The National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” has started a project aimed at upgrading the synchrotron radiation source. On the basis of the existing infrastructure, a new synchrotron radiation source with an electron energy of 2.5 GeV and a natural electron-beam emittance of about 3 nm·rad will be built instead of the active SR source—an electron storage ring with an energy of 2.5 GeV and a natural emittance of 98 nm·rad. To ensure the “continuous” source operation, a new injection complex will be constructed, including a booster synchrotron designed for an electron energy of 0.2–2.5 GeV (injector for the main ring) and an electron linear accelerator (linac) (200 MeV): an electron injector for a booster synchrotron with electron transport channels EOC-1 (from the linac to the booster synchrotron) and EOC-2 (from the booster synchrotron to a large storage device). The concept of the new complex of synchrotron radiation source is presented.

Work on the conceptual design of a dedicated fourth-generation fourth-generation Specialized Synchrotron Radiation Source (SSRS-4) is in progress at the Kurchatov Institute, Moscow. The project is being developed in collaboration with the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. In this paper, the initial results of our work on this project are reported, major directions of current research are presented, and possible areas of application of the SSRS-4 are outlined. The key element of the currently discussed design is a 6-GeV storage synchrotron with an orbit length of ~1300 m and the magnetic lattice that should provide a horizontal transverse emission of 70–100 pm rad. Further optimization may allow for reducing the emittance to 20–40 pm rad. Of the injection schemes under discussion, one features a full-scale booster synchrotron deployed in the same tunnel as the main storage ring, and the second is a topup linac. The latter can also be used as an electron-beam driver for a free-electron laser.

Temporal parameters of synchrotron pulse radiation at damping ring (DP) installation of VEPP-5 type were measured with the help of PS-1/S1 picosecond streak camera having 1.5 ps time resolution. These measurements were proceeded within 400-900 nm spectral range. It has been shown that our streak camera may record either a train of electron bunches with ns-duration or internal structure inside a single bunch. We were able to record the distance ~ 1.5 ns between separate bunches as well as their amplitude, which depends on particle numbers inside a bunch. Depending on linear accelerator mode of operation it was possible to define a single bunch duration, which was deviated within the range of 20-100 ps. The temporal structure of a single bunch was measured with 1.5 ps time accuracy. As a result, the VEPP-5 damping ring parameters were optimized, and particles injection conditions were improved. In addition, we have measured the temporal parameters of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR) emitted by electron beam of linear accelerator. Our results provided important information on electron bunches formation and their quality inside linear accelerator before electrons injection inside a damping ring. Another series of experiments were done at VEPP-4M electron-positron collider. The dependence of beam length of the beam current measured with streak-camera allowed us to compute the wide-band impedance of the accelerator. The same data were obtained at Siberia-2 synchrotron radiation source (NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow).

Описано развитие системы стабилизации вертикального положения “белого” пучка синхронного излучения (с.и.) накопителя СИБИРЬ-2 на энергию 2.5 ГэВ в Курчатовском центре с.и. (КЦСИ). Описаны два варианта организации многоканальной системы стабилизации, работающие в настоящее время: 1) простое повторение для всех каналов того, что сделано ранее при введении первой петли обратной связи стабилизации положения пучка на одном канале; в каждом канале для обработки информации с телевизионного датчика положения пучка используется индивидуальный компьютер, передающий по локальной сети данные в систему управления накопителем; 2) построение системы основано на использовании централизованного компьютера с многоканальной платой ввода т.в.-изображений; компьютер последовательно опрашивает датчики положения пучка и результаты обработки передает в систему управления накопителем.

The development of the system for stabilizing the vertical position of the "white" synchrotron radiation beam on the 2.5-GeV SIBERIA-2 storage ring at the Kurchatov Center of Synchrotron Radiation is considered. Two versions of the multichannel stabilizing system that are currently in operation are described. In the first, the procedures executed when introducing the first beam-stabilizing feedback loop in one channel are merely replicated for all other beamlines. In this case, an individual computer transmitting information to the control system of the storage ring via the local-area network is used in each beamline to process information from a beam position sensor equipped with a video camera. The other version of the stabilizing system is based on a central computer with a multichannel input card for video images. In this version, beam position sensors are sequentially interrogated by the computer and results of data processing are transmitted to the control system of the storage ring.

In 2006, the work was continued at the linear accelerator-injector of TNK facility, Zelenograd. In November-December, the linear accelerator conditioning was carried out to increase the output electron energy. The accelerated electron beam was obtained at the Faraday's cup located in the plane which was equivalent to the booster ring entrance point. The paper presents the accelerating structure conditioning results and diagrams of the beam pulse shape at the accelerator output and energy spectrum at the booster ring input.

The electron beam size in the storage ring of the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source at 2.5 GeV is determined using an x-ray two-dimensional parabolic refractive lens. The vertical size of the electron beam of the storage ring is found to be 270 μm, which exceeds the corresponding design value 140 μm (at a betatron coupling of 1%). The difference is explained by the imperfect geodetic arrangement of ring elements and the incomplete adjustment of the ring.

