Abstract: This study examines Chuan Xiong (川芎Rhizoma Chuanxiong), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb cultivated in Sichuan province, China. By systematically investigating its botanical origin, cultivation history, and international trade dynamics, the study identifies a sharp decline in global exports—once peaking at approximately 10,000 tons—and evaluates the impact of divergent pharmacopoeial standards, particularly the 2017 requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia , on trade performance. Through a historical literature review and a comparative analysis of pharmacopoeial standards across different countries and regions, the research confirms the Sichuan-specific origin and cultivation heritage of Chuan Xiong , and reveals inconsistencies in key quality control parameters, including botanical identification, macroscopic characteristics, moisture limits, and bioactive constituents. Through iterative negotiations and scientific consultations among relevant stakeholders, an international consensus was achieved, resulting in the development of a harmonized, evidence-based quality framework which was subsequently adopted as an ISO standard under ISO/TC 249. This internationally aligned standard addresses previous discrepancies in both parameter selection and specification limits, more accurately reflecting the distinctive quality profile of Chuan Xiong . The establishment of this ISO standard provides a scientifically robust and globally recognized basis for quality control, and is expected to support the recovery of exports and facilitate the integration of Chuan Xiong into international markets. Ultimately, this initiative provides a replicable model for the global harmonization of quality standards for traditional medicinal botanicals.

This study aims to screen the optimal intercropping pattern, so as to improve the quality of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and the economic benefits of land use.Four planting patterns, namely, Notopterygium incisum monoculture(CK), broad bean‖N.incisum(CD-QH), lettuce‖N.incisum(WS-QH), and garlic‖N.incisum(DS-QH), were set up with row spacings of 20 cm×20 cm, 20 cm×30 cm, and 20 cm×40 cm to analyze the effect of different row spacings in different intercropping patterns on the growth characteristics and secondary metabolites of N.incisum.Reasonable intercropping spacing and patterns were explored.Compared with that of CK, the survival rate of N.incisum seedlings in CD-QH, WS-QH, and DS-QH patterns increased by more than 70%(P<0.05).The increases in N.incisum plant height, leaf length, and leaf width were the greatest in the CD-QH pattern with a row spacing of 20 cm×20 cm, which was 127.11%, 137.77%, and 92.37% higher than those of the CK treatment, respectively.All the three intercropping patterns helped to increase the fresh weight of underground parts and promote the elongation of main roots.Particularly, the CD-QH pattern with a 20 cm×20 cm row spacing had the best effects, which were 1.97 times and 1.54 times those of the CK treatment, respectively.The content of notopterol and isoimperatorin as well as the sum of the two in the three intercropping patterns with a 20 cm×20 cm or 20 cm×30 cm row spacing was significantly higher than that in the CK treatment(P<0.05), and the values were the greatest in the CD-QH pattern.The economic benefits of land under the three intercropping patterns with different row spacings were significantly higher than those of the CK treatment(P<0.05), and the economic benefits of the CD-QH pattern was the highest at a 20 cm×20 cm row spacing, which was 27 800 yuan·mu~(-1), 157.41% higher than that of the CK pattern.In summary, intercropping helps to promote the growth of the aboveground part and the underground part and the accumulation of secondary metabolites of N.incisum and improve the economic benefits of land.The best intercropping crop was broad bean, and the optimal row spacing was 20 cm×20 cm.

