Novel polymeric film composites based on azo-containing methacrylic copolymer doped with new organometallic Pd(II) complexes of different structure and molecular content of “heavy” Pd atoms have been prepared. Their spectral and photoelectrophysical properties have been investigated. It was found that the obtained film composites exhibit photoconductivity and photovoltaic effect in the absorption spectral region of the respective azo chromophores. The features of the internal photoeffect, as well as the nature of the photovoltaic effect in the created photoconductive polymer composites have been analyzed. The increase in photoconductivity and photovoltaic response value in series azo polymer matrix → azo polymer composites doped with Pd complex was explained in terms of the influence of electron acceptor complex ligands and heavy Pd atom effect on the non-equilibrium charge carriers photogeneration and transport processes in the obtained composites.

Novel polymeric film composites based on naphthalimide-containing methacrylic copolymer doped with symmetrical cationic polymethine dyes with different polymethine chain length have been prepared. It was found that the obtained film composites exhibit photovoltaic properties in the absorption spectral region of the dyes. If the length of the polymethine chain is reduced the value of the photovoltaic response is increased as a result of decrease in the energy of the highest occupied orbital of the dye molecule. In the samples of the composite films with a free film surface the photovoltaic effect is determined by diffusion of the more mobile photogenerated positive charge carriers and by their recombination time.

A study was carried out on the photovoltaic and photoconductive properties of fi lm composites of a styrene copolymer with nonyl methacrylate and polyNepoxypropylcarbazole doped with lanthanide complexes Ln 2 L 6 ·PS (Ln = Nd, Eu, Gd, Yb), HL is the carbacylamidophosphate ligand, CCl 3 C(O)N(H)P(O)(NEt 2 ) 2 , N-[bis(diethylamino) phosphoryl]2,2,2-trichloroacetamide; PS is 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, C 5 H 4 N–C 2 N 4 –C 5 H 4 N). In the visible spectral range, these composites were found to have holetype photoconductivity. The internal photoelectric effect is a function of the photogeneration of charge carriers from the metal complex molecules and the sensitizer. EPR was used to study the kinetics of the formation and relaxation of the photogenerated charge carriers. We conclude that the metal complex molecules in the polymer composite enhance the efficiency of photogeneration of nonequilibrium charge carriers and thereby affect the photovoltaic properties of the composites.

Holographic Interferometry of 2D Imaging of Refraction Index and Surface Deformations were recorded in in real time video: (1) monitoring of local refraction index perturbation at accuracy of 10(-4) in transmission mode during heat and photochemical reactions with human hemoglobin using methylene blue, protoporphyrin IX and rhodamine as the photosensitizers and (2) monitoring in reflectance mode of human tooth local mechanical pressure at accuracy of 10(-7) m.

On the base of a new polyurethane with azobenzene dopants, recording media for polarization holography have been created, and their information properties have been studied when recording holograms of a plane wavefront. It has been found that the recording and relaxation times of holograms are short, and it is defined by the processes of trans-cis-isomerization of azobenzene groups without formation of the surface relief in the polymer film The obtained results are of practical interest in the choice of photosensitive materials for holographic recording media for dynamic holography.

Photoconducting polymeric composites (PPCs) containing nanosized organic or inorganic dopants (dyes and their aggregates, nanoparticles of inorganic semiconductors) are already employed as photoactive media in OLEDs, in photoelectric solar energy converters, in optoelectronic elements, and in electrography and holography. The final application is the subject of this chapter. The basic requirements of holographic recording media (HRM) for the photothermoplastic (PTP) recording technique are considered. Features of the PTP recoding are described and the main demands to HRM are formulated: low electric conductivity, high photoconductivity at the light wavelength of the used laser, good film-forming, and optical and thermoplastic properties. The mechanisms of PPC photoconductivity are studied, including photogeneration, recombination, transport, and capture of nonequilibrium charge carriers. These mechanisms are particular to the organic and inorganic disordered nanomaterials with photosemiconducting properties and differ from the mechanisms in crystal materials due to the absence of long- and short-distance orders in the disordered nanomaterials. Possibilities for the development of new polymeric bases for PPC are discussed to provide a realization of the requirements for HRM. A comparison of the photophysical and information properties of HRM based on cooligomers with linear and radial structure is fulfilled similarly to investigations into the influence of nanoparticle size on the photophysical properties of semiconductor materials. The potentials for the improvement of the information characteristics of HRM is considered with concrete examples. "Wet" development of holograms is not required in the PTP holographic recording technique. Thus, this technique can be used not only in visual holography, but mainly, and more effectively, in holographic interferometry for nondestructive quality control, for detection of the residual stresses in metallic units, and for measurements of refractive index, etc. Concrete examples of HRM and devices for their application are described. This information is not only of scientific interest for widening knowledge about the photo processes in PPC, but is also useful for practical applications of photosemiconducting nanomaterials for quality control of the means of production and products, for prevention breakage, crashes, and catastrophes.

