The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of androclinic structures formation in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), as well as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in flower tissues during low-temperature pretreatment (4°C in the dark for 7 and 14 days) of isolated shoots were studied using chromatographic mass spectrometry method. An increased content of JA and SA was detected in flowers from the lower part of the spike already under control conditions. A simultaneous increase in the content of IAA, ABA and JA in the middle part of the inflorescence was shown after 7 days of low-temperature exposure. Based on the obtained data, it was suggested that ABA and JA signaling systems were involved in the process of switching genes responsible for the reprogramming of microspores. It is likely that IAA was the key factor in stabilizing the ABA content, what prevented critical damage to anther tissues. An increase in the SA content throughout the entire period of low-temperature exposure indicates its role in reducing the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro after 14 days of exposure due to its negative effect on the biosynthesis of IAA and JA. In the first and second parts of the our cycle works, an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids and changes in respiration activity were revealed in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of donor spikes of winter wheat. To summarize all data we can approve that the changes occurred in the flowers of winter wheat during the period of low-temperature pretreatment could only partly be attributed to the acclimation and resistance phases of low-temperature hardening. Isolation of shoots led to a decrease in the level of water-soluble carbohydrates and a rapid onset of the exhaustion phase, what was probably the reason for the decrease in the efficiency of androgenesis with an increase in the period of low-temperature treatment.

Changes in the fatty acid composition and content of lipid peroxidation products were studied in the tissues of winter wheat flowers (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of isolated shoots. Compliance of the specified changes is shown as most and least effective for induced androgenesis in vitro periods of exposure. The distribution of fatty acids in the inflorescences of winter wheat was studied and differences in the content of these components were revealed depending on temperature and flowers location in different parts of the inflorescence. An increase in the content of α-linolenic acid in flower tissues was found during low-temperature treatment, which may indicate the possibility of hardening of isolated spikes in the absence of light. It has been established that the duration of cold exposure, the degree of development of flowers, and their metabolic activity determine the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the tissues of the spikes. It was found that the most favorable period of pretreatment of isolated shoots for androgenesis in vitro was accompanied by changes in the middle part of the spikes, characteristic of low-temperature hardening: an increase in the content unsaturated and reduced content of saturated fatty acids as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) products.

The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of formation of androclinic structures in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in respiratory activity, the content of nonstructural carbohydrates and H2O2 levels were studied in the tissues of flowers in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of isolated shoots. Differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of flowers were revealed depending on the position in the inflorescence and the duration of temperature pretreatment. It has been shown that long-term isolation of winter wheat shoots leads to carbohydrate starvation, but it is accompanied by a decrease in respiratory activity and a decrease in the level of ROS in the tissues of the inflorescences only under the influence of low positive temperatures. The role of alternative cyanide-resistant oxidase and ROS as possible components of the physiological system for reprogramming the development of microspores from the gametophytic to the sporophytic path has been proposed.

The process of cell death in sugarcane suspension culture (Saccharum officinarum L.) after exposure to a subzero temperature of –8°С and features of the mitochondria functioning during this period were studied. It was revealed that the cause of cell death after the end of the stress factor action was the development of oxidative stress and damage to individual components of mitochondrial ETC: subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase and α- and β-subunits of ATP synthase. Under these conditions, the activity of the alternative pathway (AP) of respiration remained at the control level much longer and decreased more slowly than the activity of the cytochrome pathway. The collapse of respiration occurred 6 h after exposure to subzero temperature after the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. At the same time, the contribution of AP to the respiration of whole cells and isolated mitochondria in the S. officinarum suspension culture increased to 70

The functional parameters of mitochondria (intactness, oxidation rates of succinate and NAD·H, respiratory control coefficient, ADP/O ratio, and protein content) were studied in freshly harvested and cold-stored tubers of potato Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Skarb, transformed with a gene gox encoding the glucose oxidase from Penicillium funiculosum . Using untransformed potatoes and potatoes transformed with a vector without the target gene and vector constructs carrying the native and modified gox gene, it was shown that its expression causes changes in the rates of oxidation of the studied substrates and the degree of coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation, reduces the potential activity of the alternative oxidase, and induces the synthesis of a number of protective mitochondrial proteins involved in the regulation of the formation of ROS during storage in the cold. The role of hydrogen peroxide in the mechanisms of growth and stress resistance of plants, and its participation in the respiratory metabolism of plant cells is discussed.