To determine the optimal cultivation duration and harvest period for cultivated Notopterygium incisum and promote its industrial development, this study established a characteristic chromatographic profile of cultivated N. incisum and employed chemometrics combined with entropy-weighted grey correlation analysis to assess differences in agronomic traits and quality indicators across different cultivation years and harvest periods. By comparing with reference substances, ten common peaks were identified, including chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, marmesinin, nodakenin, isochlorogenic acid B, notopterol, phenethyl ferulate, isoimperatorin, and falcarindiol. The similarity between the characteristic chromatographic profiles of N. incisum at different cultivation years and the reference profile was all above 0.932. Principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) revealed that the quality of 1-to 3-year-old cultivated N. incisum was highly dispersed and unstable, whereas the quality of 4-year-old cultivated N. incisum remained relatively stable across different harvest periods. This suggests that the accumulation of relevant compounds in the medicinal material had reached a plateau, confirming that the optimal cultivation period for N. incisum is four years. Entropy-weighted grey correlation analysis indicated that the quality of 4-year-old cultivated N. incisum across different harvest periods ranked from highest to lowest as follows: November, December, October, August, July, and September, demonstrating that November is the optimal harvest time. The findings of this study establish the suitable cultivation duration and optimal harvest period for N. incisum, providing a scientific basis for cultivation guidance and quality standardization.

Notopterygium incisum is a traditional Chinese herb commonly used in large quantities,and its rhizomes and roots are the major parts used as medicine.Previous studies have found that the content of secondary metabolites,represented by notopterol and isoimperatorin in the rhizomes of N.incisum,is significantly higher than that in the roots,but their biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms are not yet fully understood.In this study,we used RNA-seq and transcriptomic analysis to compare and analyze the differential expression of genes between rhizomes and roots of cultivated N.incisum.The results showed that:1 222 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were significantly enriched in pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,plant-pathogen interaction,MAPK signaling,and plant hormone signal transduction pathways.Transcripts of key enzyme-coding genes such as shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase(HCT),cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxiredoxin 6(PRDX6)in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in rhizomes when compared to those in roots.Several transcription factors of the AP2/ERF,WRKY,C2C2,and NAC families showed significant differential expression between rhizomes and roots,and these factors may be the key transcription factors affecting the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.The differential expression of genes is consistent with the differences in the content of notopterol and isoimperatorin in the rhizomes and roots of N.incisum.The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for further research on the accumulation mechanism of active ingredients in the medicinal parts of N.incisum and directed breeding of N.incisum.

This study aimed to examine the morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations occurring in Notopterygium incisum seeds throughout their developmental stages, with the objective of establishing a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of superior quality seeds. The experimental materials utilized in this study were the seeds of N. incisum at various stages of development following anthesis. Through the employment of morphological observation and plant physiology techniques, the external morphology, nutrients, enzyme activity, and endogenous hormones of the seeds were assessed. The results revealed a transition in seed coat color from light green to brown during the growth and development of N. incisum seeds. Additionally, as the seeds matured, a decrease in water content was observed. Conversely, starch content exhibited a progressive increase, while sucrose content displayed fluctuations. At 7 days after anthesis, the soluble sugar content attained its highest level of 4.52 mg·g~(-1), whereas the soluble protein content reached its maximum of 6.00 mg·g~(-1) at 14 days after anthesis and its minimum of 4.94 mg·g~(-1) at 42 days after anthesis. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) exhibited an initial increase, followed by a decrease, and eventually reached a stable state. Conversely, the activities of catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POD) demonstrated a decrease initially, followed by an increase, and then another decrease. The levels of the four endogenous hormones, namely gibberellin(GA_3), zeatin riboside(ZR), auxin(IAA), and abscisic acid(ABA), in the seeds displayed significant variations, with IAA and ABA exhibiting considerably higher levels compared to the other hormones. The levels of plant growth-promoting hormones, represented by IAA, generally displayed a pattern of initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease during seed development, while the plant growth-inhibiting hormone ABA showed the opposite trend. The findings indicate that the alterations in nutrient composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone levels vary throughout the maturation process of N. incisum seeds. These observations hold relevance for the cultivation of N. incisum seeds.

