The structure of the reproductive function in four species and many geographic ecotypes of stone pines is studied on natural and experimental (clone archive and test progenies) objects. In Siberian stone pine in the south of the forest zone in Western Siberia, the dynamics of cone production is determined by weather conditions in the year of pollination. Seed productivity is declining due to late spring frosts and higher temperatures in September. Over the past 30 years, the directional change of these factors has determined a significant decline in cone production. The productivity and stability of the species and geographic ecotypes of stone pines is determined by the correspondence of their need for warmth to the climate of the test site. Under the conditions of climate change, the local ecotype in terms of growth and cone production is often inferior to more thermophilic species and ecotypes.

For Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), a valuable nut-bearing species, the development of a system of selectively significant signs of crop quality is relevant, which is necessary for the introduction of this species into culture. Were studied the level and nature of variability in the quality of cones and seeds in 32 trees on a 42-year-old plantation with sparse planting trees of 8×8 m (south of the Tomsk region). The used system of traits reflects the sequence of the crop formation process — from cone differentiation to seed ripening. We are establish that the maximum level of variability is observed in characters characterizing deviations in seed embryogenesis, leading to an increase in the proportion of underdeveloped, empty and incomplete seeds. The level of variability of traits caused by the influence of the mother plant is much lower on the features of the establishment, differentiation, and growth of cones (the number of scales and seeds). The signs characterizing the number of different elements of the cones have a normal distribution. Positive asymmetry and kurtosis are characteristic of the distributions of signs reflecting the level of abortion of the ovules at different stages of their development. As the final selection trait with a high level of intrapopulation variability, we are proposing to use the mass of full tree seeds per unit area of the horizontal projection of the crown. The use of this trait is promising for the search for trees combining a narrow crown with a large mass of seeds.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 2021, No. 5, P. 451–459 THE EFFECT OF THE AGE OF SIBERIAN PINE ON THE GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS OF VEGETATIVE PROGENY S.N. Velisevich, S.N. Goroshkevich Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS 10/3, Academichesky Ave., Tomsk 634055, Russian Federation. E-mail: velisevich@imces.ru Received 03 June 2021 The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of the donor tree age on the variability of the morphological structure of shoots and crown using the example of 7-year vegetative progeny of Siberian stone pine trees of a wide age range. We analyzed clones of juvenile donor trees (j, 5-7 years old), immature (im, 28-56 years old), generative (g, 227-376 years old) and senile (s, 449-639 years old). The cuttings for grafts were sampled in the uneven-aged (5-700 years) stone pine forest (north of the Ob-Tom interfluve). Cuttings were grafted onto a uniform 5-year rootstock of local origin and planted at clone seed orchard. It was found that with increasing age of the donor tree, the number of lateral shoots and their length decreased, but the proportion of latent buds increased and their role in the formation of branching systems increased, the degree of dominance of the terminal shoot over the lateral shoots increased. The observed differences in growth and branching trends of grafts contributed to the formation of an age-specific habit of the grafts crown: juveniles slowly grew but actively branched, immature actively grew and actively branched, generative actively grew, but branched worse, senile equally poorly grew and branched. It has been suggested that the age of the donor tree determines, first of all, the character of grafts branching. Elongation of shoots presumably depends on the age of the donor tree, and on the influence of a young stock. Keywords: Siberian stone pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour , age, graft, morphogenesis, growth. 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The morpho-anatomical, photosynthetic and transpiration features of 1, 2, 3-year-old needles of the Pinussibirica Du Tour grafting were studied. Cuttings were taken from donor trees of different ontogenetic ages (juvenile,3–5 years; immature, 20–60 years; generative, 200–350 years and senile, 350–700 years) and grafted onto 5-year-old P.sibirica stocks. The maximum values of the length, needles cross-sectional area and the photosynthesis were identifiedfor two-year and three-year needles of senile grafts, generative and juvenile grafts were characterized by intermediatevalues of these parameters. The differences between the ontogenetic groups decreased in the current year needles. Thetranspiration rate decreased with the needles aging, but did not differ between ontogenetic groups.

The influence of epigenetic (associated with the ontogenetic meristem maturity) and macrophysiological(related to the rootstock influence) factors on the age-related variability of Siberian stone pine crown morphogenesis hasbeen studied. The objects of study are 6-year-old vegetative progeny of juvenile (3–5 years), immature (20–60 years),generative (200–350 years) and senile (350–700 years) trees of different age (grooving in southern taiga subzone, north ofthe Ob-Tomsk interfluve) grafted onto a common young stock. The prevailing trends in the formation of the grafts crownare revealed: the closer the donor tree is to the ontogenetic peak of growth, the more intensively its vegetative progenygrows and branches. The observed differences in growth and branching trends of grafts resulted in the formation of anage-specific crown shape: juveniles slowly grew but actively branched, immature actively grew and actively branched,generative actively grew, but worse branched, senile equally poorly grew and branched.