The enzyme alternative cyanide-resistant oxidase (AOX) localized in mitochondria is involved in the processes of plant adaptation to various unfavorable biotic and abiotic factors. Transfer of electrons from ubiquinone to oxygen by alternative oxidase has a nonprotonmotive character and, by bypassing two sites of H+ pumping in complexes III and IV, lowers the energy efficiency of respiration and energy of electron flow through AOX is released as heat. In this work, we characterized heterotrophic suspension cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh cells obtained from seeds of plants with altered (reduced (AS-12 line) and increased (XX-2 line)) expression of the alternative oxidase gene AOX1a and studied their viability under subzero temperature (-10 °С for 3, 6, 9 hours). Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed using fluorescence microscopy with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI) for cell viability measurement and H2DCF-DA for ROS measurement. The proportion of living cells was calculated as the proportion of FDApositive and PI-negative cells. Differences between the studied lines were determined in the content of mitochondrial proteins of the respiratory chain (AOX, COXII, NDB) and uncoupling protein (UCP), as well as in the intensity of formation of ROS and frost resistance. The obtained results confirmed the higher content of the AOX protein and its high contribution to mitochondrial respiration in line XX-2. Suspension culture cells of the AS-12 line showed a decrease in the AOX protein content and its contribution to mitochondrial respiration, compared to the wild type (Col-0) and line XX-2. Simultaneously with a decrease in the AOX protein content in the AS-12 cell culture, an increase in the content of the uncoupling protein UCP and subunit II of cytochrome oxidase (COXII) was observed. ROS generation was reduced in cell cultures of both XX-2 and AS-12. The obtained results indicate that the cells of the wildtype (Col-0) suspension culture were subjected to the most significant effect of subzero temperature. Long-term exposure (for 9 h) under -10 °С revealed significant differences in the viability of wild-type culture cells and lines with altered AOX1a gene expression. Cells of line XX-2 with an increased content of AOX turned out to be more resistant to subzero temperature compared to wild-type and AS-12 cells. However, while the proportion of living cells in the culture of the AS-12 line 48 h after exposure remained at the same level as immediately after it, in the suspension culture of the wild type cell death developed over time. The obtained results indicate the importance of alternative oxidase in the development of frost resistance in plant cell.

Derivatives of a triazole are used not only as fungicides to prevent infection of plants, but also for treatment. These drugs are actively used against plant diseases caused by basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and some deuteromycetes. Due to their chemical stability, they have a long-term protective effect, and their solubility in water ensures their movement from the roots to the aerial part of plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of seed treatment with tebuconazole-containing preparation “Bunker” on the growth of shoots and roots of winter wheat in the light and physiological and biochemical parameters. We used a fungicide of prophylactic and therapeutic action tebuconazole-containing seed treater “Bunker” (August, Russia), the active ingredient of which is tebuconazole (60 g/L). The shoot length and total root length, wet and dry biomass, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments, reactive oxygen species – hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation products (LPO) reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-RP) in the tissues of shoots and roots were analyzed. The content of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at wavelengths of 665, 649, and 440 nm, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the action of the drug is aimed at inhibiting the growth of shoots and reducing the ratio of shoot length to root length, while on the 7-9th day of growth, the effectiveness of its action is higher, and the most significant effect is exerted by an increased dose of the disinfectant (1.5 μL/g). It was found statistically significant stimulation of root growth on the 9th day of cultivation, regardless of the dose of the dressing agent. Despite the significant growth-inhibiting effect, treatment with Bunker was not accompanied by activation of oxidative processes in shoot tissues, with the exception of an increase in the content of H2O2 and TBA-RP at the initial stage of growth (5 days). In root tissues, the content of H2O2 and TBA did not change under the action of the studied preparation. No differences in the content of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in the tissues of wheat shoots after treatment with the studied fungicide were found. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that seed dressing agents containing tebuconazole as an active ingredient can be used to ensure plant resistance to moisture deficiency and improve mineral nutrition.

We studied the functioning of mitochondria from non-hardened and cold-hardened (2 degrees C, 7 days) shoots of etiolated winter wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L., variety Irkutskaya) grown from seeds treated with tebuconazole-containing disinfectant "Bunker" (1.5 mu L/g of seeds), and seedlings grown on tebuconazole solution (1 mM). It was shown that in control temperature conditions (24 degrees C) tebuconazole reduced the rate of malate oxidation by inhibiting the cytochrome pathway (CP) of respiration, while the "Bunker" nonspecifically inhibited the rate of electron transfer along the electron transport chain (ETC) and blocked both CP and alternative (AP) paths of respiration. During cold hardening tebuconazole caused an increase in the mitochondrial oxidative activity by increasing the AP activity, mainly during malate oxidation, while the "Bunker" reduced the rate of NADH oxidation by inhibiting CP. We suggest that the effect of the disinfectant "Bunker" on plant respiration is mediated not only by tebuconazole, but also by additional compounds.