为了探究川产高海拔地区栽培羌活(Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang)的植物表型性状与品质性状(羌活醇、异欧前胡素)的相关性,提高良种选育效率,本研究选取3个羌活栽培基地的四年生羌活植株183份,统计13个表型性状,并测定地下部分的羌活醇与异欧前胡素含量,通过聚类分析、冗余分析和方差分析法解析表型性状与品质性状的内在关联,筛选高品质羌活的定向选育表型性状.结果表明,基生叶片数变异系数和多样性指数在所有调查性状中最高,基生叶片表型性状以绿色、纸质、深裂、锯齿状为主,基生叶柄和花茎表型性状表现为绿色、紫色、绿色带紫纹均有分布,基生叶柄绿色和花茎浅紫色最多.聚类分析和冗余分析结果表明,地下部分羌活醇和异欧前胡素含量与基生叶片及基生叶柄颜色显著相关(P＜0.05).方差分析结果表明,以基生叶片深绿色、叶柄紫色为主要特征的羌活植株地下部分羌活醇、异欧前胡素含量及其总含量均最高.综上,羌活植株基生叶片颜色和叶柄颜色可作为羌活药材指标成分羌活醇及异欧前胡素高含量品种的定向选育表型性状.本研究结果为解决人工栽培羌活药源危机提供了有效途径,为优良种质的定向选育提供了参考依据.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated a wealth of ecological wisdom and is regarded as an outstanding cultural and medical resource in China. However, in the context of serious environmental pollution, the potential harm caused by TCM materials (TCMMs) due to toxic heavy metals has seriously affected the sustainable development of TCM. Cadmium (Cd) is an internationally recognized heavy metal contaminant. In this paper, 270 reports on Cd in TCMMs were screened from 1969 publications covering 243 species in 81 families. According to the source of the TCMMs, the data were divided into the following categories: aboveground part, bark, flower and fruit, herb, leaf and rhizome. The temporal dynamics of the Cd content and its correlations with the habitats and categories (parts) of TCMMs were also studied. The results show that 22.05 % of the investigated TCMM samples exceeded the relevant domestic standards (Cd≤0.3 mg/kg), among which the maximum Cd content was 17.75 mg/kg. Myrtaceae and Syzygium aromaticum were the family and species with the highest mean Cd content, respectively. Regarding the source of TCMMs of great concern, the mean Cd content of TCMMs decreased in the order of herb > aboveground part > flower and fruit > leaf > rhizome > bark. In addition, in terms of the spatiotemporal distribution, the spatial distribution of the mean Cd content of TCMMs was significantly higher on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, followed by Southwest China. When comparing different times, more serious Cd pollution of TCMMs existed after 2000, and the highest mean Cd content was observed in 2000–2004. In summary, soil acidity must be decreased and the cultivation conditions of Cd-hyperaccumulators such as Ligusticum chuanxiong and Lonicera japonica must be modified, in conjunction with a scientific health risk assessment, to ensure the sustainable development of TCMMs.

目的:探明不同改良措施对连作半夏土壤中生物群落结构和半夏生长相关指标影响规律,解决半夏药材产业化栽培的连茬效应.方法:对比2％生物炭、生物有机肥、微生物菌剂和草木灰4种土壤改良措施,动态监测半夏的生长状况并测定其产量,结合微生物群落结构,筛选出有效消除半夏连作障碍的最佳措施.结果:微生物菌剂、生物有机肥、草木灰均可促进半夏珠芽的生长、块茎的发育以及根系的生长;单从产量分析,效果以草木灰最好,生物有机肥次之;不同改良措施可通过降低真菌物种多样性、提高细菌多样性起到恢复连作土壤微生物群落多样性的作用,对有害微生物如子囊菌门菌群和果胶杆菌Pectobacterium aroidearum均有抑制效果.结论:结合半夏产量、生长情况及半夏根际微生物群落结构分析,对连作土壤用草木灰改良效果最好,可为缓解半夏连作障碍提供技术指导和支撑.

