The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of androclinic structures formation in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), as well as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in flower tissues during low-temperature pretreatment (4°C in the dark for 7 and 14 days) of isolated shoots were studied using chromatographic mass spectrometry method. An increased content of JA and SA was detected in flowers from the lower part of the spike already under control conditions. A simultaneous increase in the content of IAA, ABA and JA in the middle part of the inflorescence was shown after 7 days of low-temperature exposure. Based on the obtained data, it was suggested that ABA and JA signaling systems were involved in the process of switching genes responsible for the reprogramming of microspores. It is likely that IAA was the key factor in stabilizing the ABA content, what prevented critical damage to anther tissues. An increase in the SA content throughout the entire period of low-temperature exposure indicates its role in reducing the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro after 14 days of exposure due to its negative effect on the biosynthesis of IAA and JA. In the first and second parts of the our cycle works, an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids and changes in respiration activity were revealed in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of donor spikes of winter wheat. To summarize all data we can approve that the changes occurred in the flowers of winter wheat during the period of low-temperature pretreatment could only partly be attributed to the acclimation and resistance phases of low-temperature hardening. Isolation of shoots led to a decrease in the level of water-soluble carbohydrates and a rapid onset of the exhaustion phase, what was probably the reason for the decrease in the efficiency of androgenesis with an increase in the period of low-temperature treatment.

This research represents the first comprehensive biochemical analysis of mature fruits from apple trees of the Chloromeles section, specifically examining Malus coronaria, Malus ioensis, Malus × platycarpa and Malus × soulardii. The experimental investigations revealed distinctive compositional characteristics in lipids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and chlorophylls that markedly differentiate these species from other representatives of the genus Malus. Specifically, our research revealed the absence of procyanidin B1 and a high content of chlorogenic acid, accompanied by remarkably low quantities of cinnamic acid and its derivatives. Linoleic acid represented approximately 50

1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives, including tebuconazole, have been reported to show positive physiological effects in cereals apart from fungicidal activity and to increase plants’ tolerance against temperature stress. This study investigates the mechanisms of increasing frost resistance of etiolated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., “Irkutskaya” variety) seedlings by tebuconazole-based seed dresser “Bunker” (1.5 μL g−1 of seeds) and tebuconazole (30 μg g−1 of seeds). To identify ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways of frost resistance, we used fluridone (FLD, 5 mg L−1), an inhibitor of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis. FLD effectively inhibited the accumulation of carotenoids in the shoots and prevented the formation of carotenoids caused by the “Bunker” and tebuconazole. In non-hardened seedlings, FLD stimulated coleoptile and first leaf growth, but did not suppress the growth inhibitory effects of “Bunker” and tebuconazole. In shoots of hardened seedlings, FLD reduced the retarding effect of tebuconazole. Regardless of seedling age, temperature, and the protectant treatment, FLD had no effect on the sugar content in the shoots. FLD did not essentially influence frost resistance induced by “Bunker” and tebuconazole in cold-hardened seedlings. Fluridone increased H2O2 content and guaiacol peroxidase activity under control conditions (both with tebuconazole and without tebuconazole) and during cold hardening (in seedlings from seeds treated with tebuconazole). ABA levels in cold-hardened seedlings treated with FLD alone, tebuconazole alone, or a combination of the two were two to three times lower than in untreated hardened seedlings. Changes in indole-3-acetic and salicylic acids in response to FLD and tebuconazole treatment indicate complex interactions with signaling cellular systems. Our results suggest that tebuconazole activates ABA-independent pathways more strongly than ABA-dependent pathways in enhancing frost resistance. The potential mechanisms of tebuconazole action in plant cells are discussed.

Objective: The genus Leonurus L. comprises seven Siberian species, among which Leonurus deminutus V. I. Krecz. is widespread in Irkutsk oblast. This plant is used in folk medicine in the form of infusions, tinctures, and juices for treatment of anxiety disorders, irritability, insomnia, and hypertension and is a promising agent for introduction into pharmaceutical practice. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the composition and content of the main biologically active substances (flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and iridoids) of the aerial part of L. deminutus. Methods: HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was used for the analysis. The quantitative determination of the revealed phenolic compounds was carried out by the MC-HPLC-UV method. The iridoid profiling analysis of the aerial parts of L. deminutus was performed using the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method. Results and Discussion: The study revealed the presence of 20 phenolic compounds in the aerial organs of L. deminutus, of which 11 substances were isolated and identified for the first time: 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeoylmalic acid (isomer 9), rutin, nicotiflorin, isoquercitrin, leonosides A and B, astragalin, apigenin 5-O-glucoside, and genkwanin 5-O-glucoside. Conclusions: It was found that the aerial part of L. deminutus contained 13.76 mg/g total flavonoids and 75.4 mg/g total phenylpropanoids. The following iridoids were for the first time detected and identified in the aerial parts of L. deminutus: harpagide, ajugol isomer, 8-acetylharpagide, and ajugoside. According to the literature, these substances are characteristic of other representatives of the genus Leonurus L., as confirmed by the present study via comparative analysis of the alcoholic extracts of L. deminutus and L. cardiaca by TLC.

