Different regions and population groups are disproportionately affected by current climate changes. Their effects lead to the disadaptation of physiological reactions and increasing prevalence of some weather-dependent diseases. The objective of the present study is discovering the effects of observed changes in weather and climatic factors over the period 2010-2019 on the age-specific indicators of mortality from circulatory diseases and population life expectancy, as well as model prediction of factorial effects against the background of differentiation of the sanitary-epidemiologic and socioeconomic state of Russian regions. As the initial information, the authors used the official statistical data on the regions of the Russian Federation over the period 2010-2019 for 206 parameters of the habitat and lifestyle, including eight weather and climatic factors (monthly mean air temperatures, total precipitation for January and July, and deviations from normal for these parameters). The causal relationships between the habitat factors and age-specific mortality rates were investigated using 18 artificial neural networks (R-2<0.75). The differentiated effects of the analyzed factors on life expectancy were identified, with maximum effects on the older population. The results of the studies should be taken into account in developing regional and federal programs on improving medical and demographic conditions and providing sanitary-epidemiologic, social, and economic wellbeing.

The contemporary socioeconomic situation creates multiple safety challenges in the Russian Federation including public health safety. These challenges cannot be ignored when formulating strategic tasks of health risk analysis within predictions of the socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. Targeted development of the risk analysis methodology in the Russian Federation has provided solid grounds for successful solution of primary tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the country population. It has created a platform for further improvement of activities performed by the Rospotrebnadzor in various spheres. This includes development and greater detailing of results obtained by examining how health risks occur under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors and work-related ones considering their combined effects. Another significant trend is proactive development of methods for assessing and managing health risks associated with potentially hazardous factors of new technologies and products (nanotechnologies, new foods, etc.). Several fundamental aspects of risk analysis can be considered vital at the moment. This includes investigating mechanisms of risk occurrence; establishing regularities of risks of negative health outcomes with various severities under ongoing integration of body systems dysfunctions and considering capabilities of the body to recover its proper functioning and its adaptive resources; finding solutions to an issue associated with assessing additive properties of effects produced by risk factors including heterogeneous ones. Fundamental aspects of health risks analysis development are closely connected with an issue associated with formulating fundamentals of an information platform eligible for this methodology. It is impossible to achieve any development in investigating mechanisms of health risks occurrence under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors and work-related ones without applying up-to-date investigation techniques, digital ones included. The existing safety challenges for public health in the Russian Federation include the necessity to protect public health in order to extend a period of economic activity of the population and to develop labor and economic potential of the country; high levels of adverse impacts on the public health exerted by chemical, physical, and biological environmental factors; insufficient ‘digital maturity’ of methods employed to predict threats and provide sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the population. Given all the aforementioned, it seems advisable to outline the following promising trends in the development of the health risk analysis methodology: developing the fundamentals the methodology is based on; enlarging practical use of health risk assessment results in everyday activities of the Rospotrebnadzor; creating an information platform and digitalizing health risk analysis; developing a methodology for substantiating effective preventive programs aimed at health risk management.

Over the two years that have passed since the WHO announced on March 11, 2020, a pandemic of the new coronavirus disease COVID-19, more than 460 million cases of the disease have been detected in the world, of which more than five million have been fatal. During the natural evolution of the COVID-19 pathogen, dominant variants emerge that account for most new infections. The WHO constantly monitors coronavirus mutations that potentially pose an epidemiological danger. Currently, the WHO divides modified variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI). The WHO-designated group of variants of concern includes potentially the most dangerous lines, which are characterized by a complex of new properties. This group also includes the Omicron variant, which has become the dominant agent of the new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this work is to analyze the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain, the dominant agent of the new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed mechanism of origin of the Omicron variant, its geographical distribution, the features of the disease caused by it, and the distinguishing features from diseases caused by the Delta variant and the original Wuhan strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, mutations of the Omicron variant compared to the parent strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the genetic variability of the Omicron variant, and the epidemiological characteristics of the disease it causes are considered. Particular attention is paid to evaluation of the preventive and therapeutic effectiveness of the existing medical means of protection against COVID-19 in relation to the Omicron strain.

