Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) thrives in subtropical and tropical areas but is vulnerable to winter cold stress. The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor family plays an important role in plant biological and abiotic stress responses; however, their response to regional cold injury in jackfruit remains unexplored. The study aimed to identify and analyze the expression of 298 MYB genes in jackfruit under cold stress conditions. The study used genome-wide identification, bioinformatics analysis, and qPCR to analyze the expression of 298 MYB genes in jackfruit under cold stress. Evolutionary tree analysis showed that the AhMYB family members were divided into seven subfamilies. Chromosome mapping results showed that 298 AhMYB family members were unevenly distributed on 27 chromosomes. In addition, analysis of conserved motifs and gene structure showed that members of the AhMYB family located in the same subfamily had similar conserved motifs and gene structure. Collinear analysis identified 1439 duplicated fragments involving AhMYB family members within the species. In addition, the cis-acting elements in the promoters of AhMYB family members are implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development. Transcriptomic analysis of jackfruit under low-temperature stress showed that the expression patterns of AhMYB family members differed in jackfruit varieties. qPCR analysis further verified this result, confirming that AhMYB family members are involved in the response to low-temperature stress in jackfruit varieties. These findings provide new insights into the functions of AhMYB family members.

The pulp color of jackfruit reflects variations in its nutritional composition and influences market preference. We investigated the mechanism underlying pulp coloration through an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of three jackfruit cultivars-light yellow "THA", yellow "GTM", and orange "YNH". Twenty-five differentially accumulated flavonoids and 32 differentially accumulated carotenoids were identified. Naringenin chalcone, eriodictyol, taxifolin, zeaxanthin, and lutein were identified as the key flavonoids and carotenoids associated with the light-yellow tone of THA pulp. Phlorizin and lutein were associated with the yellow tone of GTM pulp, whereas apigenin, luteolin, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin dipalmitate were the key pigments regulating the orange tone of YNH pulp. Differentially expressed genes involved in flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthesis included PAL, C4H, 4CL, F3H, FLS, ANS, ANR, PSY, PDS, ZDS, LCYE, LUT5, ZEP, and VDE. This study provides a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying jackfruit pulp coloration at transcriptional and metabolic levels.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a valuable tropical fruit crop in southern China, yet little information is available regarding the pathogens affecting its foliage. In July 2023, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on jackfruit plants in Nanning, Guangxi, China, which prompted an investigation into the causal agent. The colonies of the pathogen isolated from the symptomatic leaves appeared white initially, and gradually turned gray, the conidia were black, spherical to subspherical. Based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses, the pathogen was identified as Nigrospora sphaerica. The symptoms caused by inoculation of healthy leaves with N. sphaerica isolates were similar to those of jackfruit leaf spot observed in the field, and the pathogen was re-isolated from artificially inoculated symptomatic leaves. This was the first report of N. sphaerica causing leaf spot on jackfruit in China. Further biological characterization demonstrated that the pathogen achieved optimal mycelial growth at 28 °C on PDA medium, with maximal mycelial growth obtained at pH 8 and pH 9, which were not significantly different (P < 0.05); among all tested media, malt extract agar was the optimum medium for mycelial growth. Soluble starch and beef extract powder served as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. In addition, 55 °C for 10 min was the lethal temperature for mycelial growth. These findings provide critical insights into the biology of N. sphaerica and its potential impact on jackfruit production. Understanding its optimal growth conditions may aid in developing management strategies to mitigate disease spread and reduce crop losses. Subsequent studies should explore disease epidemiology and potential control measures.

In this paper, a novel performance enhancement reservoir computing (RC) system based on the combination of vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) optical feedback and mutual injection (OFAI) structure is proposed and demonstrated numerically. By simultaneously introducing optical feedback and mutual injection structures into the proposed RC system, the nonlinear and high-dimensional mapping capabilities are significantly improved. The proposed system exhibits the best performance in both single task processing mode and parallel processing mode compared to the other 4 RC systems. Specifically, the minimum NMSE of Santa-Fe time series prediction, waveform classification and NARMA-10 task are 0.0011, 1.058x10(-8) and 0.101 respectively. Furthermore, since two linear polarization modes coexist in VCSELs, the parallel-polarized and orthogonal-polarized configuration is considered. Numerical results show that in all benchmark tasks, the performance of the orthogonal-polarized configuration is generally better than the parallel-polarized configuration in single task processing mode, and the conclusion is opposite in parallel processing mode, which is related to the coupling mechanism between the two polarization modes. Finally, the effect of different parameters on the system performance is explored in detail. In summary, the proposed system is interesting and valuable in the field of high-speed and low-power neuromorphic photonics.