AbstractSeeds of cereals (spring and winter wheat, winter triticale, and winter rye) were treated with products of surface barrier discharge plasma for various times (30 and 60 min) on exposure outside the zone of active discharge. It is established that the seeds of cereals tested differently responded to this treatment, which is probably related to the degree of their stability under oxidative stress conditions. The response to treatment of the seeds occurring outside the active discharge zone is manifested at greater times of exposure than in the case of direct treatment of seeds by the surface discharge products.

The integrated protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds is an essential element of technologies for their cultivation. Contemporary crop research involves the widespread use of fungicides, which is important not only for increasing plant productivity, but also in order to obtain a high-quality crop. Under conditions of significant spread, diseases such as wheat fusarium head blight, loose smut of wheat and rye, rye spur and others not only reduce the productivity of crops, but also prevent the use of grain crops for human nutrition or animal feed purposes. In addition to plant protection, measures aimed at managing crops are of great importance in cultivation technology. This is ensured by various technological methods, including the use of a variety of chemicals, including stimulants and regulators of plant growth and development. In addition to their main target effect, many pesticides are known to cause additional effects on plants. This is expressed not only in varying degrees of phytotoxic manifestations, but also in stimulating and growth-regulating effects. Knowledge of the direction of these effects will allow for more competent application of chemical plant protection products, as well as for obtaining positive and avoiding negative effects. Many contemporary large companies working in the field of plant protection inform agrarians about possible additional effects of the preparation. In addition to practical application, studying the influence of the physiological effects of preparations helps agriculturalists to understand the formation mechanisms of plant resistance to stress. The review discusses the physiological and biochemical effects of triazole fungicidal preparations on plants. Their retardant effect, ability to increase the content of photosynthetic pigments and sugars, effects on respiration, changes in the composition of fatty acids, increased resistance of plants to temperature stresses, water deficiency, as well as chloride salinity and oxidative stress are also clarified. The review also includes the results of our own research on the effects of tebuconazole and tebuconazole-containing protectants on the mechanisms of cold and frost resistance of cereals.

Seeds of cereals (spring and winter wheat, winter triticale, and winter rye) were treated with products of surface barrier discharge plasma for various times (30 and 60 min) on exposure outside the zone of active discharge. It is established that the seeds of cereals tested differently responded to this treatment, which is probably related to the degree of their stability under oxidative stress conditions. The response to treatment of the seeds occurring outside the active discharge zone is manifested at greater times of exposure than in the case of direct treatment of seeds by the surface discharge products.

The fatty acid comparative essay of high aquatic plants: Typha latifolia L., Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. from water bodies of Baikalian region was carried out. For the first time this biochemical parameter of water form V. anagallis-aquatica was compared with that of coastal-water T. latifolia and submerged C. demersum. The fifteen individual molecules of fatty acids with a chain length from 12 to 22 carbon atoms have been identified by the method of gas liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of investigated species was different. Among the fatty acids saturated and unsaturated molecules was found, the most distributed fatty acids was saturated palmitic (С16:0), steric (С18:0) and unsaturated linoleic (С18:2 w6), α-linolenic (С18:3 w3). In total, the C16 and C18 acids in studied species accounted for 98%. Differences in the composition of fatty acids of the studied species are discussed from the standpoint of the characteristics of fatty acid metabolism depending on the habitat of plants and are considered as one of the mechanisms of their adaptation to late vegetation. Studies of the fatty acid composition of aquatic organisms contribute to the overall strategy of plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions and are important for the ecological and biochemical monitoring of the ecological status of water bodies.

The purpose of this study was to estimate one of the important aspects of amphipod laboratory culturing - the effect of different types of nutrition on the key biochemical markers widely used in biomonitoring. The study was performed with the Baikal endemic amphipod species Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerstfeldt, 1858), E. cyaneus (Dybowski, 1874), and Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing, 1899). These species are characterized by different ecological properties and evolutionary history. The results of the study demonstrate that a long-term laboratory exposure to different diets has a direct effect on vital and physiological parameters of the species' adaptation (mortality, weight, protein concentration). Also, feeding imposes its influence on the common stress-markers of oxidative stress (activities of peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), and on anaerobic metabolism (activity of lactate dehydrogenase) in Baikal amphipods, and this effect has a species-specific character. The results should be taken into consideration in future ecophysiological experiments performed with amphipods.

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Сибирский институт физиологии и