The prevalence of coniferous trees in the forest landscapes of northeastern Siberia is conditioned by their high frost resistance. The Kajander larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr), which can survive under natural conditions (down to −60 °C) in the cryolithozone of Yakutia, is the dominant forest-forming species. We hypothesise that our study using HPTLC–UV/Vis/FLD, TLC–GC/FID, and GC–MS methods of seasonal features of the lipid profile of Kajander larch tissues will bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms of participation of lipid components in the adaptation of this valuable tree species to the cold climate of the cryolithozone. Rare delta5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids (∆5-UPIFA) were identified in the fatty acids (FAs) of L. cajanderi shoots, including 18:2(Δ5.9) (taxoleic), 18:3(Δ5.9.12) (pinolenic), and 18:4(Δ5.9.12.15) (coniferonic). It was found that the content of ∆5-UPIFA in L. cajanderi shoots markedly increased (1.5-fold, representing up to 23.9% of sum FAs) during the autumnal transition of trees to dormancy. It was observed that the ranges of low temperatures experienced during the prolonged winter period primarily determined the structural diversity of membrane lipids and their constituent FAs during the cold adaptation of L. cajanderi. The results obtained can be used for the selection of molecular markers of cold tolerance in woody plants, including fruit trees.

A comprehensive analysis of the rapid response of the photosynthetic apparatus of two botanical species, Triticum aestivum L. and Beta vulgaris L., to treatment with a low-intensity He–Ne laser (He–Ne LILR) was made for the first time. The effect of irradiation on the light phase of photosynthesis was proved to be both stressful and stimulating. Thus, the impact of He–Ne LILR on wheat and beet leaves resulted in a decrease in Fv/Fm (14 and 10

Using chromatography-mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography, the effect of irradiation with He-Ne laser light on the composition and content of cell membrane components – phospholipids and sterols – in wheat callus tissues was studied. It was shown that irradiation of callus with laser light at a dose of 3.6 J/cm2 led to significant changes in the content of these components. Thus, the content of phosphatidylinositol increased in irradiated callus by 8 times, phosphatidylethonolamine by 2 times, the content of phosphatidic acid decreased by 20% of the sum of phospholipids. For sterols, it was established that irradiation caused the most significant changes in the content of β-sitosterol, which is dominant in plants (an increase from 1453 ± 170 μg/g of dry weight in the non-irradiated control to 2001 ± 112 μg/g of dry weight 1 h after exposure) and, due to this, in the total content of sterols. Analysis of the results obtained suggests that phospholipids and sterols, primarily those for which regulatory and signaling functions are known, are involved in the response of plant tissue to exposure to low-intensity laser radiation from a He-Ne laser. This participation is realized as a stressful (nonspecific) response to intense radiation.

Lipids are the fundamental components of cell membranes and they play a significant role in their integrity and fluidity. The alteration in lipid composition of membranes has been reported to be a major response to abiotic environmental stresses. Seasonal dynamics of membrane lipids in the shoots of Ephedra monosperma J.G. Gmel. ex C.A. Mey. growing in natural conditions of permafrost ecosystems was studied using HPTLC, GC-MS and ESI-MS. An important role of lipid metabolism was established during the autumn-winter period when the shoots of the evergreen shrub were exposed to low positive (3.6 °C), negative (−8.3 °C) and extremely low temperatures (−38.4 °C). Maximum accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA), the amount of which is times times greater than the sum of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PC + PE) was noted in shoots of E. monosperma in the summer-autumn period. The autumn hardening period (3.6 °C) is accompanied by active biosynthesis and accumulation of membrane lipids, a decrease of saturated 34:1 PCs, 34:1 PEs and 34:1 PAs, and an increase in unsaturated long-chain 38:5 PEs, 38:6 PEs, indicating that the adaptation of E. monosperma occurs not at the level of lipid classes but at the level of molecular species. At a further decrease of average daily air temperature in October (−8.3 °C) a sharp decline of PA level was registered. At an extreme reduction of environmental temperature (−38.4 °C) the content of non-bilayer PE and PA increases, the level of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) rises due to the increase of C18:2(Δ9,12) and C18:3(Δ9,12,15) acids and the decrease of C16:0 acids. It is concluded that changes in lipid metabolism reflect structural and functional reorganization of cell membranes and are an integral component of the complex process of plant hardening to low temperatures, which contributes to the survival of E. monosperma monocotyledonous plants in the extreme conditions of the Yakutia cryolithozone.