In this paper, we propose and numerically investigate an ultra-high complexity vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) optical feedback chaotic (RCLCOF) system based on Reservoir Computing (RC) and logistic map cascade, which is considered for integration into the DSP chip. By simultaneously utilizing the high-dimensional mapping capability of RC and the complex nonlinear transformation of logistic map, the proposed system's complexity is significantly enhanced. Specifically, the maximum Permutation Entropy (PE), Spectral Entropy (SE) and bandwidth are 0.999, 0.915 and 40.491GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the time delay signatures (TDSs) are effectively concealed. To clarify, the RC model in the proposed system does not require training, and all connection weights (Win, WR and Wout) are randomly generated. Meanwhile, the complexity enhancement process is based on post-processing, which is relatively flexible and controllable. These conditions are very beneficial for practical implementation. Subsequently, the effects of different parameters on chaotic complexity are explored in detail and the optimal range is determined. Finally, we investigate the application of the RCLCOF system in random number generation, secure key distribution and optical computing, and all confirmed to achieve satisfactory results. In summary, the proposed RCLCOF system has the advantages of high complexity, high integration and low cost, which is expected to be applied in various fields.

Acidic soil (AS) has a severe effect on crop growth and human health, becoming an urgent issue in agriculture field. In this work, an acidic soil remediation agent (ASRA) was developed based on humified-sugarcane filtrate mud (SFM) and red mud (RM). Therein, hour-level humification of SFM was realized in one hour by degradation-polymerization reactions induced by center dot O2-, 1O2, SO42-center dot, and center dot OH generated from calcium hydroxide-activated sodium persulfate, fabricating an organic fertilizer rich in fulvic-like acid (FLA). To improve pH of AS, RM (pH 13.2) was added to the organic fertilizer to obtain ASRA. The as-prepared ASRA could significantly decrease dissolved divalent cadmium (Cd(II)) content in AS through hydrogen-bond, chelation, and precipitation interactions. In addition, pot experiment proved ASRA could remarkably increase AS pH, promote corn growth, and reduce Cd uptake. Therefore, this study provides a high-efficiency and simple method for SFM and RM recycling and remediation of Cd(II)-contaminated AS, which shows a huge application prospect.

WRKY转录因子家族在植物生物和非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥着重要作用。该研究基于菠萝蜜全基因组，共注释出61个菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus)WRKY基因家族成员，并利用生物信息学方法和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析WRKY基因家族成员在不同品种菠萝蜜低温胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明：(1)进化树分析表明，菠萝蜜、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)WRKY基因家族成员被分为4个亚族。(2)染色体定位结果显示，61个菠萝蜜WRKY基因家族成员不均匀地分布在23条染色体上。(3)保守基序和基因结构分析表明，位于同一亚族的菠萝蜜WRKY基因家族成员具有相似的保守基序和基因结构。(4)进化分析显示，菠萝蜜WRKY基因家族成员在物种内存在124对片段复制基因对；物种间分析表明，菠萝蜜与拟南芥之间的同源基因对较多，而与水稻和无花果(Ficus carica)之间的同源基因对较少且有8个基因在3个物种中形成同源基因对。(5)低温胁迫下不同品种菠萝蜜转录组分析结果表明，菠萝蜜WRKY基因家族成员在不同品种中的表达模式存在差异，qRT-PCR分析进一步验证这一结果，说明WRKY基因家族成员在不同品种菠萝蜜响应低温胁迫的过程中发挥重要作用。该研究结果为了解WRKY基因家族成员的进化和功能提供了新的见解，为菠萝蜜WRKY基因家族成员的功能研究和利用奠定了基础。