The study was performed on 25-year-old grafted progeny of young and mature generative trees of the Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour. The Siberian stone pine forests in the south of Western Siberia, grafted on a young tree stock, the influence of the age of the mother tree on the vegetative and generative crown structure of the grafters and the degree of epigenetic inheritance of age- specific features of morphogenesis were studied. The analysis of the results showed that the differences between the grafting of young and mature trees according to the generative structure of the crown are expressed by an order less than in the vegetative structure. Ontogenetically, older grafts of mature trees with smaller crown sizes were superior to those of young trees due to the efficiency of generative processes in terms of the unit volume of the crown. According to the level of growth, which was estimated by the size of the stem and crown, they were significantly inferior to the grafts of young trees. The most interesting result is a noticeable difference in branching between the two groups of trees. The grafts of young trees were branched in accord with older axesformed mainly from the buds of regular renewal, due to which the total number of shoots in the crown increased substantially and, as a result, its density increased threefold. The share of latent buds in the grafts of mature trees increased substantially, and branching was developing mainly due to the first and second branching axes; as a result, the crowns of the grafting of mature trees visually resembled separate branches from the upper parts of the crown of ontogenetically old trees The results obtained imply that in the vegetative progeny of trees of a different ontogenetic state, the growth potential is primarily epigenetically inherited. Qualitative transformations in morphogenesis, including sexual reproduction, should be considered as secondary phenomena, as markers of epigenetic inheritance of growth potential.

Based on the analysis of the variability of 25 allozyme loci, genetic variation within and differentiation between populations of Siberian Stone Pine growing at the trailing-edge range margin in the southern taiga up to the forest-steppe transition zone in Western Siberia have been estimated. At the current stage, climate change and anthropogenic impact have not caused a substantial reduction in genetic diversity within and increase in differentiation between isolated small stands at the southern edge of their distribution in the lowland areas of the Siberian Stone Pine range.

Рассмотрен морфогенез древовидной и кустовидной форм Pinus sibirica в олиготрофных растительных сообществах болот. Выявлены структурные особенности их надземной части на разных этапах формирования. Дана схема морфогенеза кроны и корневой системы древовидной и кустовидной форм за 55-летний период. Показана роль придаточной корневой системы в адаптации таких деревьев к условиям верховых болот. Обсуждается вопрос об экобиоморфологическом статусе кустовидной формы сосны кедровой сибирской.

Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) is one of the main forest-forming tree species in boreal forests of Eurasia. Large edibleseeds of this species have an important resource value because of their high nutritious properties. Development of approaches toestablishment of early cone producing Siberian stone pine stands including utilization of corresponding genetic background is one of the priorities of forest resource management. The goal of our study was to evaluate the effect of stand density on the differentiation of trees bythe age of first reproduction and the relationship of allozyme heterozygosity and morphological traits variability in Siberian stone pine.Morphological and allozyme variability in artificial Pinus sibirica stands with high and low density was investigated. In the high-densitystand the distance between trees was 0.7 and 3 meters (4080 trees per ha) while in the lowdensity stand it was 8 and 8 meters (144 treesper ha). Age of formation of first male and female cones was evaluated by retrospective method based on analysis of tracks of cones ona shoot bark. Tree height, diameter and number of male, female and vegetative shoots in a crown of model trees were measured.Genotypes of the trees were determined by 29 isozyme loci coding for 16 enzymes (ADH, FDH, FEST, GDH, GOT, IDH, LAP, MDH, MNR, PEPCA, 6-PGD, PGI, PGM, SDH, SKDH, SOD). In the low-density stand, the portion of generative trees was higher and differentiation of trees by age of reproduction starting was lower in spite of the smaller age of trees as compared to the high-density stand. Inboth samples, the age of formation of first generative organs was related negatively with stem height, stem diameter and number offemale shoots. In the high-density stand, positive relation of age of first reproduction with total number of shoots and number ofmale shoots was found. In both samples nonreproductive trees were less heterozygous at isozyme loci as compared to trees starting coneproduction. Allozyme heterozygosity correlated positively with the age of first cone production in the high-density stand only. Weconclude that the degree of competition between trees due to different stand density determined age and timing of first reproductionand development of tree crowns. The relationship of allozyme heterozygosity and the age of first reproduction was expressed more in the high-density stand of Siberian stone pine.

На примере молодых генеративных деревьев лиственницы сибирской исследован морфогенез однолетних ауксибластов. Показана коррелятивная связь характера чередования метамеров, интенсивности растяжения междоузлий, размера пазушных органов с диаметром сердцевины побега. Дана схема морфогенеза элементарного побега лиственницы сибирской.

The effects of temperature and precipitation on the formation of annual rings in stem wood of Siberian larch in ecotopes with optimal, insufficient, and excessive soil moistening are discussed. It is shown that precipitation fallen in the period from April to June, when the needles are formed, has a favorable effect on xylem increment. This relationship is better manifested in trees growing under conditions of insufficient soil moistening. In all types of ecotopes, a positive correlation between the annual ring width and warm and dry weather in July has been observed.

The structure of the crown and branching; the growth, development, and ontogeny of branches; and organogenesis and growth of female shoots in the model Siberian stone pine trees were studied in four types of habitats at the timberline in the central Altai Mountains (1700–2170 m a.s.l.). The results provided evidence that the ecological forms of trees appear due to changes in the pattern of branching as well as to the decreased rate of vegetative (primarily apical) growth. The diameter of the shoot pith is one of the most variable characters reflecting the deterioration of environmental conditions at higher elevations.