The effect of the polymer matrix on the sorption-diffusion characteristics of various antimicrobial drugs has been studied. It is shown that it is possible to regulate the antimicrobial activity of a fibrous product by changing the supramolecular structure and functional composition of cellulose fiber, changing the conditions of immobilization of biological products, using the composite composition of an antimicrobial preparation for polymer modification, varying the ratios of modified natural and synthetic fibers in a textile matrix.

The conditions for the synthesis of stable hydrosols of metallic silver in the presence of flax fiber extracts were studied by “green chemistry.” It was proved that the synthesized sols can be used to impart the antimicrobial activity or biosecurity to cellulose-containing materials. The synthesis of ultrafine silver particles in the presence of accompanying natural impurities of flax fibers, isolated from them during high-temperature alkaline treatment, was studied by spectrophotometry, photon correlation spectroscopy, and visual observation. The effect of the composition of the extract on the dynamics of formation of stable silver nanoparticles was determined. It was proved by IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration that increased alkalinity of the cooking solution leads not only to an increase in the amount of impurities in solution, but also to their destruction, and the resulting set of reducing substances formed in solution can act as a reducing agent for silver ions even at low extraction temperatures. It was also proved that the antimicrobial activity with respect to the test cultures of the synthesized sols and the cellulose tissue treated with them depends on the synthesis conditions.

The article deals with the issue of the use of antiseptic and disinfectants, without which almost no sphere of our life can currently do. The regulatory requirements for antiseptics and disinfectants are determined, the main of which are safety for humans and the environment and high activity against most known pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Currently, there is no agent that would have a long-term antiseptic effect, long-term storage stability, and a broad antimicrobial effect on known microorganisms, so the search for universal disinfectants continues. The possibility of replacing alcohol-containing antiseptics and disinfectants with agents containing silver nanoparticles as an active component, which act on the principle of inhibiting the vital function of bacteria, is shown. Innovative antiseptic and disinfectants have been developed and tested under laboratory conditions on the basis of the Nanotex preparation synthesized at the Institute of Chemical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The silver nanoparticles included in their composition have an antimicrobial effect in relation to representatives of gram-positive (Staphilococcus aurus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microflora, as well as to fungal culture (Candida albicans). The stability of the developed compositions has been proven by the methods of visual observations, electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Spectra of freshly prepared and long-term stored solutions are given, as well as diagrams of particle size distribution. The almost complete coincidence of these spectra indicates the stability of the preparations over time. A comparative evaluation of the developed compositions in relation to known antimicrobial agents was carried out. It is noted that the Nanoteks synthesized by us is not inferior in antimicrobial activity to the action of known antiseptics, taken at a concentration 1–2 orders of magnitude higher.

The conditions for obtaining stable metallic silver hydrosols in the presence of flax fiber extracts have been studied by the method of «green chemistry» and the possibility of using synthesized sols to provide cellulose-containing materials with antimicrobial activity or biosecurity has been proved. The process of synthesis of ultrafine silver particles in the presence of concomitant natural impurities of flax fibers isolated from them during alkaline high-temperature treatment was studied by spectrophotometry, photon correlation spectroscopy and visual observation. The effect of the extract composition on dynamics of the formation of stable silver nanoparticles was determined. IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration methods proved that an increase in the alkalinity of a cooking solution led not only to an increase in the amount of impurities in the solution, but also to their destruction, and the complex of reducing substances formed in the solution could act as a silver ion reducing agent even at a low extraction temperature. It was proven that antimicrobial activity against test cultures of synthesized sols and cellulose tissue treated with them depended on the conditions of synthesis.

Specific features of the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction with agents differing in the reducing ability were studied using spectrophotometry, photon correlation spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy methods. The antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing sols synthesized was evaluated in tests with clinical strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichiacoli), and its dependence on the reduction conditions and, accordingly, on the size of the resultant particles was revealed. The synthesized sols of silver nanoparticles with sizes below 50 nm proved efficient in protecting cellulosic textile materials against attacks by natural complex of microflora and by soil microflora.