为了解对叶百部种子的基本生物学特性,以野生引种对叶百部种子为材料,系统开展种子表型特征、吸水特性、萌发特性、储藏特性和休眠特性等方面研究.结果表明,对叶百部种子棕褐色至黑褐色,主体呈椭圆形至卵圆形,表面具纵向槽纹,种柄、内脐、种脊等胚珠遗迹明显,具丰富胚乳和直立型胚,千粒重25.31 g,形态学性状变异大.对叶百部种子最佳萌发温度为30℃,且对温度极度敏感,表现出狭窄适应性.种皮透水性良好,但对胚根的萌发存在机械阻碍,是种子致眠的主要因素.破除种皮障碍后种子发芽率和发芽势分别提高46.08％和112.29％,发芽时滞缩短100％.对叶百部种子不耐储存,种子活力随储藏时间增加快速降低,超过16个月基本丧失萌发能力,属短命型种子.

目的 探明半夏Pinellia ternate连作对根际土壤微生物群落的影响规律,以指导半夏连续高产栽培.方法 采用PacBio Sequel测序手段对正茬(CK)、连作一茬(A)、二茬(B)和三茬(C)半夏不同生长时期根际土壤微生物进行测序,对比分析其微生物群落结构和多样性差异.结果 随着连茬次数的增加,潜在致病细菌如果胶杆菌Pectobacterium aroidearum、真菌如子囊菌门Ascomycota菌群、镰刀菌属真菌Fusarium nematophilum和瓜亡革菌Thanatephiorus cucumeris等丰度增加,球黑孢霉Nigrospora_zimmermanii随着连茬次数的增加逐渐成为优势菌群,有益真菌如球囊菌门Glomeromycota菌群丰度减少;随着连茬次数增加,半夏根际土壤中细菌和真菌多样性均降低;根际土壤pH值随着半夏生长周期的延长波动变化,可能导致根际细菌和真菌多样性和功能类群变化,从而使一些致病菌在半夏块茎膨大期和成熟期形成优势种群.结论 随着半夏连茬次数的增加,根际土壤有益微生物丰度减少、有害微生物丰度增加,根际土壤微生物群落多样性降低,根际土壤pH值波动变化,是半夏连作障碍形成的重要原因.

目的:探明半夏连作对其生长及次生代谢产物的影响.方法:试验设头茬(CK)、连作一茬(T1)、连作二茬(T2)和连作三茬(T3)4个处理.采用2020年版中国药典冷浸法测定浸出物含量,紫外分光光度法测定半夏总生物碱和可溶性蛋白含量,HPLC法检测腺苷及鸟苷的含量.对比分析不同连作茬数下半夏生长、产量、浸出物和次生代谢产物总生物碱、可溶性蛋白、鸟苷、腺苷的异同.结果:(1)随着连作茬数的增加,半夏生长发育受抑制,半夏产量持续下降,与头茬相比,连作一茬(T1)、连作二茬(T2)和连作三茬(T3)产量分别显著降低11.97％、57.12％和68.68％.且随着连作茬数的增加,在连作二茬后半夏块茎中直径D＜1.0 cm和直径为1.0 cm≤D≤1.5 cm的块茎数量显著下降.(2)随着连作茬数增加,半夏生物碱含量和鸟苷含量呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势,腺苷呈先降低后增加再下降的趋势,可溶性蛋白含量则持续增加,而浸出物含量无显著性变化.结论:半夏连作对其生长和次生代谢产物均有显著影响,这些影响可为探究半夏连作障碍机理提供理论基础.

Rhizosphere soil microbial community and its diversity are important for the structure and functions of medicinal plant ecosystem. In this study, based on high-throughput sequencing, rhizosphere soil microbial diversity, and yield and quality of rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum cultivated alone(control, CK) and intercropped with Vicia faba(QH) were analyzed, which is expected to lay a basis for optimization of the cultivation mode and ecological production of N. incisum. RESULTS:: showed that the rhizosphere soil bacteria of N. incisum were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, with the relative abundance of 50.38%-51.95% and 16.36%-17.02%, respectively. Soil bacterial community at the phylum level was not significantly different between CK and QH. At the genus level, the relative abundance of MND1(3.54%), Spinstomonas(3.50%), Nitrospira(1.53%), and Rhizobacter(1.05%) was significantly higher and that of Gemmatimonas, Candidatus＿Solibacter, and Bryophytes was lower in QH treatment than in the CK. The plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length of N. incisum in QH treatment was significantly increased and the underground biomass rose by 71.43% compared with those in the CK. Thus, intercropping with V. faba promoted the aboveground growth of N. incisum and improved the yield of root and rhizome. Moreover, the content of notopterol and isoimperatorin increased by 37.96% and 4.09% in QH treatment, respectively, indicating that the intercropping with V. faba boosted the accumulation of secondary metabolites in N. incisum. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the soil bacterial community was mainly influenced by the soil factors including the content of soil available nutrients, soil organic matter, pH value, and soil water. The influence was in the order: total potassium>total nitrogen>pH>organic matter>available potassium>soil water content>available nitrogen>available phosphorus. In conclusion, the intercropping with V. faba altered soil microenvironment and also increased the yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites of N. incisum, which is a promising ecological planting model for N. incisum.