In this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical transmitter system with chaotic fingerprint for identity authentication in physical-layer of optical networks. The construction and identification of chaotic fingerprints are introduced in detail. The illegal optical transmitter can be detected through fingerprint identification. We compared the recognition performance of five neural networks (NNs), among which 2D-CNN has the best performance. The simulation results show that the recognition accuracy can reach 100%, and the initial values will not affect the accuracy. Moreover, the experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of legal transmitters is 99.2%, and the detection accuracy of illegal transmitters is 95.7%. Compared to other fingerprint schemes, chaotic fingerprints have higher security, larger fingerprint space, stronger anti-noise ability, and better flexibility. However, the chaotic fingerprint and user signal are separated. To prevent illegal attackers from stealing fingerprints, we use fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) for encryption. The FRFT module can not only achieve the secure connection between the chaotic fingerprint and the user signal but also realize the concealment of time-delay signatures (TDSs) of the fingerprint, which ensures the security of fingerprints. To sum up, the proposed system can resist eavesdropping and injection attacks simultaneously, which provides security for optical networks.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as crucial endogenous small molecules in plants, functioning through the regulation of target gene expression. Previous studies by our research group discovered that miR167d responds to cold stress in sugarcane. Current reports on the target genes of miR167d predominantly focus on the ARF gene family, with no validation reports on other target genes. Utilizing the RNA22 online software, we predicted pumilio homolog 1 (PUM1) as a potential target gene of miR167d. This study fused the target gene with the GUS reporter gene and validated the interaction between miR167d and ScPUM1 through Agrobacterium-mediated transient co-transformation in tobacco. The cleavage sites of miR167d on ScPUM1 were identified using the 5′RACE technique. Subcellular localization revealed that ScPUM1 functions in the endoplasmic reticulum. RT-qPCR was employed to monitor the expression levels of miR167d and the ScPUM1 gene in sugarcane leaves after 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h of exposure to 4 °C cold stress. It was observed that under cold conditions, the expression of miR167d dynamically changed with the duration of stress, with an increase in ScPUM1 expression after 12 h of stress when the expression of miR167d decreased. However, the overall regulatory effect of miR167d on ScPUM1 was minimal. We hypothesize that miR167d mediates the expression of target genes on the endoplasmic reticulum by cleaving ScPUM1, and that other pathways may also be involved in the regulation of key sites under cold stress. This study provides new insights into the complex regulatory network of sugarcane’s response to cold stress.

We propose to use the complexity feature of chaos as an optical transmitter fingerprint, and combine the chaos with 16-QAM using an optical time encryption module. The reliability and security of optical transmitter fingerprinting are guaranteed.

Petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) plastic was widely used as mulch film and caused severe environmental issue, the purpose of this work was to fabricate a biodegradable mulch film (BMF) using waste milk. Firstly, waste milk was treated by potassium persulfate (PS)/KOH to obtain product rich in nutritional polymers (fulvic/humic-like acids) and K+. The product was used as the main substrate to fabricate multinutrient slow-release biodegradable mulch film (HPBMF) by mixing with gelatin, tributyl citrate, ZnO, and (NH4)2SO4. Therein, polymers in product could crosslink with gelatin to form interpenetrating network structure through hydrogen bonding. The asprepared HPBMF showed good water resistance as well as mechanical properties including stiffness and flexibility. Owing to observed excellent heat/water retention and nutrition slow-release behavior, HPBMF could effectively increase the yields of chickweeds by 225.9 % and 68 % compared with Blank and PE film (PEF). After use, residual fragments further showed significant fertilization effect. Notably, the HPBMF could be degraded in 3-4 months during application, well matching crop season. Attractively, HPBMF had a lower comprehensive cost than PEF and polylactic acid mulch film. Overall, this work provided a "three birds with one stone" approach to realize plastic pollution mitigation, food waste recycling, and nutrition sustainable supply simultaneously.

The demand for milk has increased globally, accompanied by an increase in waste milk. Here, we provide an artificial humification technology to recycle waste milk into an agricultural nano-fertilizer. We use KOH-activated persulfate to convert waste milk into fulvic-like acid and humic-like acid. We mix the product with attapulgite to obtain a slow-release nano fulvic-like acid fertilizer. We apply this nano-fertilizer to chickweeds growing in pots, resulting in improved yield and root elongation. These results indicate that waste milk could be recycled for agricultural purposes, however, this nano-fertilizer needs to be tested further in field experiments.