The article focuses on generalizing Russian scientific and methodical developments aimed at updating and supplementing the health risk assessment methodology. This methodology is a key component in tackling tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Russian approaches to risk assessment are shown to have a significant peculiarity, which is a wide use of methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, mathematical modeling, fuzzy logic, and their combinations. The most significant Russian scientific innovations include development of qualitative risk assessment, non-carcinogenic health risks included; severity of health disorders taken into account in risk assessment; methodical support for assessing integral risks under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors. Russian experts suggested and developed an idea that it was possible to model evolution of risks and their growth under changing exposures. Approaches to assessing risks evolution under long-term exposure to variable factors made it possible to solve a whole set of applied hygienic tasks. In addition to establishing qualitative characteristics of non-carcinogenic risks under exposure to chemicals, methods for assessing risks under exposure to environmental noise, certain lifestyle factors and factors related to work process have also been substantiated and implemented. Progressive development of the health risk assessment methodology ensured operative, smooth and effective transitions of control and surveillance activities performed by Rospotrebnadzor onto a fundamentally new control platform that relies on the risk-based model. Obviously, analytical opportunities offered by the health risk assessment methodology are extensive. Development of methodical grounds in hygiene and epidemiology as well as design of applied algorithms and approaches to risk assessment and management based on the fundamental methodology should involve several trends. We should extend our knowledge on mechanisms of health disorders under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors and work-related ones; hygienic standardization needs improvement; we should apply situational modeling and prediction of sanitary-epidemiological welfare under changing or preset conditions; we should provide substantiation for the strategic and tactical regulatory actions aimed at managing threats and risks. The experience accumulated in developing the health risk assessment methodology in variable spheres should be considered a starting point for creating new risk assessment and risk management technologies. They should give an opportunity to solve any tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation.

The article focuses on estimating reserves of growth in life expectancy at birth (LEB) for the RF population in regions with different sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing and people’s lifestyles. The existing trends in the country development within the regional context corroborate relevance of the present study. The methodical approach includes use of factor and cluster analysis, artificial neuron networks, and scenario forecasting. Activities performed by Rospotrebnadzor within its authority produce positive modifying effects on LEB as an integral health indicator. Differentiated contribution made by these activities to achieving regional target LEB levels by 2024 (COVID-related processes excluded) amounts to 8–62 % as per the group of indicators that describes a sanitary-epidemiological situation on a given territory and 5–45 % as per the group of lifestyle-related indicators. We identified priority factors for each of four types of regions; these factors provide the maximum positive effect on LEB. Working conditions for working population, quality of drinking water, ambient air and nonfoods are priority manageable factors in regions where the sanitary-epidemiological situation is the most unfavorable. Levels of alcohol and food consumption, balanced diets and people’s physical activity are the priority manageable factors in regions with the most unfavorable lifestyle-related indicators. The study revealed that additional LEB growth would be secured if the targets set within national projects were achieved. By 2024, this additional LEB growth would equal 6–420 days and 107–659 days accordingly given the existing trends and regional differentiation as regards improved sanitary-epidemiological situation in regions and people’s lifestyles. Improved working conditions, better quality of drinking water and ambient air are reserves of LEB growth for all types of the RF regions in short and middle-term. A potential reserve of LEB growth and priority determinants were identified for each type of regions. These identified national and regional determinants should be considered when building an optimization model of LEB management allowing for reserves of its growth. The study results develop the authors’ methodical approach to estimating potential LEB growth based on scenario modeling; they are consistent with the results obtained by other relevant studies. We have identified limitations of the present study as well as prospects and trends for future research.

The main triggers of new infectious diseases, including those with pandemic potential, are: spontaneous emergence of infectious strains which are more virulent for humans and contribute to transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, environmental changes, social and economic factors, increased contact rates between different regions. A successful pandemic response requires mass immunisation against a specific disease, aimed at the development of herd immunity which is based on the concept of indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a part of it. A well-grounded choice of the vaccine platform is central to dealing with this problem. The aim of the study was to compare characteristics of vaccine platforms (attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant vector, DNA, and RNA vaccines) intended for mass immunisation against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential. The study focused on the members of Poxviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae families as potential pathogens. The vaccine platforms were compared in terms of the following parameters: capability of producing a robust immune response; protective efficacy; time required for vaccine development and testing; ability to produce vaccine in volumes required for mass immunisation; potential obstacles associated with the intended use of the vaccine. It is expected that in the next few decades DNA and RNA vaccine platforms will be most widely used for development of products against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential, regardless of taxonomic groups of pathogens.