Changes in the fatty acid composition and content of lipid peroxidation products were studied in the tissues of winter wheat flowers (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of isolated shoots. Compliance of the specified changes is shown as most and least effective for induced androgenesis in vitro periods of exposure. The distribution of fatty acids in the inflorescences of winter wheat was studied and differences in the content of these components were revealed depending on temperature and flowers location in different parts of the inflorescence. An increase in the content of α-linolenic acid in flower tissues was found during low-temperature treatment, which may indicate the possibility of hardening of isolated spikes in the absence of light. It has been established that the duration of cold exposure, the degree of development of flowers, and their metabolic activity determine the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the tissues of the spikes. It was found that the most favorable period of pretreatment of isolated shoots for androgenesis in vitro was accompanied by changes in the middle part of the spikes, characteristic of low-temperature hardening: an increase in the content unsaturated and reduced content of saturated fatty acids as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) products.

Mowing the plant shoots under hot, sunny, and dry conditions severely traumatizes the entire vegetative body, and the overall life cycle of the plant is altered. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of mowing and drying on lipids, fatty acids (FA), sterols, and the systemic responses in leaves of plant material at three time points (24 h, 72 h, and leaves of new shoots after traumatic mowing in summer (1 July) and those subjected to cold hardening by autumn temperatures in September (aftergrass)) were analyzed for the first time. The leaves of five species of herbaceous plants growing in permafrost ecosystems were analyzed by HPTLC and GC-MS. It was established that fatty acids in the tissues of aftergrass leaves were characterized by higher values of the n-6/n-3 ratio than in summer grasses. It was demonstrated that exposure of leaves for 72 h in natural conditions in summer and at low temperatures in autumn in leaves of aftergrass resulted in significant changes in the composition of membrane phospholipids. The obtained findings indicate that leaves of aftergrass are the most valuable plant raw material in terms of FAs and phytosterols content compared to hay mowed in summer.

The cell lines of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), possessing different embryogenic potential, were studied. Qualitative and quantitative content of sterol components was comparatively analyzed in their tissues with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant differences in these parameters were found between both groups of the lines in fractions of free sterols and their esters. In addition to sterol compounds, squalen, which is a triterpenic intermediate in sterol biosynthesis, was revealed. Of free sterols, -sitosterol, campesterol, isofucosterol, and stigmasterol dominated in the embryogenic lines, while -sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in nonembryogenic ones. The campesterol concentration was 1.31.9 times higher in the embryogenic than nonembryogenic lines. Since campesterol is a precursor of brassinosteroids, it is likely that its level is high due to an embryogenic state of these cell lines. Only the embryogenic lines contained appreciable amounts of isofucosterol. The fraction of sterol esters exhibited wider component diversity in the nonembryogenic than the embryogenic lines. In all the cell lines, among the identified sterol esters, the substances without double bonds, bearing, as a structural fragment, a sterane coreperhydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrenewere the most abundant. Their content ranged from 52 to 71% of the total amount of sterol esters. The revealed differences in the compositions of sterols and their esters, between the L. sibirica cell lines with different embryogenic potential, witness to the considerable rearrangements in sterol metabolism in the course of embryogenesis. The line-specific differences may indicate the involvement of these metabolites in formation of embryos.

A comprehensive comparative analysis of the carbohydrate composition (soluble sugars and pectins) of fruit tissues of Malus baccata, Malus mandshurica, Malus chamardabanica, and Malus sachalinensis, characteristic of the vast territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, was carried out. It was shown that a large part of the soluble carbohydrates of the studied species were represented by transport sugars—sorbitol and sucrose. These compounds also provided the main variability in the carbohydrate composition of fruits in the studied material. The polymers pectins and protopectins isolated from the studied fruits were highly methoxylated (up to 60–70%), and their content averaged about 6% of dry weight. The greatest length of pectin polymers was found in the fruit tissues of M. chamardabanica and M. sachalinensis. Data on elemental analysis of fractions of pectins and protopectins of all studied species showed the absence of potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals. Of note is the rather high content of calcium in both polymer fractions of the four studied species, while its content in protopectin is significantly higher. In addition, in all cases, the presence of low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide molecules with a low-dispersed linear structure was revealed in the tissues of the fruits. It is worth noting that the high content of ascorbic acid was observed in the fruits of all studied species. In addition to being of fundamental interest, information about the carbohydrate composition of the wild Malus species can be useful for apple breeding when choosing sources of genes underlying useful traits.