中药质量追溯体系具有品种多、情况复杂、追溯过程长、缺数字化标准等特点和难点.本研究基于全产业链标准整合的中药材质量保障与溯源系统,构建了种植(养殖)、采收、加工、包装、检测、仓储和质量追溯管理7个关键环节的管理要求,形成全新的中药行业质量管理体系认证标准,实现道地药材原产地与消费市场从源头实施全过程质量保真控制的无缝对接.进一步基于区块链、云计算和大数据等新一代信息技术与中药材全产业质量保障及溯源系统的融合创新势在必然,集溯源、第三方检测、认证等关键信息处理于一体,对于更加精准助力中药产业高质量发展具有重要意义.

The genuine Chinese medicinal (GCM), also known as Dao-di Herbs, is a synonym for high quality Chinese medicinal materials, which has been established in thousands of years of clinical practice and is a comprehensive standard for evaluating the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. The newest data from the Fourth National Survey of Chinese Medicinal Resources showed that Sichuan Province has 7290 types of Chinese medicine and 86 GCM, both ranking highly in China. The characteristics like diverse species, wide distribution, higher yield, and good quality are considered as advantages of geo-herbals grown in Sichuan. Resources guarantee and high-quality development of those medicine materials make a difference in local Chinese medicine quality promotion and Chinese medicine industry and technology development to serve the public's needs, assist targeted poverty alleviation, and strengthen ecological protection. This review aims to outline significant progress in the recent ten years regarding regionalization, germplasm resources, and quality evaluation around the quality assurance of GCM in Sichuan, China.

百部作为常用杀虫药物,其应用范围已从临床扩展至农业和畜牧养殖业等领域,对其杀虫作用的相关研究已取得了较大进展.该文综述了百部杀虫活性成分、杀虫作用方式、杀虫机理及杀虫应用四方面的研究进展与成果,并展望了百部杀虫作用的开发利用前景.

To clarify the difference of soil moisture characteristics between mixed broad leaf-conifer forest soil and artificial cultivation of Notopterygium incisum, the HYPROP system and the dew point potential meter were used to determine soil water retention curves(SWRC) for samples of two horizons(i.e. 2-7 cm, 10-15 cm). The basic physical and chemical properties of soil and its water characteristic parameters were also determined. The result showed as fllows:①The bulk density of mixed coniferous-broad leaf forest soil was between 0.33 and 0.52 g·cm~(-3), significantly lower than the corresponding value of field soil(1.01-1.18 g·cm~(-3))(P<0.05), While the organic matter content was significantly higher than the corresponding value of field soil(P<0.05). ②The saturated water content(θ_s), field water holding capacity(θ_(FC)) and Water that can be effectively utilized by plants(θ_(PAC)) of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest soil were significantly higher than the corresponding value of field soil(P<0.05), while the retained water content(θ_r) value that cannot be effectively utilized by plants was significantly lower than that of field soil(P<0.05). ③The values of structural porosity(0.13-0.24 cm~3·cm~(-3)) and Matrix porosity(0.34-0.44 cm~3·cm~(-3)) of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest soil were higher than the corresponding values of field soil. Therefore, with low bulk density and high content of organic matter, mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest soil can store more water in soil in the form of effective water to meet the needs of plants for water, thus possibly forming high quality medicinal materials of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix. In conclusion, the results of this study can provide theoretical basis guidance for soil structure improvement and water management to form high quality medicinal materials in the artificial cultivation of N. incisum.

