the future on enhancing immunization, treatment, and behavior intervention in this population.

To formulate control strategies and understand the prevalence of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance (PDR), this study investigated the characteristics of viral genotype distribution and PDR prevalence and associated factors in Yunnan Province, China, a key HIV-endemic region. In 2022, 399 individuals initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral treatment in Yunnan Province were surveyed using the probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method. Viral RNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced in the pol gene region. The characteristics of the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes and drug-resistant mutations were analyzed. Of the 377 pol sequences obtained, 17 HIV-1 genotypes were identified. The most common strains were CRF08_BC (48.0

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder affecting the reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic systems in women. Dysfunction of granulosa cells (GCs) and imbalance of the immune microenvironment are key pathological mechanisms underlying PCOS. Previous studies have shown that angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is significantly involved in the development of PCOS. However, the precise effect of ANGPTL4 on the pregnancy outcomes of PCOS patients has not been fully clarified. This study enrolled 168 PCOS patients and 175 controls who received their first IVF treatment during 2023–2024. GCs transcriptome datasets from GEO were analyzed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and support vector machine-random forest (SVM-RF) algorithms to screen for hub genes. SVM-RF integrates support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) for synergistic feature selection, enhancing hub gene screening accuracy, implemented in R 4.4.1 with the caret package (v6.0-94), using default parameters for SVM (kernel = “radial”) and RF (ntree = 500, mtry = sqrt(number of features). A miRNA-TF-hub gene regulatory network was constructed. Immune infiltration and functional enrichment analyses were conducted to explore hub gene features. The expression levels of ANGPTL4, WNT2, and CTNNB1(β-CATENIN) were detected in ovarian GCs and follicular fluid of patients. We used adenovirus to construct ANGPTL4 overexpressing cell lines and verified the impact on cell proliferation with CCK8 assay. This study found upregulated ANGPTL4 expression and downregulated WNT2 and β-CATENIN expression in the ovarian GCs of PCOS patients. Follicular fluid ANGPTL4 levels were significantly higher in 168 PCOS patients, correlating with poorer IVF outcomes, such as fewer oocytes, lower quality embryos, and higher biochemical miscarriage and abortion rates. Bioinformatics analysis of GSE155489 identified 4,818 differentially expressed genes, with ANGPTL4 identified as hub gene via LASSO and SVM-RF. ANGPTL4 expression was negatively associated with WNT-inhibitory pathways. The vitro experiments showed that ANGPTL4 overexpressing cells exhibited reduced proliferation, and this phenomenon could be partially reversed by the WNT agonist (SKL2001). This study confirms that ANGPTL4 is overexpressed in PCOS patients, which is closely associated with reproductive outcomes, immune regulation, and metabolic disorders. ANGPTL4 affects ovarian granulosa cell function by inhibiting the WNT signaling pathway. ANGPTL4 is expected to become a novel biomarker for PCOS diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. Meanwhile, targeting the ANGPTL4/WNT signaling pathway provides new insights for the treatment of PCOS.

China’s HIV-1 epidemic originated in the border regions of Yunnan Province in the late 1980s. Although domestic transmission has been effectively contained in recent years, the border regions continue to face public health challenges. In order to track the dynamic transmission of HIV-1, a molecular epidemiology study was conducted in a China-Myanmar-Laos border area. Between 2022 and 2023, 570 individuals newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were recruited in Xishuangbanna prefecture. The viral gene sequences were obtained through amplification and sequencing. The characteristics of the HIV-1 genotype distribution, genetic drug resistance and molecular networks were analyzed to identify relevant influencing factors. Of 486 samples that were genotyped, 16 different HIV-1 genotypes were identified. The predominant strains were CRF08_BC (41.5

