Developing adsorbents that simultaneously achieve high heavy-metal removal efficiency and environmental sustainability remains a critical challenge. Herein, we report a multifunctional adsorbent derived from the invasive aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes L., prepared via hydrothermal carbonization followed by in situ polydopamine functionalization (PDA-HTC-220). Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that PDA-HTC-220 exhibited superior Cu2+ removal capacity compared to the pristine hydrochar, with adsorption kinetics following the pseudo-second-order model and equilibrium data fitting the Langmuir isotherm, indicative of monolayer chemisorption. Comprehensive characterization revealed that dopamine modification introduced abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, facilitating the formation of Cu-O and Cu-N coordination bonds. Density functional theory calculations further identified oxygen-containing sites as stronger binding centers for Cu2+ coordination, with an O-Cu binding energy as high as −4.80 eV. This strong interaction underpins the high adsorption capacity but simultaneously leads to poor regenerability. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment uncovered the environmental trade-off between the enhanced adsorption efficiency conferred by functionalization and the increased energy and chemical inputs during production. By integrating experimental adsorption studies, DFT-based mechanistic insights, and LCA-driven sustainability assessment, this work provides a holistic framework for designing next-generation bio-based adsorbents that reconcile high performance with environmental viability.

The "combination of medicines and excipients" is a unique medication concept proposed in the field of pharmaceutics and therapeutics, showcasing the holistic thinking and clinical application wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) compound medication. It is not only an important feature that distinguishes it from chemical drug preparations, but also one of the core advantages of TCM preparations. Pickering emulsions, as effective and ideal carriers, can utilize natural macromolecules with "combination of medicines and excipients" characteristics as solid particle emulsifiers to replace conventional surfactants, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in enhancing the stability of essential oils in TCM. Based on the framework of the "combination of medicines and excipients" concept, this study systematically explored the specific mechanisms underlying the solid particle types and stabilization systems of Pickering emulsions for essential oils from TCM, analyzed the factors influencing the stability of emulsions, and explored their potential application value, aiming to provide theoretical basis for promoting formulation development and clinical application of essential oils from TCM.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with limited treatment options. The natural compound 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene (ZY12) is a known NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, but its potential in UC remains unclear. This study evaluated the efficacy of ZY12 using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model and integrated molecular, histological, 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolomics analyses. Results showed that ZY12 significantly alleviated DSS-induced UC in mice, as evidenced by reduced weight loss, less colon shortening, and lower DAI scores. Mechanistically, ZY12 effectively inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and also reduced the level of calprotectin (S100A8/A9), a clinical marker of intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, ZY12 ameliorated colonic oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), while reducing the levels of the oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Concurrently, ZY12 upregulated the key intestinal barrier-related proteins, namely Claudin-1, Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and mucin 2 (MUC2). Comprehensive analyses revealed that ZY12 reshapes the gut microbiota composition by enriching beneficial bacterial taxa, increases levels of SCFAs (i.e., acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid), and restores dysregulated host-microbiota co-metabolism, particularly through targeted modulation of the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. In conclusion, ZY12 alleviates UC via a synergistic regulatory network involving "immune modulation-microbiota reshaping-metabolic restoration". These findings highlight ZY12's potential as a promising multi-target therapeutic candidate for UC.

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is associated with oxidative stress, barrier dysfunction, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. While current therapeutic options remain limited by suboptimal efficacy or safety concerns, natural compounds like cinnamaldehyde (CA) offer a promising alternative but are hampered by poor stability and bioavailability. To address these challenges, we developed a hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB) nanozyme-based delivery system for CA (HMPB/CA). This nanoplatform not only scavenged reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) via the inherent nanozyme activity to mitigate oxidative stress but also enabled targeted colonic release of CA. The released CA effectively suppressed inflammation and promoted barrier repair by upregulating tight junction proteins. Notably, HMPB/CA treatment significantly restored gut microbiota-metabolism homeostasis, correcting microbial composition and associated metabolite imbalances. The composite system demonstrated a synergistic therapeutic effect, outperforming CA or HMPB alone and achieving efficacy comparable to the positive control cyclosporine, alongside excellent biosafety in vivo. By integrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective and microbiota-modulating functions into a single platform, HMPB/CA presented a novel and effective multi-mechanism strategy for UC intervention. The versatile design of this nanocarrier further allows for the potential loading of other agents, paving the way for personalized therapeutic approaches.

The isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis impatiens (Pall.) Fisch, a traditional Tibetan medicine used for treating liver diseases, are considered to be a major bioactive constituent potentially contributing to its hepatoprotective activity. This study aimed to systematically characterize the isoquinoline alkaloids in C. impatiens and expand their chemical inventory, thereby providing a basis for understanding their potential bioactivity and further application. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS combined with a feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) approach was employed to comprehensively profile the isoquinoline alkaloids. In this way, the cleavage patterns and diagnostic ions of different isoquinoline alkaloid types were systematically summarized, and a total of 74 isoquinoline alkaloids were identified, including 20 tetrahydroprotoberberines, 13 phthalide isoquinolines, 19 protoberberines, 4 protopines, 17 benzylisoquinolines, and 1 benzophenanthridine. Among these, eight compounds were tentatively identified as putatively new alkaloids belonging to the phthalide isoquinoline-type and benzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids. In addition, distributional differences among C. impatiens samples were investigated. This study expanded the current understanding of isoquinoline alkaloids in C. impatiens. Moreover, the FBMN approach proved to be a rapid and effective strategy for characterizing complex chemical compositions and discovering new compounds in crude drugs.

As the main active component of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, its volatile oil (ZEO) exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including insecticidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. These properties support its traditional functions, such as "expelling worms" and "warming the Middle Jiao to alleviate pain and relieve itching." However, modern research mainly validates individual components or effects, leaving notable gaps in understanding this complex system. This review integrates research on ZEO, summarizing its composition, influencing factors, and mechanisms of action. By framing the "composition-activity-mechanism-application" continuum, this review analyzes the basis for the holistic, multi-component, multi-target therapeutic model of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It clarifies the core TCM principles of pharmacological symbiosis and synergy through formula compatibility. These insights form a theoretical basis for further development and wider application of ZEO in fields such as medicine, food, and daily chemical products.

Multifunctional textiles integrating antimicrobial and thermal-regulatory properties are urgently needed for wound care and personal protection. Here, we developed antibacterial and thermoregulatory Lyocell fibers through covalently grafting aloin and integrating graphene oxide (GO) with phase-change microcapsules (PCMs). The optimal Functional fiber 2 (3% aloin, 4 mg/mL postimmersion aloin, 0.75% GO, and 30% PCMs) exhibited a cylindrical morphology with protrusions and microvoids, and demonstrated 27.61 J/g phase change enthalpy, 16.18 cN tensile strength, and 22.24% breaking elongation. Under standardized shake-flask conditions, Functional fiber 2 completely inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth, and antibacterial efficacy remained at 90.21% and 87.81% after 30 washing cycles. In S. aureus-infected rat wounds, the fiber accelerated healing, reduced the wound diameter by approximately 77% via 14-day treatment, prevented bacterial infection/inflammation, and enhanced angiogenesis. Our fibers are promising for manufacturing protective textiles and medical supplies, also showcasing potential in outdoor protection.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory colon disease that is a major public health problem. The long-term administration of traditional drugs is likely to trigger adverse reactions. The myrrh essential oil (MEO) exhibits promising therapeutic efficacy against ulcerative colitis. However, due to the inherent instability and volatility of MEO, it was formulated into myrrh essential oil microemulsion (MM) with the aim of enhancing its stability. This study explored the optimal formulation for synthesizing MM, and a series of relevant indices were employed to meticulously investigate its stability characteristics. In animal experiments, a UC mouse model was established with the assistance of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS). The therapeutic efficacy was comprehensively evaluated by recording Disease Activity Index (DAI) scores, detecting the levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and observing the morphological features of mouse colonic tissues through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. The results confirmed that both MEO and MM are effective in treating ulcerative colitis.