BACKGROUND:Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is the world's largest and heaviest fruit and adapts to hot, humid tropical climates. Low-temperature injury in winter is a primary abiotic stress, which affects jackfruit growth and development. Therefore, breeding cold-resistant varieties and identifying the vital genes in the process of cold resistance are essential. The dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) gene family is among the subfamily of the APETALA2/ethylene response factor transcription factor family and is significant in plant abiotic stress responses. METHODS:In this study, a comparative analysis of the cold resistance property of 'GuangXi' ('GX') and 'Thailand' ('THA') jackfruit strains with different cold resistance characteristics was performed through chlorophyll fluorescence and transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS:We found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are significantly enriched in the metabolic processes. Here, 93 DREB genes were identified in the jackfruit genome, and phylogenetic analysis was used to classify them into seven groups. Gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal location, and homologous relationships were used to analyze the structural characteristics of the DREB family. Transcriptomics indicated that most of the AhDREB genes exhibited down-regulated expression in 'THA.' The DEGs AhDREB12, AhDREB21, AhDREB29, and AhDREB34 were selected for quantitative real-time PCR, and the results showed that these genes also had down-regulated expression in 'THA.' CONCLUSIONS:The above results suggest the significance of the DREB family in improving the cold resistance property of 'GX.'

Radical-induced polymerization in persulfate (PS)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) is attracting attention in water decontamination. Herein, we revealed its new role in rapid recycling of perishable food wastes using KOH activated PS. A glucose (Glu) solution of 250 g C/L was applied to mimic the carbohydrate-rich raw material with 50-60% moisture in conventional composting, wherein boosted humification occurred after addition of solid KOH/PS. Intense heat release (from 25 to 79.4( degrees)C), mainly generated from KOH dissolving and exothermic radical chain polymerization, was observed within 2 min. Solid KOH addition contributed to synergistic PS activation by base and self-heating, realizing complete PS decomposition and fulvic like acid (FLA, 210.8 g C/L) formation within 10 min. Extracted FLA promoted cucumber seed germination and fresh weight of chickweeds by 40.0% and 128.3%, respectively. Identified center dot OH and SO4 center dot- played primary roles in FLA formation through aromatization, carboxylation, and polymerization, wherein several key reactive intermediates such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and aromatic radicals (i.e. 1,2,4-benzenetriol radical) were formed. Moreover, the humification process simultaneously produced K2SO4 (i.e. the end product of PS decomposition) which could be used as a typical K/S fertilizer. Scaling-up humification of waste cooked rice and fertilization results further supported the potential of solid KOH/PS in efficiently converting food wastes into FLA and K+-rich compound fertilizer.

Abstract The direct disposal of waste milk (WM) leads to severe environmental pollution and resource loss. Considering the high content of nutrients, WM has a potential as an ideal raw material for organic fertilizer. In this work, base-activated persulfate (KOH/PS) was used as a new artificial humification technology to transform WM into product with 45.3% of fulvic-like acid (FLA) and 18.9% of humic-like acid (HLA) in 1 hour. Therein, FLA had more active groups (-COOH, -CNOH, -OH) than natural fulvic acid likely owing to hydroxylation, carboxylation and the Millard reaction. Reactive species of •OH and SO4−• generated in KOH/PS system may be related to degradation or polymerization reactions during humification. The product was mixed with attapulgite to fabricate a slow-release nano FLA fertilizer which could increase the yield of chickweeds by 107% compared with the blank as well as the abundance of beneficial bacteria in soil. Overall, this study provided a rapid method for the recycling of waste food and highly-concentrated organic wastewater, which may have a huge application prospect in sustainable agriculture.

为选育高产、高糖、抗逆性强且适应广西蔗区种植的甘蔗(Soccharum officinarum)优良新品种,以甘蔗新品种(系)桂热1号(GR1)和桂热2号(GR2)为试验材料,以新台糖22号(ROC22)为对照,进行多年多点的跟踪种植试验,所得结果运用灰色关联度及TOPSIS法进行分析.灰色关联度分析结果表明,影响产糖量的因素依次为蔗茎产量＞有效茎＞株高＞分蘖率＞蔗糖分＞茎径.对3个品种甘蔗的TOPSIS综合评价高低排序为GR2＞GR1＞ROC22.GR2的蔗茎产量最高、有效茎条数多、综合评价最优,是优良的甘蔗品种,适宜进一步推广种植.