The review provides a detailed analysis of published data on the use of low-intensity laser radiation (LILR) in the red spectral region for pre-sowing treatment of seeds of cultivated plants. The advantages and disadvantages of irradiation methods are critically examined: types of sources, doses, characteristics of the seed material, including the dependence of seed germination on lighting in different plant species (photoblastism), the frequency of irradiation, and the possible effect of local heating of the seed. The results of the analysis (available in the relevant literature and our own) of He–Ne laser-induced changes in the composition and content of the key compounds for seed germination are summarised. Possible mechanisms of the stimulating effect of LILR on the quality of seeds and plants and seedlings derived from them are discussed. Evidence is provided for the involvement of the phytochrome system and the balance of phytohormones in the primary response of treated seeds to the action of laser light. This involvement manifests itself in irradiation-induced (wavelength 632.8 nm) reversion of phytochrome A and/or phytochrome B into the active form, which causes rapid changes in the balance of growth regulators (phytohormones) in favor of compounds that promote germination and successful development of the seedling.

The Yakutian cattle is an indigenous Siberian cattle breed living in an extremely cold climate in some parts of Yakutia. There are only a few thousand animals of this breed, and the conservation of the Yakutian cattle is embedded in the international agenda. We studied the fatty acid profiles in the meat, liver, and fat of the Yakutian cattle (five individuals) of different ages and their main food resource–pasture plants. The fatty acid profile of the tissues of the Yakutian cattle differed from that of pasture plants: 16:0, 18:2n–6, and 18:3n–3 dominated in the pasture plants; 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n–9, 18:2n–6, 20:4n–6, 20:5n–3, and 22:5n–3 dominated in the meat and liver; and 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1n–9 dominated in the fat. The fatty acid composition of food products is related to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The meat and liver of the Yakutian cattle are health food products that contribute to decreasing the risk of developing CVD because of their rather high content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids, optimal n–6/n–3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratios, low values of indexes of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity, and high values of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic and health-promoting indexes. The results of the present study support the importance of preserving this valuable cattle breed. Actions should be taken to increase their population while retaining their contemporary housing and feeding conditions.

Yakutia is a zone of continuous permafrost distribution, and its uniqueness lies in the fact that it has a kind of hidden biological resource that allows herbivores to survive even in conditions of limited floristic diversity. The current paper focuses on the disclosure of this resource, which we believe is in the nutritional value of permafrost plants. We have studied the content of total lipids and their essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in summer and autumn vegetative plants. According to the goal stated, we have pioneered the use of thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to show seasonal changes in the content of total lipids and their essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in the following plants: annual Avena sativa L. of standard and late sowing dates, and perennial Bromopsis inermis Leys before and after summer mowing in the conditions of Central Yakutia. Artificial shortening of the vegetation period of grasses has led to their preservation by natural cold (green cryo-feed). We have found that an increase in the amount of lipids in cereal plants occurs with the onset of low hardening air temperatures in the autumn period, in particular, a significant increase in linoleic С18:2(ω-6) and α-linolenic С18:3(ω-3) acids compared with indicators of summer vegetative plants. The detected process may indicate an increase in the energy intensity of frozen feed, thereby determining the important role of cryo-feed for pre-winter fat accumulation in herbivores in the cryolithozone. In the body of animals, soluble sugars of autumn vegetative or winter-green plants growing or frozen by natural cold and used as autumn and winter feed are converted into medium- and long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 and omega-3 families (arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, respectively) and to a large extent help to winter. The use of grown green cryo-feed as a vitamin supplement for farm animals during a long stall period will open up new opportunities in increasing the productivity of livestock breeding in Yakutia in the future and help optimize the flow of substances and energy along the trophic cryo-feed – animal – human chain. Essential PUFAs, namely linoleic and α-linolenic acids, play an essential role in health and prolonging human life.