The endocrine functions exerted by ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are crucial factors in maintaining follicle development, as oocyte development relies on providing energy substrates and cytokines by ovarian granulosa cells. The mRNA deadenylase level of granulosa cells precisely regulates the follicular development processes. In this study, we detect the expression level of the deadenylase CNOT6L in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients’ granulosa cells and mouse models’ ovaries. The results found that the CNOT6L significantly upregulated in the ovarian granulosa cells of both PCOS patients and mouse models. Subsequently, we conducted the Cnot6l-overexpressed granulosa cells to explore the alterations by which CNOT6L regulates ovarian granulosa cell function. The overexpression of CNOT6L in granulosa cells significantly inhibited the glycolytic pathway, activated the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway, led to a reduction in the generation of the intermediate product lactate, and resulted in impaired energy supply to the oocyte. Subsequently, we performed Full-length transcriptome sequencing on the granulosa cells and investigated the impact of mRNA poly(A) level differences on granulosa cell dysfunction in PCOS. This study offers new insights into the role of CNOT6L in regulating energy metabolism homeostasis and its involvement in follicular developmental disorders related to polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affects 11%-13% of women worldwide, with profound implications for fertility and long-term metabolic health. Here we identify four reproducible subtypes-PCOS with hyperandrogen, with obesity, with high-sex hormone-binding globulin and with high-luteinizing hormone-anti-Müllerian hormone-through unsupervised clustering of 9 clinical variables in 11,908 affected women, validated across 5 international cohorts. Prospective 6.5-year follow-up and in vitro fertilization treatment data revealed distinct reproductive and metabolic trajectories: hyperandrogenic PCOS showed the highest risk of second trimester pregnancy loss and dyslipidemia incidence; PCOS with obesity exhibited the most severe metabolic complications, lowest live birth rates and highest PCOS remission rate; PCOS with high-sex hormone-binding globulin demonstrated favorable reproductive outcomes and the lowest incidence of diabetes and hypertension; and PCOS with high-luteinizing hormone-anti-Müllerian hormone had the greatest risk of ovarian hyperstimulation and the lowest PCOS remission rate. These findings advance understanding of PCOS heterogeneity and provide a framework for subtype-based risk stratification and personalized management.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder that originates during fetal development and significantly impairs female fertility during the reproductive years. Although it is hypothesized that prenatal exposure to elevated androgen levels plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, the precise effects of such exposure on the offspring of individuals with PCOS remain unclear. In this study, we established a mouse model of PCOS by administering dihydrotestosterone (DHT) prenatally. We subsequently evaluated the reproductive phenotype and fertility of the PCOS-like mice, focusing on ovarian function and embryo developmental potential. Smart-seqII RNA sequencing was performed on blastocysts to obtain the RNA expression profile of preimplantation embryos from PCOS mice. These findings indicate that the PCOS model mice exhibit hyperandrogenic symptoms, reduced ovulation rates, and impaired development of oocytes and blastocysts compared to controls. Furthermore, 918 differentially expressed genes were identified in the blastocyst samples, with significant enrichment in pathways related to intracellular energy metabolism, tissue development, glycolipid metabolism, hormone synthesis, and inflammation. This research presents direct evidence that prenatal exposure to hyperandrogenism negatively influences the early embryonic development of offspring and plays a significant role in the later manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. These findings contribute valuable insights for the early prevention of PCOS.

To study the effect of blastocyst quality on neonatal outcomes in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. This retrospective study included a total of 7,308 women who underwent single blastocyst transfer during FET cycles and achieved singleton live births from January 2015 to June 2022. Women were categorized into two groups: poor-quality blastocyst (PQB; n = 2540) and good-quality blastocyst (GQB; n = 4768). The primary outcomes were the rates of cesarean section and male sex. The second outcomes were very small for gestational age (VSGA), small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), very large for gestational age (VLGA), very preterm birth (VPTB), preterm birth (PTB), high birth weight (HBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), low birth weight (LBW), gestational age, and birth weight. Compared with the PQB group, the GQB group was associated with a decreased cesarean section rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.88, 95