The ionizing Beam Cross-section Image Detector (BCID) is developed. The detector can measure the shape, the size and the profile, the position and angle of a SR beam without any influence on it. BCID is installed into separate vacuum chamber with Be windows. For better sensitivity the chamber is filled with Ar or Xe under the pressure about 10 -3 10 Torr. The detector was checked on SR beams of the next storage rings: DCI (LURE, Orsay, France), KSRS (RRC KI, Moscow, Russia) and MAX-2 (MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden). All these experiments showed high sensitivity and good resolution of the detector and clear images of the beam cross-section. Summation of big amount of TV frames was used. This method increases signal to noise ratio. Resulting image is saved in computer for further processing. Uncertainty of some microns was achieved for SR beam gravity center while the size of the beam was about two millimeters. The results achieved can be used for registration of ionizing beams on accelerators of different types.

Three methods for beam diagnostics using visible synchrotron light were applied to determine electron beam parameters on the Siberia-1 storage ring: an edge radiation based scheme for measuring effective angular divergences of the electron beam, a “Lloyd’s Mirror” interference scheme for transverse beam size measurements, and a standard scheme of beam profile measurements with focusing lens. In each of the three methods, practically identical experimental equipment was applied, yet absolutely independent experimental data were obtained, since different wave-optics phenomena of synchrotron light were used. The combined approach lets us make the resulting data on beam parameters more solid with no additional expenses for the experimental equipment. In the paper to be presented, the methods’ comparison is given and the experimental results are discussed. 1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS USED 1.1 Introductory Notes This paper summarises application results of two recently developed electron beam diagnostics methods: the Edge Radiation (ER) based method [1], [2] and the one on the basis of the Lloyd’s Mirror (LM) scheme of synchrotron radiation interference [3]. The methods are compared with a more widely used one incorporating a focusing lens for beam profile imaging [4]. The methods were applied on the Siberia-1 450 MeV electron storage ring, a small ring of the Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source (Moscow), in addition to the “initial” Siberia-1 beam diagnostics equipment including dissectors [5]. Experimentally, the newly-developed methods are very simple. On the Siberia-1 ring, they were realised in visible wavelength region (though potentially, the methods can work with a shorter wavelength radiation). The main common peculiarity of the methods is that both take advantage of high-precision wave optics based computation of synchrotron radiation. 1.2 Edge Radiation Based Method The ER, i.e. the radiation generated at bending magnet edges, and the radiation emitted within elements of electron beam optics in storage rings was found to be very sensitive to angular divergence and transverse size of the emitting electron beam [1]. Therefore, if one can measure the ER intensity distributions and one can perform precise calculation of the corresponding distributions for particular magnet lattice and measurement system, at different values of the beam parameters, then the real beam parameters can be determined as a result of fitting the measured and computed ER intensity distributions. 1.3 “Lloyd’s Mirror” SR Interference Scheme It is well-known that visibility of fringes in an interference pattern essentially depends on characteristics of a light source [5]. For a finite-size source, the smaller is the source size, the better is the visibility of fringes in the interference pattern. Just this simple feature, with electron beam as a source emitting the synchrotron radiation (SR), is used in the method concerned. In actual practice, precise calculation of interference patterns in view of the emitting beam and interference scheme parameters is needed to determine actual values of the beam parameters. Advantageously, SR intensity distributions in the patterns produced with simple interference schemes can be calculated to a very high accuracy. With that, the procedure of determining the beam transverse sizes consists of measuring the intensity distributions concerned and fitting the measured and calculated distributions by varying "guess values" of the actual beam transverse sizes. Fig. 1 shows two modifications of the Lloyd’s Mirror interference scheme dedicated to determine horizontal (a) and vertical (b) size of the electron beam. 1.4 Experimental Schemes Experimental schemes illustrating the practical implementation of the Edge Radiation and Lloyd’s Mirror methods on the Siberia-1 storage ring are shown in Fig. 2.

A general presentation on the main storage ring of the Zelenograd Technological Research Center is given. The TNK SR source is intended to create a basis for the industrial realization of advanced X-ray lithographic technology. A modern analytical center for materials science will be established, based on the TNK facility.

Two five-pole superconducting wigglers with maximum fields of up to 7–8 T for research in materials science will be installed at the X-ray lithography storage ring TNK. Their preliminary design, radiation properties and the effects on beam dynamics are described.

Modern SR sources are dedicated for a wide use of bright and intense radiation from insertion devices. Here the description, the conceptual design and the parameters of a multipole wiggler and an undulator are given for a new storage ring TNK for microelectronics applications.

A general presentation on the main storage ring of the SRS complex SIBERIA is given. The facility will consist of the 2.5 GeV electron ring SIBERIA-2 with 12 straight sections to accomodate insertion devices. The magnetic lattice is optimized to achieve high btightness of SR. A low horizontal emittance of 7.65×10−6 cm rad is obtained.

Current and future plans on wigglers and undulators R&D at the Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source are summarized. Design parameters and performance features of electromagnetic IDs are presented. One of the devices considered can provide suppression of on-axis total power due to a combination of fundamental and third magnetic field harmonics. The key parameters measured as well as the results of 3D magnetostatic and radiation fields computations are discussed.