The recording media for polarization holography based on azobenzene polymers are obtained by polymer-analogous transformations of polymethacrylic acid and its copolymers with alkyl methacrylates. Their informational properties were investigated when recording holograms of a plane wavefront. It has been found that the recording and relaxation times of holograms are approximately the same. They are defined mainly by the processes of trans-cis-isomerization of azobenzene groups without formation of surface relief of the polymeric film. The efficiency of the trans-cis-isomerization process decreases, if a heavy substituent is present in the azobenzene chromophore. These results are of practical interest in the choice of photosensitive materials for holographic recording media with optimal information characteristics.

Photovoltaic and photoconductive properties of styrene–nonyl-methacrylate copolymer and poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) film composites doped with the tetranuclear metal complex Cu 4 L 4 (OCH 3 ) 4 (L – = N,N′-dibenzyl-N″-trichloroacetyltriamidophosphate) and a sensitizer, i.e., an organic compound with intramolecular charge transfer, were investigated. It was found that these composites had hole-type photoconductivity in the visible spectral range. The internal photoelectric effect was determined by the photogeneration of charge carriers from the metal complex and sensitizer. The kinetics of formation and relaxation of photogenerated charge carriers were studied using ESR. It was concluded that metal-complex molecules in the polymer composite increased the efficiency of photogeneration of nonequilibrium charge carriers and affected the composite photovoltaic properties.

The photoconductive and photovoltaic properties of film composites derived from poly-Nepoxypropylcarbazole and additives of some indole derivative dyes, namely, squaraine, thiosquaraine, and croconaine, were studied. Such composites were found to have hole-type photoconductivity. The internal photoelectric effect is a function of the photogeneration of charge carriers from the dye molecules and transport of the holes along the donor fragments of the polymer matrix. The photovoltaic effect decreases in going from squarate to thiosquarate and croconate. This behavior is attributed to greater internal conversion due to the shift of the absorption region of the dyes in the near-IR spectral range.

Photoconductive and photovoltaic properties of composite films based on poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole with added new merocyanine dyes derived from fluorene were investigated. The composites were found to have hole-type photoconductivity although the internal photoeffect was determined by photogeneration of charge carriers from dye molecules and transport of holes along polymer-matrix donor fragments according to jump-type conductivity. It was concluded that the photovoltaic response increased if merocyanine dyes with electronic structures close to that of the ideal polymethine were used.

Based on polymers with the addition of azo dyes as chromophores and azopolymers with the same covalently linked chromophores, recording media for polarization holography are created and their properties are studied when recording holograms of a plane wave front with parallel and perpendicular polarization of recording rays. It is found that the diffraction efficiency and the storage time of holograms are much longer in recording media with films of azo polymers in comparison with polymeric solid solutions of azo dyes. In the latter case, the energy of light is spent only for the trans–cis isomerization of azo dye molecules during exposure of holograms and the polymer chains do not undergo deformation with the formation of a surface relief in the polymer film. Therefore, it is preferable to use recording media based on solid solutions of azo dyes in dynamic polarization holography.