It is known that the highest content of auxins is found primarily in the areas of active mitosis, including young leaves, apical meristems, cambium, embryos and endosperm, as well as developing fruits, which determines, among other things, plant habitus and fruit size. In agriculture and biotechnology, auxins (indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are used to stimulate lateral development, including in apple tree rootstocks. Despite the crucial role of endogenous IBA in rooting, its presence in apple tree tissues remains unconfirmed, although its content in planta was shown for many other plants. Therefore, in this work, the composition and content of auxins in 2 tissue types of Siberian apple tree of lowand high-growing forms, along with the presence of IBA in them, was compared. Tissues of ovary and bark of Siberian apple tree (Malus baccata L. Borkh.) of 2 forms (low and tall) growing on an experimental plot of Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS were used in the study. Bark samples were collected from the 1st year shoots at the stage of intensive sap flow. The ovary samples were collected in July at the stage of active growth. Auxins purified by solid-phase extraction were analysed by GC-MS. In addition to IAA-3, the following auxins were found in fast-growing tissues of the Siberian apple tree both in the cambium layer of annual gain during intensive sap flow and set fruit during the active growth stage: IBA, indole-1-acetic acid, indole-3-carboxylic acid and indole-3-propionic acid. Similar to other plants, the content of these auxins was significantly lower than that of endogenous IAA.

The lipid composition of two species of vascular plants, Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex. Web. and E. scirpoides Michx., growing in the permafrost zone (Northeastern Yakutia, the Pole of Cold of the Northern Hemisphere), with average daily air temperatures in summer of +17.8 °C, in autumn of +0.6 °C, and in winter of −46.7 °C, was comparatively studied. The most significant seasonal trend of lipid composition was an accumulation of PA in both horsetail species in the autumn–winter period. Cold acclimation in autumn was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of bilayer-forming lipids (phosphatidylcholine in the non-photosynthetic membranes and MGDG in photosynthetic membranes), an increase in the desaturation degree due to the accumulation of triene fatty acids (E. scirpoides), and an accumulation of betaine lipids O-(1,2-diacylglycero)-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS). The inverse changes in some parameters were registered in the winter period, including an increase in the proportion of “bilayer” lipids and decrease in the unsaturation degree. According to the data obtained, it can be concluded that high levels of accumulation of membrane lipids and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), as well as the presence of Δ5 FAs in lipids, are apparently features of cold hardening of perennial herbaceous plants in the cryolithozone.

The study of the component composition of phenolic and terpenoid compounds of the angioprotective herbal composition was carried out. Alcohol extraction of the angioprotective herbal composition was studied by MC-HPLC-UV method. The analysis used solutions of commercial samples of reference substances manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich (USA), Chem-Fages, Extrasynthese, Lione (France), Beijing (China). Seven phenolic compounds have been identified: quercetin, isoramnetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, narcissin, isoramnetin-3-O-glucoside, phenolcarboxylic acid 5-O-caffeylquinic. The total content of flavonoids is 11.64 mg/g, phenolcarboxylic acid – 2.30 mg/g. Among the isolated flavonoids rutin (3.35±0.06 mg/g), isoquercitrin (3.14±0.06 mg/g), narcissin (4.15±0.09 mg/g), phenolcarboxylic acid – 5-O-caffeylquinic (2.30±0.05 mg/g) prevail. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation; analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Agilent Technologies (6890N) instrument with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The identified components were performed by comparing the linear retention indices and total mass spectra of the compounds with the data from the Nist 11 library and commercial samples. In the herbal composition of the essential oil, 21 components have been identified, the main of which are salicylic aldehyde (in the total amount is 58.30%), methyl salicylate (16.17%). The triterpene saponins of the angioprotective herbal composition are represented by calendulosides A and B, escin. The amount of triterpene saponins is 1.08±0.05%. The results of the quantitative analysis were processed statistically, the data are presented as the mean and ± standard deviation, SD.

Comparative analysis of the composition and content of phenolic compounds (PC) in the fruits of three wild species of Malus: Malus mandshurica, Malus chamardabanica, Malus sachalinensis, native to Eastern Siberia and the Far East, was carried out. It was established that the tissues of the fruits of the three species, on the whole, had a qualitative composition of PC characteristic of the genus Malus. Quantitative differences in the content of individual PC were found between the species. The fruits of M. chamardabanica showed a high content of anthocyanins and low flavans. A characteristic feature of the fruit of M. sachalinensis was a high content of dihydrochalcones — more than 50% of the total PC content of. A high (about 80%) content of flavans was found in the fruits of M. mandshurica. At the same time, about 20% of their total amount was was accounted for procyanidin B2, which was not found in the other two species studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that two principal components (PC1, PC2,) together accounted for more than 99% variation of the total observed variations. PC1 strongly integrated with phloridzin. The data obtained may be of interest for pharmacology, selection of agriculturally valuable traits for breeding new apple varieties, as well as for the study of chemosystematics of the genus Malus.