The pandemic of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease that began in December 2019 in China is still having a huge impact on all spheres of human life. The herd immunity, which is the most effective tool for preventing the spread of the disease, is formed in two ways: the passive way (i.e., the formation of a population not susceptible to re-infection due to the natural spread of the disease) and the active way (mass immunisation). High rates of COVID-19 vaccination were achieved thanks to the development and mass production of new vaccines. The selection of the most promising vaccine platforms is one of the key aspects of successful mass immunisation. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation. The paper analyses the vaccine technology platforms, efficacy of different types of vaccines based on clinical trial results, safety of vaccines for different population groups, and potential for scaling up vaccine production in order to ensure the necessary vaccination coverage. The vaccines currently used for mass immunisation are: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), Gam-COVID-Vac (N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson), ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), and NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). The comparison of the main characteristics of the vaccines demonstrated that the most promising types of vaccines for COVID-19 specific prophylaxis are RNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines.

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020. This is clearly not enough for the formation of herd immunity, which will prevent repeated outbreaks of the disease. Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, therefore specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it. Vaccination is the most effective approach to prevention of epidemic outbreaks. The aim of the study was to analyse promising approaches to the development of vaccines against novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries. It analyses the pros and cons of different platforms for vaccine development (attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines). The paper presents a potential design of novel vaccines. It was concluded that COVID-19 vaccines might be developed both for immunising high-risk groups and for mass immunisation. An optimal solution for the second task would be to develop human or monkey adenovirus vector-based vaccines whose mass production has already been unveiled.

The current work supplements the results obtained in previous research on a relation between leading parameters of living conditions and life expectancy of the RF population; it dwells on the results obtained via analyzing a role played by sanitary and epidemiologic determinants. A sanitary-epidemiologic situation in certain RF regions is unfavorable and it makes our research truly vital; it is also necessary to work out and implement activities aimed at eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental factors that can produce negative effects on demographic situation in the country. Our primary goal was to study impacts exerted by sanitary-epidemiologic parameters on life expectancy in the RF and to obtain predicted values for its growth taking into account regional and sex differentiation. We examined domestic and foreign experience in researching relations between sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and life expectancy. All the RF regions were distributed into three clusters as per their sanitary-epidemiologic welfare. The third cluster that includes 11 regions is in much greater need for implementing activities aimed at reducing environmental contamination. Results obtained via regression and factor analysis revealed that should there be a scenario with an improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic parameters (by 10.0 %), the overall life expectancy for the RF population would increase by 140.39 days. An improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic situation taken as per sex differentiation indicated that a greater impact was expected on life expectancy growth among male population, as it would increase by 146.9 days (by 117.6 days for female population). We established that several parameters made the greatest contribution into life expectancy growth; they were “A share of population provided with high quality drinking water” (61.65 days); “Physical factors existing at workplaces” (35.83 days), “Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of objects under surveillance” (15.16 days), and “Sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of ambient air” (14.26 days). The current work does not cover extreme sanitary-epidemiologic situations related to pandemic spread of new infectious agents causing highly contagious diseases (Coronavirus infection).