The impact of conditions in extraction of natural admixtures (pectin compounds, hemicelluloses, and lignin) from hemp fiber during chemical modification of fibrous mass was studied. It was shown that the maximum extraction of admixtures requires increasing the temperature of fiber treatment to 100°С and the sodium hydroxide concentration to 10 g/L. Using infrared spectroscopy and potentiometric titration methods, it was proved that the increase in alkalinity of the boiling liquor leads not only to the increase in the amount of admixtures in the liquor but also to their destruction, while the complex of reducing ingredients that was formed in the liquor can act as a reductant of silver ions even under conditions of low temperatures in extraction. The kinetics of reduction of silver ions in the extract liquor was investigated. The correlation of the efficiency of the reduction of silver ions and the quantitative content of admixtures in the liquor was found. Using photon correlation spectroscopy, it was shown that reduction in an extract obtained under high alkalinity makes it possible to obtain particles of small size, not more than 30 nm. It was proved that the antimicrobial activity of synthesized sols and cellulosic materials treated with these sols against test cultures depends on the synthesis conditions.

The process of synthesis of ultradisperse silver particles by the reduction ofsilver salts differing in solubility by 5–40 orders of magnitude was studied byspectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and visual observation. Thesolubility of the precursor salt was shown to significantly affect the silverreduction rate. Examination by photon correlation spectroscopy confirmed theformation, upon completion of the reduction reaction, of silver nanoparticleswith ~20 nm hydrodynamic radius, including the stabilizer shell. The biologicalactivity of the sols synthesized against test cultures such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candidaalbicans was assessed, and its dependence on the size of theparticles formed was revealed. For the textile materials doped with the solssynthesized, the resistance to the action of the natural complex of microfloraand of soil microflora was studied depending on the solubility of the precursorsalts and on the size of the particles formed.

In this work the conditions for synthesis of copper nanoparticles by sodium tetrahydroborate in the presence of NTF are optimized. It is proved that the most favorable conditions for the reduction of copper in the solutions with its concentration of 2.0∙10-2 mol/l, are created when the concentration of tetrahydroborate sodium is three to four- fold exceeded, the titratable alkalinity is 5.3∙10-2-10.3∙10-2 mol/l, the temperature is 60 °C and the ratio of cation and chelate is equimolar. The method of photon correlation spectroscopy has confirmed the obtaining of copper nanoparticles with hydrodynamic radius of 25 nm, including shell stabilizers. The immutability of the size of bass for at least 72 h has been revealed.

Experimental X-ray diffraction analysis procedures and calculation algorithms are proposed for determining the degree of crystallinity of flax fibres of varied purity and their cellulose component from the integral values of diffraction by the crystallite regions of the analysis sample and the reference standard, which are normalized, taking account of the scattering mass of the preparations. The possibility of determination of the mass cellulose content in flax fibres by X-ray analysis, which dispenses with the need for labor and time consuming chemical analyses, is substantiated.

Synthesis of stable mixed nanoparticles (SMNs) by chemical co-reduction of copper and silver complexonates with sodium borohydride in an open system with the access of air oxygen was studied for the first time the. Variation of the Cu 2+ to Ag + molar ratio within 1: (0.05–0.5) enabled targeted formation of differently structured nanoparticles (core-shell type), Cu core Ag shell and Ag core Cu shell . It was found that, by choosing appropriate synthesis conditions, it is possible to produce oxidation-resistant copper particles protected by a shell of a precious metal or to involve the copper complex of nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid in silver reduction. The resulting SMNs may become widely used for obtaining various functional materials.