Guggulsterone (GS) is a bioactive compound primarily extracted from the oleo-gum resin of plants in the Commiphora and Boswellia genera. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that GS possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities, with notable therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes mellitus, and various cancers. In this review, we systematically analyzed relevant literature published up to 2024 from the CNKI, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases to summarize the current understanding of GS's pharmacological effects, toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetic properties. The findings indicate that GS exerts potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antidepressant, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular protective effects, primarily through modulation of key signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Nrf2/Keap1, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), AMPK, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1). Additionally, GS may help overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapy by modulating drug resistance via regulation of p-glycoprotein activity. Following hepatic metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, GS does not appear to cause significant adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the sources, pharmacological actions, safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential applications of GS. Future research should focus on structural modification of GS, development of novel formulations, and exploration of synergistic combinations with other therapeutic agents to broaden its clinical utility.

TCM concentration is a key section in the production of TCM preparations, and its technical level is closely associated with drug quality, production efficiency, and energy consumption. This paper systematically combed the historical evolution of TCM concentration processes and equipment from ancient open pots to modern mechanized and automated ones, and it summarized the principles of modern concentration technologies and the current application status of relevant equipment. It conducted an in-depth analysis of the core challenges currently faced in the field of TCM concentration, including process control, multi-stage utilization of energy, application bottlenecks of low-temperature non-thermal concentration, and prevention and control of material contamination. Furthermore, it looked forward to the future development directions driven by the collaborative innovation of processes and equipment, the empowerment of intelligent control technologies, and the deep integration of greenization and intellectualization, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for promoting the transformation, upgrading, and high-quality development of the TCM pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

Sheep placenta is a functional food with proven pharmacological benefits, but its quality is often compromised by conventional drying methods. This study aimed to identify the optimal drying method for preserving the quality of sheep placenta by evaluating the effects of hot air drying (HAD), baking (BK), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) on its appearance, physicochemical properties, and odor. Physicochemical properties were assessed using colorimetry, texture profile analysis, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and amino acid profiling. Volatile compound analysis was performed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with an ultrafast gas chromatography electronic nose. Results showed that vacuum freeze dried samples maintained higher lightness, more intact microstructure, better retention of essential amino acids, and significantly lower fishy odor compared to samples treated with hot air drying or baking. Multimethod analysis (Mantel test, Pearson correlation, and TOPSIS) consistently identified vacuum freeze drying as the most effective process. These findings demonstrate that vacuum freeze drying is scientifically preferable for minimizing quality degradation in sheep placenta, providing valuable insights for its application in functional food processing.

Chronic inflammation, characterized by persistent low-grade immune activation, constitutes a common pathological basis for numerous chronic diseases. It is typically associated with prolonged infiltration and activation of immune cells, dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and repeated cycles of tissue injury and repair. Current therapeutic strategies mainly rely on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologics; however, their long-term application is often limited by adverse effects and safety concerns. Consequently, increasing attention has been directed toward natural products with anti-inflammatory potential. Plant essential oils (EOs) are volatile secondary metabolites extracted from aromatic plants and are primarily composed of terpenoids and other low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds. Unlike non-volatile plant-derived substances such as polyphenols, curcuminoids, or edible vegetable oils, EOs possess distinct chemical properties and biological activities related to their volatile nature. Emerging evidence suggests that EOs exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and immune responses. This review specifically focuses on the role of plant essential oils in chronic inflammation and summarizes their mechanisms of action, including modulation of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and immune-cell activity. Clarifying the multi-target mechanisms of EOs may provide novel insights into the prevention and management of chronic inflammatory disorders.

Background/Objectives: Shashen Maidong Decoction (SMD) has a long history of use within the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system and is currently employed in modern clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases. The characterization of the chemical constituents of TCM drugs is a prerequisite and foundation for research into bioactive compounds and quality control. However, no study has yet undertaken a comprehensive identification of its chemical constituents. Therefore, it is necessary to establish suitable analytical methods to comprehensively and systematically characterize the chemical constituents of SMD. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q Exactive orbitrap HRMS) and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) technology were employed. The chemical constituents in SMD were systematically identified by comparing mass spectrometry data with reference standards, databases and relevant literature, and by analyzing mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. Results: A total of 86 compounds were identified in SMD, including 27 flavonoids, 2 homoisoflavonoids, 34 organic acids, 2 alkaloids, 4 amino acids, 5 saccharides, 3 triterpenes and 9 other constituents. Conclusions: This study represents the first relatively comprehensive and systematic characterization of the chemical constituents in SMD, enriching modern understanding of SMD and laying the foundation for the identification of bioactive compounds, the elucidation of mechanisms of action, and further development and utilization.