Background. Pneumococcal infection being one of the dominant causes of acute respiratory diseases and exacerbation of chronic ones is a serious problem for human health and society. The flood in the Amur river basin in the summer of 2013 created a special zone and risk conditions for the formation of respiratory pathology in the Far-Eastern region of Russia. We aimed to give clinical and epidemiological assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination programs of respiratory viral and pneumococcal infections and generalization of regional experience in the organization of a set of measures aimed at their prevention in the postflood period in the Far-Eastern region. Methods. The monitoring program includes children aged 2 to 5 years in the amount of 4988 with risk factors for pneumococcal infection. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevenar-13 was used for immunization. Data on the incidence of ARVI and pneumonia in children in pre- and postvaccination periods were to be recorded. The indicators and special criteria were used to assess the effectiveness of vaccination. To study the circulation of serovariants of pneumococcus in inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract and nasopharyngeal carrier, bacteriological and molecular genetic methods (RT-PCR in the mode of multiprime detection) were used. Results. Differences in the frequency and range of serovariants of circulating isolates of pneumococcus in the postvaccinal period and in unvaccinated children, elimination of a number of serotypes, and appearance of circulation of nonvaccinated strains were revealed. The incidence of acute respiratory diseases and pneumonia among the vaccinated population for 2 years in the region decreased by 2.5 times. The coefficient of effectiveness of vaccination according to the indicator of morbidity of children with pneumonia reaches 75-100% with direct dependence on the age of children (r=0.98). Conclusion. Comparative statistical analysis revealed a high degree of effectiveness of regional programs with the methods of immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal infections.

The new chemical threats, existing and constantly emerging to public health require the improvement of the system of training specialists in the field of preventive toxicology. Preventive toxicology is an independent discipline. However, medical and preventive doctors carrying out hygienic regulation, assessment of toxicity and hazard of chemicals and dealing with prevention and risk assessment of the effects of xenobiotics on human health, have only basic toxicology training. Currently, in the nomenclature of the professional standard in the specialty “Medical and Preventive Business”, the specialty “Preventive Toxicology” is absent, and the number of hours allocated for studying this section is very limited.Diploma education in the field of preventive toxicology is carried out on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the specialty “Medical and Preventive care”, within the framework of which specialized hygienic disciplines with components of preventive toxicology are taught. At the postgraduate education stage, issues of chemical safety and preventive toxicology are addressed only in selected educational institutions, for example, on certification cycles in hygienic specialties, as well as on short-term specialized advanced training cycles.At the Department of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, a separate training module on preventive toxicology was developed and introduced into the educational process. One of the main objectives of the development of this curriculum was the formation of the students’ algorithms for conducting toxicological research and approaches to the evaluation of the results. At this stage of the training, students study in-depth laboratory toxicological methods, the adaptation mechanisms of the organism, and questions of extrapolation of human data obtained in animal experiments, the pathogenesis of intoxication and long-term effects of exposure to harmful substances. The analysis of the system of training specialists in the field of preventive toxicology suggests the need to improve the forms and methods of teaching students, primarily through the development of skills to work with data registries and toxicological laboratories, using the capabilities of research institutes and institutions of the of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

The mosquitoes of Aedes genus are the most important vector such arboviral diseases as dengue, yellow, Chikungunya, West Nile and Zika fevers. Work is currently in progress to control the transmission of agents of these diseases by forming of transgenic mosquitoes in order to altering the capacity of wild mosquitoes to support of virus replication. There are two main strategies of genetic control of mosquitoes population. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), that mainly uses population suppression methods for making self-sustaining genetic systems and Release of insects carrying of a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) that uses mainly gene transfer methods for making of self-limiting genetic systems. The RIDL is more expensive, but it has some significant preferences, according compares with SIT. The field trials of genetic control methods are conducted in several countries from 2009 to present time. Genetic control, transgenic technologies to induce sterility, genetic elimination and stable transformation of Aedes mosquitoes are viewed in this review.

The mosquitoes of Aedes genus are the most important vector such arboviral diseases as dengue, yellow, Chikungunya, West Nile and Zika fevers. Work is currently in progress to control the transmission of agents of these diseases by forming of transgenic mosquitoes in order to altering the capacity of wild mosquitoes to support of virus replication. There are two main strategies of genetic control of mosquitoes population. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), that mainly uses population suppression methods for making self-sustaining genetic systems and Release of insects carrying of a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) that uses mainly gene transfer methods for making of self-limiting genetic systems. The RIDL is more expensive, but it has some significant preferences, according compares with SIT. The field trials of genetic control methods are conducted in several countries from 2009 to present time. Genetic control, transgenic technologies to induce sterility, genetic elimination and stable transformation of Aedes mosquitoes are viewed in this review.