IntroductionMultimodal anticancer therapies greatly damage the fertility of breast cancer patients, which raises urgent demand for fertility preservation. The standard options for fertility preservation are oocyte and embryo cryopreservation; both require controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). However, there are safety concerns regarding breast cancer relapse due to the elevated serum estradiol levels during COH. Serum estradiol levels can be effectively decreased with the highly specific aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Letrozole is still uncommonly used during COH for fertility preservation, which has only been reported in a few studies, and the evidence of oocyte retrieval during ovarian stimulation and short-term safety from the perspective study is insufficient. As a result, this study will compare the efficacy of ovarian stimulation and the short-term safety of letrozole COH and non-letrozole COH protocols for preserving fertility in patients with breast cancer.Methods and analysisThis is an open-label, multicentre RCT being conducted in five Chinese reproductive medical centres. 64 eligible patients diagnosed with breast cancer will be randomly assigned (1:1) to the letrozole or non-letrozole group during their COH cycles. The primary outcome is the number of mature oocytes. The secondary outcomes are the number of high-quality embryos, incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS) and recurrence rate of breast cancer.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (KY-Q-2023-840-02). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant. Findings will be disseminated to patients, clinicians and commissioning groups through peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberChiCTR2300078625

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients typically undergo either an ovulation induction regimen or a programmed regimen for endometrial preparation before frozen embryo transfer (FET). However, the superiority of one approach over the other remains controversial. While previous studies suggest that the letrozole regimen may improve pregnancy outcomes, prospective studies are insufficient. Therefore, we designed a multi-center randomized controlled trial to compare the pregnancy outcomes between these two regimens in PCOS patients undergoing FET. This multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label trial included 155 PCOS patients from six hospitals in China between September 2022 and February 2024. Patients were randomised into either the letrozole ovulation regimen group (n = 81) or the programmed regimen group (n = 74) during FET cycles. Subgroup analysis was used among patients with single blastocyst transfer. The primary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate, with secondary outcomes including abortion rate, live birth rate, and other pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Analysis of 155 FET women showed no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rates between the letrozole group (62.96 https://www.chictr.org.cn ). Registered on 31 July 2022.

The detection and early identification of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and their rapid engagement in antiretroviral treatment are indispensable for fighting HIV transmission. This study aimed to elicit preferences regarding HIV testing among community residents to identify a model of community-based HIV testing services that would appeal to this population. A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) was conducted in the communities of Yunnan Province, China. The participants were asked to make nine choices between two unlabelled alternatives that differed in seven attributes: distance to the testing venue, confidentiality, institution, administrator, support services, testing days, and testing cost. The data were analysed using a random parameter logit model. The preference regression coefficient (β) was used to compare the importance of attribute levels. Relative importance (RI) was used to indicate the degree of importance of each attribute to the participants. The results indicate confidentiality was the most important attribute (RI = 39.21

It is well known that premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) seriously affects the fertility, quality of life, and health of young women. A meta-analysis of global data indicated that the current population prevalence of POI is as high as 3.7 %, but exceeds 10 % in some countries and regions. When POI is caused by disease treatment, it is termed iatrogenic POI. Iatrogenic factors are the most common identifiable cause of POI, and iatrogenic POI has a high prevalence in young cancer survivors. Overall, iatrogenic POI accounts for approximately half of all cases, but data show that its prevalence in female cancer survivors under the age of 24 can reach up to 82.2 %. With the improvement of cancer treatment, this incidence is still rising. It arises in the context of a variety of diseases and has a complex etiology. Patients with iatrogenic POI tend to be younger than those with other types of POI, which means they can experience more harm from the condition, and there is an urgent need to diagnose, treat, and manage them as early as possible. However, there is currently no relevant consensus or guideline either within China or indeed internationally. This guideline expert group gathered data from doctors and patients in 34 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across China through questionnaires to determine guideline-related issues and searched the literature in English-language databases such as Cochrane and PubMed since their establishment. After merging and deduplicating, literature evaluation and evidence grading were carried out. After discussion and induction, the clinical treatment and management guidelines for iatrogenic POI were formulated and combined with China's national conditions. The expert group ultimately addressed 19 clinical questions, as determined through a questionnaire survey and field investigation, and produced 26 recommendations based on international and domestic evidence from evidence-based medicine and clinical practice experience, to provide a reference for colleagues in clinical practice. The recommendations primarily reflect the context and needs within China and are intended for broad nationwide applicability, though regional adaptations based on local resources and practices may be necessary.