The comparative research of composition and supramolecular structure of the flax fibers received by methods of a cottonization and a mechanical elementarization under the influence of the cyclic deforming loadings was conducted. It was shown that under the influence of cyclic loadings removal of a considerable part of impurity with the increase in content of cellulose to 80.1% is reached. At the same time, division of complexes onto elementary filament provides the increase in the total surface of material and, as a result, to availability of fibers to the reagents at the subsequent alkaline boiling. X-ray analysis of flax samples with a method of comparison of the normalized parameters of diffraction by crystalline regions of cellulose allowed to establish that degree of crystallinity of a cellulose component of fibers remains constant even at deep purification of raw materials under the influence of cyclic deformations and subsequent boiling. The research of the oriented fibers by X-ray diffraction method has shown that removal of impurity from flax in the course of an elementarization has only weak influence on the sizes of crystallites of cellulose. The increase in the cross sizes of crystallites by 4 – 6% was observed at deep purification of fibers due to the boiling. This phenomenon can be connected with the decrease in influence of a diffraction maximum from impurity on half-width of the equatorial reflex 200 for cellulose Iβ. It should be noted that the longitudinal sizes of crystallites at the same time do not change. It was suggested on possible influence of decrease in content of impurity on supramolecular structure of an amorphous phase of cellulose and as a result on the observed growth of sorption and mechanical properties of flax fibers at an elementarization by method of cyclic deformation.Forcitation:Zavadskii A.E., Stokozenko V.G., Moryganov A.P., Larin I.Yu. Analysis of structural changes of cellulose component in process of elementarization of flax fibers. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 6. P. 102-108.

Applications of polymer nanocomposites for the functionalization of textiles were reviewed. Authors’ experimental data on preparation of bioactive nonwoven materials via preliminary modification by biopolymer nanoparticles imparting to them the ability to effectively adsorb functional substances were presented.

A method was proposed for modification of cellulose and polyester textile materials with monoand heterometallic copper and/or silver sols for imparting the ability to affect microorganisms to textile matrices. Data were presented on the dynamics and features of the reduction of copper and silver cations in the presence of phosphonic acid derivatives and/or natural macromolecular compounds as chelators. The stable monometallic and mixed particles synthesized were shown to be effective in imparting antimicrobial activity to natural and synthetic fibers (through the example of Candida albicans fungus) and in protecting them against biodegradation by soil microflora and natural complex microflora.

The perspectives of using domestic raw materials for creation of import-substituting biologically active nanocomposite dressings have been revealed. It has been found that the antimicrobial activity of dressings depends on the metal used for processing a material, size of its particles, and a way of dressing application, as well as on the chemical composition and the material-carrier structure. The expressed antimicrobial activity is proved as regards to plankton and biofilms forms of germs of wound infection of nonwoven fabric made of short flax fiber and processed by silver nanoparticles.

Spectroscopy, potentiometry, and visual observations were used for a comparative assessment of the results obtained in reduction of copper with sodium tetrahydroborate in the presence of complex-forming compounds and(or) gelatin. Specific features of syntheses of copper sols in the case of their stabilization with amine derivatives of phosphonic acid were revealed.

Features of composition and structure of flax fibers as objects of influence of microbic cultures (MC) are investigated. Data on dynamics of change of the cellulose content and natural impurity accompanying it (pectine, hemicellulose, lignin) in the conditions of cultivation of individual MC and a natural complex of microflora are given. On the example of native flax fibers of selection grades Merlyn, Rosinka and Eskalina it is shown that decrease in their explosive loads of 57–71% in the first two weeks of influence of MC, is considerably caused by intensive destruction of pectin and hemicelluloses for 42–52%. It is revealed that the individual cultures of Penicillum sp. strain 96 and and, Bacillus sp., strain 25 allocated from a flax microbiocenosis concede in activity to a natural complex of microflora. Dependence of speed of biodestruction of flax fibers on the contents at them natural impurity, supramolecular structure of cellulose and composition structure is estimated. It is noted to reduction much of constants of speed of biodestruction of polysaccharides after removal of their low-molecular fragments in processes of finishing of fibers.