Wolfberry powder is an important raw material for medicine and functional food. In industrial practice, spray drying constitutes the predominant technique for Wolfberry powder production. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanisms governing both moisture migration dynamics and particle morphology evolution during this dehydration process require systematic elucidation. In the current study, a reaction engineering approach model was applied to systematically explore the drying behaviors of single droplets made of Wolfberry extracts under various thermal conditions. Experimental measurements demonstrated temperature-dependent reductions in both viscosity and surface tension, with maximum values obtained at 70 degrees C. The droplet temperature change revealed three distinct phases: rapid heating phase, slow warming plateau, heating to AT (Ambient Temperature) phase. An empirical correlation between relative activation energy and moisture differential was obtained and a dimensionless shrinkage relationship was established, quantitatively describing how moisture dynamics and thermo-physical properties synergistically determine the drying behaviors. These models can be used as a simplified and accurate tool to predict the drying behavior of Wolfberry extract droplets at different temperatures.

This study aimed to establish objective indicators for assessing the stir-frying degree of charred stir-fried malt (CSFM) to overcome the limitations of traditional empirical judgment. By integrating visual recognition, texture analysis, Heracles NEO electronic nose, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we systematically monitored dynamic changes in color, texture, odor, and active components during stir-frying. Results indicated that color parameters (R, G, B) and hardness decreased significantly, with defined quantitative ranges established for CSFM. Odor profiles altered markedly, and five key processing markers, including 5-methylfurfural, were identified. The content of hordenine decreased by 56.6%, while 5-HMF increased strongly and correlated closely with stir-frying time. Other components such as catechin and ferulic acid showed varied trends. The study successfully quantified key attributes of CSFM, identified reliable processing markers, and revealed correlations among multi-dimensional indices, thereby providing a scientific foundation for standardizing the production of CSFM decoction pieces

INTRODUCTION:Frankincense Essential Oil (FREO) has demonstrated curative potential in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients. However, the inherent instability of FREO results in its relatively low bioavailability. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a novel oral O/W type FREO Submicron Emulsion Formulation (FREO-SE). This was achieved by encapsulating FREO within submicron emulsion droplets, with the further objective of elucidating the anti-UC efficacy of FREOSE. METHODS:A single-factor experimental approach was employed to screen the formulation, dosage, and preparation process of FREO-SE. Subsequently, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the submicron emulsion preparation procedure. The quality of the prepared emulsion was evaluated. Finally, a comparative analysis of the anti-ulcerative colitis efficacies of FREO and FREOSE was conducted using a UC mouse model. The mechanism of action of FREO-SE was further examined through immunohistochemistry, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the stability of FREO and elucidating its therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis. RESULTS:The optimal formulation and manufacturing process for FREO-SE were established, and the particle size, PDI, and Zeta potential were characterized, with values of 105.09 ± 1.27 nm, 0.30 ± 0.02, and -37.43 ± 0.97 mV, respectively, confirming the successful preparation of FREO-SE. In DSS-induced UC mice, FREO-SE significantly reduced the DAI score compared with the DSS group. The weight loss of the FREO-SE-H group mice was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), and the shortening of colon length was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001), thereby alleviating colonic tissue lesions. The expression of p-ERK and p-P65 in colon tissue was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). In conclusion, FREO-SE inhibited the levels of p-ERK and p-P65 in MAPK and NF-κB signaling, and demonstrated a definite therapeutic effect in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. DISCUSSION:This study confirmed that the FREO-SE formulation notably potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of FREO against UC, with its mechanism underlying modulation of the MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. CONCLUSION:The preparation process of FREO-SE is characterized by stability, simplicity, and controllability, endowing it with excellent stability. FREO-SE exhibits a protective effect against DSSinduced UC in mice and demonstrates significant efficacy in the ulcerative colitis mouse model.