BackgroundTimely diagnosis of acute HIV infection (AHI) is critical for curbing transmission. However, the diagnostic window prior to antibody development limits the utility of conventional serological assays. Conventional laboratory-based nucleic acid testing (LABT) is often hindered by operational complexity and long turnaround times. Point-of-care nucleic acid testing (POCT) provides a rapid alternative.MethodsThis multicenter cross-sectional study enrolled 1,829 adults from 13 cities in Jiangsu Province and Kunming, Yunnan Province, who had reactive screening results but negative or indeterminate Western blot outcomes. The diagnostic accuracy, quantitative correlation, and agreement of the POCT (Xpert® HIV-1 Viral Load point-of-care test) were compared with LABT using the Roche COBAS TaqMan v2.0 or Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assays, with follow-up seroconversion serving as the reference standard. Turnaround time from initial screening to NAT result reporting was compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Laboratory staff perceptions of POCT usability were evaluated via questionnaire.ResultsUsing follow-up seroconversion as a reference, POCT demonstrated a sensitivity of 98.87% and specificity of 100.00%, with almost perfect agreement with LABT (99.76%, Cohen’s κ = 0.994). Quantitative viral load results exhibited strong correlation between POCT and LABT (r = 0.89), with 94.64% of paired measurements falling within the limits of agreement. POCT significantly reduced the median time from initial screening to result reporting compared to LABT (7 vs. 14 days, p < 0.001) and increased the likelihood of results being returned within 7 days (Hazard Ratio = 2.29, p < 0.001). Most laboratory personnel reported ease of use (30/33, 90.9%) and a preference for the POCT workflow (21/33, 63.6%).ConclusionThe Xpert HIV-1 POCT provides a highly accurate and rapid alternative to LABT for diagnosing AHI in China. Its implementation can dramatically shorten diagnostic delays, potentially reducing loss to follow-up and onward transmission, thus offering significant value within the national HIV diagnostic framework.

Yunnan Province is one of the provinces in China severely affected by HIV-1. To track the evolution and epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 genetics in Yunnan Province, this study conducted a retrospective molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 in new infections in Yunnan Province. From the newly reported HIV-infected individuals throughout Yunnan Province from January to March 2018, cases with CD4+ T lymphocytes less than 200 cells/µL were excluded for BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). Samples identified as recent infections by BED-CEIA were subjected to viral gene amplification to analyze the distribution characteristics of HIV-1 genotypes and the prevalence of pretreatment resistance. Of the 1,740 samples tested by BED-CEIA, 448 were identified as newly infected, and 323 were successfully genotyped; 14 HIV-1 genotypes were identified, including 2 subtypes, 11 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and several unique recombinant forms (URFs), of which CRF08_BC (37. 5%, 121/323), CRF07_BC (22.6%, 73/323), URFs (18.3%, 59/323), and CRF01_AE (14.9%, 48/323) were the predominant genotypes. CRF08_BC had higher proportions in the northeastern, southeastern, central, and southwestern regions of Yunnan Province than in the northwestern region and was more common in the 40-49-year age group, married, and heterosexual contacts. CRF01_AE had significantly higher proportions in the southeastern and northwestern regions and among those with homosexual contact, whereas no significant correlations were found for CRF07_BC and URFs. The overall prevalence of pretreatment resistance was 8.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5%-12.4%], with the highest proportion of resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs; 6.0%, 95% CI: 3.5%-9.4%). This study demonstrated the genetic diversity and regional and subpopulation distribution characteristics of the recently infected HIV-1 population in Yunnan Province, and that pretreatment resistance was at a moderate level, but resistance to NNRTIs needs attention. This study provided the baseline data for a systematic study of the evolution of HIV-1 genetics in a typical endemic area.