Abstract Based on polymers with the addition of azo dyes as chromophores and azopolymers with the same covalently linked chromophores, recording media for polarization holography are created and their properties are studied when recording holograms of a plane wave front with parallel and perpendicular polarization of recording rays. It is found that the diffraction efficiency and the storage time of holograms are much longer in recording media with films of azo polymers in comparison with polymeric solid solutions of azo dyes. In the latter case, the energy of light is spent only for the trans – cis isomerization of azo dye molecules during exposure of holograms and the polymer chains do not undergo deformation with the formation of a surface relief in the polymer film. Therefore, it is preferable to use recording media based on solid solutions of azo dyes in dynamic polarization holography.

Recording media for polarization holography have been created on the basis of 4-((2-bromo-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenyl methacrylate copolymers, and the properties during that they manifest during recording of holograms of a plane wavefront have been studied. It has been found that the hologram recording rate at room temperature is the same for the perpendicular and parallel polarization of recording rays and the hologram relaxation rate is higher in the case of perpendicular polarization orientation of recording rays. It has been shown that the diffraction efficiency of holograms does not exhibit a monotonic relation with the film softening temperature.

The photoconductive and photovoltaic properties of fi lm composites based on poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with a metal complex (a derivative of nickel dithiolene) were studied. It was found that these composites possess hole-type photoconductivity and that the internal photoeffect is determined by photogeneration of charge carriers from the metal complex and by transport of holes through the donor fragments of the polymer matrix.

AbstractRecording media for polarization holography have been created on the basis of 4-((2-bromo-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenyl methacrylate copolymers, and the properties during that they manifest during recording of holograms of a plane wavefront have been studied. It has been found that the hologram recording rate at room temperature is the same for the perpendicular and parallel polarization of recording rays and the hologram relaxation rate is higher in the case of perpendicular polarization orientation of recording rays. It has been shown that the diffraction efficiency of holograms does not exhibit a monotonic relation with the film softening temperature.

The effect of halogens in carbazolyl-containing oligomers on the information properties of recording media in the photothermoplastic method of recording holograms is studied. An increase of photosensitivity was observed for such media with halogens present in their composition. It was shown by photoactivated electron paramagnetic resonance that the lifetime of the photogenerated charge pairs is increased in the presence of halogens. This is due to the increased probability of photogeneration of charge pairs in the triplet state for the modified oligomers compared with their analogs. It is presumed that modification of the photoconductive polymers with halogens is one way of increasing their photosensitivity and for other practical applications (photovoltaics, molecular electronics).

A study was carried out on the photovoltaic and photoconductive properties of film composites of a copolymer of styrene with nonyl methacrylate and poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with the tetranuclear metal complex Cu4L4(OCH3)4 (L− = N,N′-dibenzyl-N″-trichloroacetylphosphotriamide) using an organic intramolecular charge transfer compound as a sensitizer. In the visible spectrum, these composites have hole-type photoconductivity, while their internal photoelectric effect is related to the photogeneration of charge carriers from the metal complex molecules and the sensitizer. The metal complex molecules in the polymer composite were found to increase the efficiency of photogeneration of nonequilibrium charge carriers and thereby affect the photovoltaic properties of the composites.

Films of a nonphotoconducting copolymer of styrene with octyl methacrylate doped with azobenzene dyes have been used to create recording media for polarization holography. An increase in the concentration of the azo dye with electron-donor groups in the chromophore, in contrast to unsubstituted azobenzene, leads to photoconductivity and increased diffraction efficiency of the polarization holograms. The diffraction efficiency can also be increased by charging the films in a coronal discharge. Holographic media with such films can find use both for dynamic polarization holography and for the prolonged storage of holographic recordings similar to photothermoplastic recording media.

Recording media for polarization holography based on new azobenzene-containing monomers with octylmethacrylate are created. Their electrophysical and information properties are investigated. Improvement of the diffraction efficiency of holograms in these media in an external electric field formed by charging the free surface of the polymer film in a corona discharge is demonstrated. The diffraction efficiency is improved more in the copolymer, in which the azobenzene fragments possess larger dipole moments.

Peculiarities of the polarization holographic recording in the samples with the films of copolymer poly[4-((2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenylmethacrylate-co-octylmethacrylate] with free surface and in the sandwich-structures with solid covering layer are investigated. Time of the holographic recording and its storage is less in the sandwich-structures. It was concluded, that in the sandwich-structures, geometric relief of the film surface does not appear during the recording.