We performed comparative hygienic assessment of environmental factors and health of population living near the South-Eastern railway and railroad transport workers over 21012–2016 and revealed a trend for environmental quality improvement both at railroad objects and on territories influenced by them. This trend was confirmed by a 3.8 times decrease in specific weight of atmospheric air samples with hazardous substances concentrations exceeding MPC; a decrease in drinking water samples taken from distribution networks which deviated from standards (by 31.5 % as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and by 26.5 %, as per microbiological ones); lower share of soil samples not corresponding to standards (it went down to 0 as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and there was a 1.8 times decrease in it as per microbiological parameters); there was also a decrease in a number of workplaces not corresponding to hygienic standards in terms of physical factors (noise, by 1.6 times lower, microclimate, by 3.1 times, luminance, by 1.7 times) and in terms of MPC levels related to vapors and gases concentrations in working area air (by 4.3 times), as well as dust and aerosols (by 1.6 times). At the same time there are persistent negative trends for dynamic parameters of water reservoirs quality: a specific weight of water samples not corresponding to standards increased, by 3.4 % as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and by 29.2 %, as per microbiological ones. Occupational risks for railroad transport workers still exist. Industrial noise is considered to be a priority risk factor and it corresponds to occupational morbidity structure. 19 occupational morbidity cases were detected at South-Eastern railway over the examined period. Occupational morbidity went down from 1.3 to 0.2 cases per 10,000 workers (from 1.5 to 1.14 per 10,000 workers for the whole railways network). Sensorineural hearing loss amounts to 63.2 % in occupational pathology structure (up to 73 % for the whole railways network). Working conditions of locomotive team members remain the most unfavorable. Negative environmental factors continue to exert their influence on health. Although primary morbidity among population in general and workers employed by "Russian Railways" PLC ("RR" PLC) over 2012–2016 (by 13.1 % and 13.6 % cor-respondingly), an increase in respiratory organs diseases is detected both among population in general (by 11.2 %), and workers employed by "RR" PLC (by 18.5 %). Besides, respiratory organs diseases make the greatest contribution into primary morbidity. Their specific weight amounts to 26.5–39.8 % among population in general, and to 37.9 %, among "RR" PLC workers. As a whole, morbidity among "RR" PLC workers employed at the South-Eastern railway tends to be 34.7–43.9 % higher than among population in general (by 24.3–36.4 % for the whole railways network), and this fact proves there are additional negative influences exerted by occupational factors. It is also shown that morbidity with temporary disability among 1st category workers has a negative trend (a 5 % increase).

Aim. Comparative characteristics of the level of alimentary admission of lycopene and analysis of the frequency of inclusion of the main sources of lycopene in the diet of students of different age and sex. Materials and methods. To study the frequency of inclusion in the diet of food sources of lycopene and its quantitative assessment, specially designed questionnaires were used, in which products with a significant content of lycopene were included. Results. Comparative analysis of the levels of lycopene did not reveal significant differences between the percentages of men and women (φemp< φcr at P<0.05) in the groups with high level of intake. In all gender groups, the leading sources of lycopene are fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products (pizza, lasagna, pasta and sandwiches). Evaluation of the results of the frequency method shows that more often than other sources in the weekly diet of students, regardless of gender, there are fresh tomatoes, ketchup and sandwiches. Analysis of the levels of lycopene intake in 1st and 5th year students did not reveal significant differences in all groups of consumption (φemp< φcr at P<0.05), except for the group with the intake of lycopene in the amount of 50.0-74.9% of the recommended, which is dominated by 5th year students. Sources of lycopene in students of different age groups do not differ - the main contribution to the recommended level is made by fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products. Conclusions. In 39.8% of students, due to the presence in the diet of fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products, the recommended daily intake of lycopene was achieved. At the same time, 29.6% of the respondents did not have registered sources of lycopene in their diet; and 16.7% of the respondents included them in the diet in an insufficient amount, thereby ensuring the intake of lycopene in the amount of less than half of the recommended level. Most often, the weekly diet included fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato sandwiches. Watermelon, pink and red grapefruit, persimmon in the diets of the most of participants were absent.