In this work, the performance of medium-pressure UV/peracetic acid (MPUV/PAA/H2O2) was explored on removing reactive black 5 (RB5), aniline (ANL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), three typical refractory contaminants in printing and dyeing wastewater, compared with MPUV/H2O2. MPUV/PAA/H2O2 showed 75.0, 44.9, and 57.7% removals of RB5, ANL, and PVA, respectively, within 5 min. The removal of RB5 increased from 68.98 to 91.2%, with pH increasing from 6 to 9, while the removals of ANL and PVA were much less pH-dependent. Quenching experiment results indicated that UV photolysis and radical (i.e., •OH and R-C•) oxidation contributed to RB5 removal, while PAA showed high activity in the oxidation of ANL. For PVA, •OH oxidation and UV photolysis were likely the main mechanisms. The coexisting natural organic matter had a negative effect on the degradation of RB5 and PVA. In addition, MPUV/PAA/H2O2 could effectively degrade those pollutants without increasing the toxicity. This work provides a theoretical reference for the utilization of MPUV/PAA/H2O2 in removing structurally diverse refractory contaminants from printing and dyeing wastewater.

为挖掘甘蔗(Sacchiarum officinarum L.)响应低温的特异基因,揭示甘蔗响应低温的分子调控机理,以3个抗寒能力不同的甘蔗品种作为试验材料,利用转录组测序技术分析不同抗寒能力的甘蔗品种在低温胁迫(4℃)下的基因表达差异.结果表明,利用权重基因共表达网络分析(Weighted Gene Co-expression Network A-nalysis,WGCNA)鉴定出13个基因共表达模块,通过相关性分析筛选出blue和yellow模块作为甘蔗抗寒机理研究的目标模块.基于blue和yellow模块筛选出可能与甘蔗抗寒能力密切相关的13个响应低温胁迫的基因,为后续选育抗寒性强的优良甘蔗新品种提供重要参考.

Coffee, as the second most common beverage in the world, produced 60% of spent coffee grounds (SCG) with per ton of coffee beans processed. SCG is a typical lignocellulosic-rich organic waste and mainly disposed via composting or incineration. In this study, a rapid humification approach was proposed for the recycling of SCG using heat/base co-activated persulfate (heat/KOH/PS) advanced oxidation process. The yields of humic-like acid (HLA) and fulvic-like acid (FLA) reached 45 (3.96%) and 192 mg/g (19.2%) under the optimal humification conditions of 1% PS and 4% KOH at 100 celcius in 1 h. The typical active groups of-OH and-COOH in FA standard were observed with higher amounts in the product compared to SCG, which may be related to occurrence of hydroxylation, carboxylation and Maillard reactions during humification. Radicals of center dot OH and SO4 center dot-were identified in heat/KOH/PS system and made significant contribution to SCG humification. A slow-release nano FLA fertilizer (SNFF) was prepared by mixing treated SCG with attapulgite and showed good slow-release behaviors of HLA and FLA. In pot experiments with acid soil, SNFF increased the average root length of chickweeds by 233% compared with blank. Meanwhile, SNFF also contributed to increased abundance and richness of soil microbial community as well as a pH rise from 5 to 6.7, which was conducive to acid soil amendment. The earthworm test indicated positive ecological safety of SNFF. Overall, this study highlights an efficient humification method for the recycling of organic biowaste such as SCG in green agriculture.

为探讨甘蔗桂热2号(GR2)对干旱胁迫及外源脱落酸(ABA)的响应机制,以ROC22(抗旱性强)为对照(CK),采用自然干旱的方式,分析GR2在干旱胁迫不同天数时生理指标的变化特点.结果表明,GR2在干旱胁迫下叶片内源激素含量、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量显著提高.与CK相比,GR2在胁迫前期(0～5d)可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量增幅相对较大,丙二醛含量相对稳定,胁迫中期(7～9d)ABA、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增幅相对较大.外源ABA处理能增强GR2内源激素含量的积累能力,提高其抗氧化酶SOD、APX及过氧化物酶活性,有效缓解渗透物质的积累,使其含量处于较低水平.综合表明,GR2是一个抗旱性较强的品种,外源ABA能提高其抗旱能力.