Guided by the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and using modern scientific methods, Dao-di herbs pharmacology studies the nature, performance, interaction with the body and its clinical application.It is a bridge between the basic research and clinical application of Dao-di herbs. It can objectively describe the law of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, scientifically explain the mechanism of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, explore and establish the standards and methods of Dao-di herbs based on biological effect and clinical efficacy, and provide scientific basis for the special properties, pharmacology and clinical value of Dao-di herbs.Furthermore, we put forward a new idea of building the standard of Dao-di herbs based on the curative effect rather than the origin.The Dao-di herbs standard should come from the systematic research of traditional Dao-di herbs producing areas and form a new characteristic system, through the extraction of environmental, genetic, character, chemical, pharmacological and other characteristics.This standard originates from the tradition, but it is higher than the tradition. It may not have the origin meaning of strict administrative division, but it can better reflect the pharmacological characteristics and excellent clinical value of Dao-di herbs.

Indigenous knowledge and traditional culture for sustainable use of native plants in Juenang cultural region of Rangtang county, Aba Zang and Qiang Prefecture of Sichuan province, have been characterized in this paper followed the principles and methods of ethnobotany. The results indicate that 38 species from 27 families(including 6 species of fungi) are ethnobotanically used commonly in this area. Of 38 species of the native plants, 13 species from 12 families are collected for eatables and vegetables, 12 families and 16 species of indigenous plants for medicinal and edible use, 4 species from 4 families for decoration, 4 species from 4 families used for building materials or firewood, and 1 species from 1 families used for religious folklore. Under the influence of Juenang culture and Tibetan culture, indigenous knowledge such as instinctive reverence and gratitude for nature, protection ecological environment and habitats, and moderate use of natural resources(especially wild bioresource), have been gotten passed on from generation to generation in Juenang culture region of Rangtang county, which is of great significance to the protection of local bioresources and environment, including ethnic medicinal plants, and also to provide practical guidance for biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration in those alpine ecological vulnerable areas.

目的 探究变叶海棠及其同域近缘种潜在地理分布及生境特征.方法 基于全国尺度下的气候、土壤、地形和植被类型等生态因子插值数据,结合变叶海棠、花叶海棠和陇东海棠地理分布信息,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能,分析了变叶海棠、花叶海棠和陇东海棠潜在地理分布及其生境特征.结果 变叶海棠、花叶海棠和陇东海棠呈地理替代分布,变叶海棠主要分布于中国—喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,花叶海棠主要分布于亚洲荒漠植物亚区,陇东海棠分布区属中国—日本森林植物亚区;海拔可能是造成花叶海棠、变叶海棠和陇东海棠资源分布区域差异性的主导生态因子.结论 本研究成果可为变叶海棠、花叶海棠和陇东海棠资源保护利用和人工栽培提供参考.

为探索适宜四川盆地丘陵区半夏标准化规范化的高产种植模式,以提高半夏单位面积产量,增加总产量.该研究通过田间试验,研究了栽培密度与深度、种茎规格、遮荫强度、采挖策略等4种关键配套技术对于半夏人工生态种植产量的影响.结果 显示,以800粒·m-2的播种密度、14 cm的播种深度、采用1.0～1.5 cm直径的半夏种茎为种源、在夏季以60％遮光率遮荫处理并且单季种植采挖所得半夏的单位面积产量最高,可达3.53 kg·m-2.采用一系列关键栽培技术和措施,结合土壤处理、施肥、病虫害防治等配套技术,有利于发挥综合效益,为半夏集约化、区域化连续种植和高产稳产提供技术支撑,也为作为半夏道地产区的四川盆地丘陵区特色经济发展提供强有力的技术支持.