The article presents the results of bioassays investigation by the specialists of the Center for Special Laboratory Diagnostics of Particularly Dangerous and Exotic Infectious Diseases, isolated during 2002–2015, obtained from deceased people suspected for rabies virus infection. Outlined are the main challenges of working with the received samples of biological material from dead people and ways of handling these issues. Put forward are the pressing problems of epizootic and epidemiological bias that require comprehensive solutions on the part of healthcare authorities and the veterinary service of the Russian Federation. Given are the results of the laboratory-diagnostic activities of the Center for Special Laboratory Diagnostics of Particularly Dangerous and Exotic Infectious Diseases, which indicate that the applied methods of isolation and identification of the rabies pathogen allow for efficient and in-time diagnosis of the disease.

The article analyzes 20-year experience in radiation-hygienic certification in the Russian Federation and the Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the citizens. Radiation-hygienic passport is an objective and accessible information about the characteristics of all sources of ionizing radiation (man-made, medical, natural) and the radiation doses of the population caused by them on the territory of the whole country and in particular subjects of the Russian Federation. Radiation-hygienic passportization and the Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the citizens are currently covering all enterprises that carry out handling with technogenic sources of radiation, supervised by the Rospotrebnadzor and the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, and subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Federal Security Service, the Federal Service for the Execution of Punishments and the Presidential Executive Office. The Interregional Radiation Safety Centers play an important role in improving the effectiveness of organizational work, filling the passports with objective information. The Centers were created by the order of the Rospotrebnadzor in 2007, capable of performing all types of radiation control necessary for the qualitative filling of radiation and hygienic passports, including for the attached territories. The work on the certification of radiation facilities and territories has made it possible to establish the levels and exposure structure of the country’s population from all major sources of ionizing radiation and to identify population groups for which doses due to the natural sources exceed 5 and 10 mSv/year; control and accounting of radiation doses to patients have been introduced in the practice of medical institutions. The work is underway to optimize the structure of medical radiology research; the system of establishing reference levels of medical exposure has been introduced. In order to improve the radiation-hygienic passports of the territories, it is necessary to obtain information on radioactive contamination of environmental media by all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and timely improve the methodological documents and software to fill them.

This article presents a description of the sources of ionizing radiation and annual doses to the population as a whole for the Russian Federation and separately for the subjects, as well as for the most exposed population groups. The average individual effective annual dose of Group A personnel in 2016 was 1.2 mSv, or 6.0% of the average annual dose limit of 20 mSv. During the period from 1998 to 2005, the average annual individual doses of the personnel of Group A gradually decreased from 2.9 mSv to 1.4 mSv and then stabilized at a level of 1.2–1.4 mSv. The average per inhabitant of the Russian Federation annual effective dose due to natural sources, according to data for 1998-2016, is 3.33 mSv/year, for the Altai Republic – 8.97 mSv/ year, and for some of the most exposed population groups – 3-60 and more mSv/year. Radon exposure makes up the largest fraction (59.50%) of radiation dose due to natural sources. The average per inhabitant of the Russian Federation annual effective dose due to medical exposure in 2016 was 0.51 mSv/year, and after some stabilization in 2013-2015 at a level of 0.45-0.48 mSv/year, there was a tendency to increase. The average annual effective dose of the Russian Federation citizens from all sources of ionizing radiation is 3.76 mSv/year. The highest value of this quantity in 2016 took place in the Republics of Altai (7.2 mSv), Tyva (5.7 mSv), Adygea (5.6 mSv), the Irkutsk region (5.7 mSv) and in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (6.6 mSv). Natural sources of radiation in the Russian Federation determine 86.1% of the collective radiation dose of the population, medical exposure – 13.6%. In general, the radiation situation in the Russian Federation remains stable over the last decades and in the prevailing territory can be characterized as satisfactory, with the exception of territories affected as a result of the past radiation accidents (Chelyabinsk region, southwestern districts of the Bryansk region) and some settlements in those subjects of the Russian Federation, where exposure of significant populations due to natural sources of ionizing radiation exceeds 10 mSv / year.