Oregano essential oil (OEO), renowned for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, holds great promise as a potent natural disinfectant in food systems. However, its therapeutic and practical utility is often restricted by poor water solubility and chemical instability. To surmount these limitations, this study integrated nanotechnology to develop an innovative lipid-based nanocarrier for OEO delivery, leveraging the inherent lipophilicity and penetration-enhancing properties of essential oils. Guided by the “Unification of Medicines and Excipients” concept, a Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize OEO-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (OEO-NLCs) for high encapsulation efficiency, robust stability, and sustained release. Prepared via a melt emulsification-ultrasonic dispersion method, the optimized formulation was determined to consist of 1% total lipid content and 1.98% compound emulsifier. The fabricated OEO-NLCs exhibited a desirable particle size of 45.00±0.48 nm, a low polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.230±0.007, and a stable zeta potential of -29.4±0.56 mV. Notably, high encapsulation efficiencies were achieved for key active constituents: 89.53% for p-cymene, 92.33% for thymol, and 91.76% for carvacrol, with corresponding drug loading capacities of 0.42%, 6.42%, and 3.33%, respectively. Furthermore, the OEO-NLCs demonstrated outstanding stability and prolonged sustained-release profiles. Crucially, antibacterial assays revealed that encapsulation within NLCs substantially enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of OEO compared to its free counterpart, highlighting potential for advanced food preservation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the developed OEO-NLCs hold great potential as a highly efficient, stable, and natural antimicrobial agent for advanced food preservation applications.

This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic mechanisms, formulation advancements, and clinical applications of intranasal essential oil (EO) delivery, aiming to highlight its potential as a modern therapeutic approach. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science up to May 2024, focusing on preclinical and clinical studies. Data on target diseases, delivery mechanisms, formulation innovations, and therapeutic effects were extracted and analyzed. Intranasal EO delivery demonstrates significant therapeutic potential for neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Advanced delivery systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, and nasal in situ gels, enhance EO stability, bioavailability, and targeted release. Mechanistically, EOs exert effects through neurotransmission modulation, anti-inflammatory pathways, and vascular regulation, primarily via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Clinical evidence supports the efficacy of intranasal EOs in conditions such as anxiety, depression, allergic rhinitis, and hypertension, although further optimization is needed to minimize irritation and improve patient adherence. Intranasal delivery of EOs offers a promising strategy for enhancing therapeutic administration and expanding clinical applications. Future research should focus on developing advanced in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation tools, optimizing delivery systems, ensuring safety, and integrating EOs with conventional therapies to support their broader clinical translation.

This study explores the complementary capabilities of Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and Visible/Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging (Vis/NIR-HSI) in developing a data fusion strategy to predict the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of Traditional Chinese Medicine Particles (TCMP). The research emphasizes integrating these techniques into an advanced process analytical technology (PAT) platform. By leveraging the unique strengths of FT-NIR for molecular characterization and Vis/NIR-HSI for spatial quality assessment, the study evaluates multiple data fusion strategies to enhance prediction accuracy. Twenty batches of TCMP were produced using fluidized bed granulation, and their properties were characterized using FT-NIR and Vis/NIR-HSI. Comparative analysis revealed that FT-NIR outperformed Vis/NIR-HSI in standalone predictions of moisture content and particle size. Advanced fusion schemes were then developed to combine the complementary information from both spectral ranges, resulting in partial least squares (PLS) models. Among the three fusion levels evaluated, the high-level fusion strategy achieved the most accurate predictions for flowability, particle size, and moisture content. This study demonstrates that high-level fusion of FT-NIR and Vis/NIR-HSI data can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of CQAs prediction for TCMP. Moreover, the proposed approach facilitates rapid and non-destructive quality analysis of granular medicines, enables real-time online monitoring, and offers practical insights into advancing automated drug safety process control.

The genus Chrysanthemum has been widely used as both folk medicine and food in East Asia for thousands of years, serving as a significant source of nutritional and pharmacological value. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it clears heat and toxic materials and regulates liver function. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that polysaccharides from the genus Chrysanthemum, especially Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum indicum, and Coreopsis tinctoria, are vital representative macromolecules with diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antitumor, and antiviral properties as well as the ability to regulate the gut microbiota. It is well-known that different extraction and purification methods may cause differences in the primary structures of chrysanthemum polysaccharides (CPs), which in turn lead to different polysaccharide biological activities. However, the lack of a review summarizing the recent advances in CPs may have hindered their development and utilization. The present review aims to review information on the extraction and purification, structural characterization, biological functions, toxicity, and applications of CPs. In addition, this review may deepen our understanding of CPs, and offers a theoretical basis for the further development of CPs into functional foods and therapeutic agents.